Despite the active development of medicine, the problem of infectious, including bacterial, diseases is very relevant. Bacteria are found at every step: in public transport, at work, at school. Incredible quantities populate door handles, money, computer mice, mobile phones. There are no such places on our planet, wherever these microorganisms were. They found in the salted waters of the Dead Sea, in geysers, the temperature of which is more than 100ºС, in the ocean waters at a depth of 11 km, in an atmosphere at an altitude of 41 km, even in nuclear reactors.

Classification of bacteria

Bacteria - tiny creatures that can be seen only with a microscope, their size average is 0.5-5 microns. A common feature of all bacteria is the absence of a nucleus, attributing to prokaryotam.

There are several ways to breed them: binary division, kidding, thanks to exports or miscasses of mycelium. The useful path of reproduction lies in replication in the DNA cell and its subsequent division.

Depending on the shape, bacteria are divided into:

• cockki - balls;
• chopped;
• spirillas - convolve threads;
• vibrins are curved sticks.

Fungal, viral and bacterial diseases, depending on the mechanism of transmission and location of the pathogen, are divided into intestinal, blood, blood, respiratory tract and outdoor covers.

The structure of bacteria and infections

The cytoplasm is the main part of the bacterial cell, in which metabolism occurs, i.e. Synthesis of components, including those affecting its pathogenicity, from nutrients. The presence in the cytoplasm of enzymes, protein catalysts causes metabolism. It also contains the "kernel" of bacteria - nucleoid, without a certain form and externally unlimited membrane. The ingress of various substances into the cell and the output of metabolism products occurs through a cytoplasmic membrane.

Cytoplasmic membrane fits cell sheathwhere a layer of mucus (capsule) or flagellations that promote the active movement of the bacterium in liquids can be present.

Power supply for bacteria is a variety of substances: from simple, for example, carbon dioxide, ammonium ions, to complex organic compounds. The vital activity of bacteria also affects the temperature and humidity of the environment, the presence or absence of oxygen. Many types of bacteria for survival in adverse conditions are capable of forming disputes. Bactericidal properties that have been widespread applications both in medicine and in industry have increased temperature or pressure, ultraviolet radiation, certain chemical compounds.

Properties of pathogenicity, virulence and invasiveness

The pathogeneity is called the ability of a certain type of microorganisms to cause bacterial infectious diseases. However, the same type of its level can be in a wide range, in this case, they are talking about the virulence - the degree of pathogenicity of the strain. The pathogenicity of microorganisms is due to toxins that are products of their livelihoods. Many pathogenic bacteria are incapable of reproduction in macroorganisms, but they allocate the strongest exotoxins caused by the disease. Therefore, there is also the concept of invasiveness - the ability to spread in macroorganism. Thanks to the properties described above under certain conditions, highly pathogenic microorganisms can cause fatal diseases, and weak-bean bacteria simply attend the body without harming any harm.

Consider some bacterial diseases of a person whose list is too large to describe everything in one article.

Intestinal infections

Salmonelles. About 700 kinds of Salmonella kinders of Salmonella may appear in the role of the pathogen. Infection can occur with aquatic, contact-household or an alimentary way. The reproduction of these bacteria, accompanied by accumulation of toxins, possibly in various food products and is maintained with their insufficient heat treatment during cooking. Also as a source of infection can be pets, birds, rodents, sick people.

The consequence of the actions of the toxins is to increase the secretion of fluid in the intestine and the strengthening of its peristalsis, vomiting and diarrhea, which lead to the dehydration of the body. After passing the incubation period, which lasts from 2 hours to 3 days, the temperature rises, the chills appears, headache, pickled pain in the abdomen, nausea, and after a few hours - a frequent watery and flicker chair. These bacterial diseases last about 7 days.

In some cases, complications may occur in the form of acute renal failure, infectious-toxic shock, purulent-inflammatory diseases or thrombotic complications.

Abdominal title and paratifies A and in. Their causative agents are S. Paratyphi A, S. Paratyphi in, Salmonella Typhi. Transmission paths - food, water, infected objects, source - sick person. A feature of the disease is a summer-autumn seasonality.

The duration of the incubation period is 3 to 21 days, most often 8 - 14, after which there is a gradual increase in temperature up to 40ºС. Fever is accompanied by insomnia, headache, lack of appetite, pale skin Pokrov, roseless rash, increasing liver and spleen, bloating, stool delay, less often diarrhea. Arterial hypotension, bradycardia, nonsense, inhibition also accompany diseases. Possible complications - Pneumonia, peritonitis, intestinal bleeding.

Food toxicoinfection. Its pathogens are preconditional pathogenic microorganisms. Power bacteria fall into the body from food productswhich is either not subject to heat treatment, or have passed insufficient temperature processing. Most often it is dairy or meat products, confectionery.

The duration of the incubation period is from 30 minutes to days. The infection is manifested in the form of nausea, vomiting, a watery chair up to 15 times a day, chill, stomach pain, increase temperature. More severe cases of disease are accompanied by reduced pressure, tachycardia, convulsions, dryness of mucous membranes, oliguria, hypovolemic shock. The disease lasts from several hours to three days.

Dysentery. The causative agent of one of the most common intestinal infections is the bacterium of the genus Shigella. Microorganisms fall into the body during the adoption of infected food, water, through household items and dirty hands. The source of infection is a sick person.

The incubation period can be from several hours to a week, as a rule, 2-3 days. The disease manifests itself frequent liquid stool With impurities of mucus and blood, gravating pain on the left and lower abdomen, increasing temperature, dizziness, chills, headache. She also accompanies arterial hypotension, tachycardia, bloating, palpation sigmid gut. The duration of the disease depends on the severity: from 2-3 to 7 days and more.

Escherichiosis. This disease is also called traveler diarrhea. It is caused by Escherichia Coli Escherichia COLI chopstick or enterotoxy strains.

In the first case incubation period lasts from 1 to 6 days. Signs of the disease are liquid stools and gravity abdominal pain, less often tenes. The time of illness is 3-7 days with low-generated intoxication.

In the second case, the hidden period can last up to 3 days, after which the vomiting begins, a frequent liquid chair, a non-permanent fever and abdominal pain. Power bacteria are largely affixed by young children. Results are accompanied heat, fever, dyspeptic phenomena. Such bacterial diseases can be complicated by appendicitis, cholecystitis, cholantitis, meningitis, endocarditis, inflammatory diseases of the urinary tract.

Campylobacteriosis. This common infection caused by the Campylobacter fetus jejuni bacterium, the source of which many pets are. Professional bacterial diseases of a person are also possible.

The incubation period lasts 1 - 6 days. The disease is accompanied by fever, gastroenteritis, pronounced intoxication, vomiting, a rich liquid chair. In rare cases, a generalized form of illness.

Treatment and prevention of intestinal infections

Usually for effective treatment Hospitalization of the patient is recommended, because most of such diseases can lead to complications, as well as to reduce the risk of dissemination of infection. Treatment includes several main points.

In case of intestinal infection, it is necessary to observe a gentle diet. List of allowed products: delayed intestinal motor activity and containing significant amounts of tannine - blueberries, cherry, strong tea, as well as rubber porridge, mucous soups, eggs, cottage cheese, crown, fish and meat dishes, cooked for a couple. In no case can not eat fried and fatty, raw vegetables and fruits.

With toxicoinfections, it is necessary to wash the stomach to remove pathogens from the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract. Disinfection and rehydration are carried out by oral administration to the body of glucose-salt solutions.

Treatment of bacterial diseases of the intestine necessarily provides for the normalization of the chair. For this purpose, the means "Indometosin" is most often used, calcium preparations, various sorbents, the most affordable of which activated coal. Since bacterial diseases accompanies dysbacteriosis, prescribe drugs for the normalization of intestinal microflora ("Linex", "Biofirdbacterin", etc.)

As for antibacterial agents, antibiotics of groups of monobactams, penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracycline, chloramphenicolov, carbapenes, aminoglycosides, polymyxins, quinolones, fluoroquosides, polymixins, quinolones, fluoroquinolones, nitrofuran, and mixed preparations of sulfanimamides can be used.

To prevent bacterial diseases of a person, a list of daily events must contain such items: compliance with the rules of personal hygiene, careful heat treatment of necessary food, washing vegetables, fruits before use, the use of boiled or bottled water, short-term storage of perishable products.

Respiratory infections

For the respiratory tract, bacterial and viral infections are most characteristic, which are usually seasonal. Bacterial and viral diseases of a person are distinguished primarily by localization. Viruses act on the whole organism, and the bacteria are locally. The most common viral diseases are ORVI and flu.

Bacterial diseases include the following respiratory tract infections:

Tonsillitis (Angina) can be caused by both viruses and bacteria - mycoplasma, streptococcus, chlamydia (A. Haemolyticum, N. Gonorrhoeae, C. Diphtheriae). Accompanied by changes in the skymnings, sore throats, chills, headache, vomiting.

Epiglottitis. The pathogens are bacteria S. Pneumoniae, S. pyogenes and S. aureus. For the disease, inflammation of the epiglotan is characterized, accompanied by narrowing the larynx, the rapid deterioration of the state, sore throat, fever.

Due to severe disease, there is a mandatory hospitalization of the patient.

Hymorit - inflammation of the skimmed sinuses, the cause of which are bacteria that penetrated the nasal cavity through blood or from upper jaw. It is characterized first localized pain, which then distributes, turning into a "head" pain.

Pneumonia. This is a lung disease during which alveoli and terminal bronchi are affected. Pathological bacteria - streptococci, staphylococci, chlebseyella pneumonia, pneumococci, hemophilic and intestinal sticks. The disease is accompanied by a cough with mocrytes, fever, shortness of breath, chills, head and muscle pain, a decrease in appetite, increased fatigue, intoxication weakness.

Treatment and prevention of respiratory infections

In the treatment of infections, the hospitalization of the patient is carried out only in cases of severe and launched disease. The main means are antibiotics, selected individually depending on the type of causative agent of the disease. Treatment of nasopharynx can be produced using local antiseptics ("hexoral", "septifrila", "Stopangin", "Kameton", "Inhalipt"). Additionally, it is recommended to resort to inhalation, physiotherapy, respiratory gymnastics, manual therapy, massage chest. When using combined tools with antiseptic and anesthetic effect at the beginning of the disease (preparations from medicinal plants, "Teraflu", "Anti-Angina", "Strepsils", Novasept) Probably the absence of the need for further use of antibiotics.

The prevention of bacterial respiratory diseases includes the following activities: walking in the fresh air, respiratory gymnastics, prophylactic inhalations, unloading smoking, using cotton-gauze dressings when contacting patients.

Infections of external covers

On the skin of a person who has certain properties that protect it from microorganisms, there is a huge number of peacefully existing bacteria. In violation of these properties (excessive hydration, inflammatory diseases, injuries) microorganisms can cause infection. Bacterial skin diseases are also occurring in the fall of pathogenic bacteria from the outside.

Impetigo. There are two types of disease: bullous, caused by staphylococcal, and neboolic, whose pathogens are S. Aulreuls and S. pyogenes.

The disease is manifested in the form of red spots, turning into bubbles and guns, which are easily opened, forming thick yellowish brown flakes.

For buncular shape, a blister is characterized by 1-2 cm. When complicated, bacterial diseases cause glomerulonephritis.

Furunkula and Carbuncules. The disease occurs with the deep penetration of staphylococci into hair follicles. The infection forms an inflammatory conglomerate, which subsequently appears pus. Typical location places of carbunculov - face, legs, back neck.

Family and cellulite. These are infections that affect leather and subject to tissues, the pathogens of which are streptococci groups A, G, C. Compared to the horny, the location of cellulite is superficial.

Typical Localization of the face - face, cellulite - caviar. Both diseases are often preceded by injury, skin damage. The surface of the skin is red, edema, with uneven inflated edges, sometimes bubbles and blisters. Related signs of illness - fever and chills.

Ryzh and cellulite can cause complications that are manifested in the form of fascia, myositis, pearcrosis of the cavernous sinus, meningitis, various abscesses.

Treatment and prevention of skin infections

Treat the skin bacterial diseases of a person is recommended using local antibiotics or common action Depending on the severity and type of infection. Various antiseptics also apply. In some cases, their use continues for a long time, including healthy family members for prevention.

The main preventive event that warns the occurrence of skin infections is the observance of personal hygiene, the use of individual towels, as well as the overall increase in immunity.

Animal infections

It should also mention bacterial diseases of animals transmitted to man and called zooanthroponosis. The source of infection is animals both home and wild, from which you can get infected during hunting, as well as rodents.

We list the main bacterial diseases, the list of which has about 100 infections: tetanus, botulism, pastellosis, colibacteriosis, bubonic plague, sap, meloidosis, ersiniosis, vibriosis, actinomycosis.

Bacteria - single-cell microorganisms without a cell core, capable of living in almost any environment. They live in water, air, soil, penetrate the host cells and are pathogens of a bacterial infection in humans. The main locations of the localization of microorganisms are the respiratory tract, the intestines and the outer coverings of the person. In order to effectively treat the infection, it is necessary to properly diagnose which type of pathogenic bacteria caused diseases and choose effective methods suppressing the life of microorganisms.

Bacteria surround a man everywhere

Bacteria belong to the most ancient microorganisms on Earth. They are single-cell microbes without kernel. Genetic information is stored in the cytoplasm. Microorganisms are covered with a dense shell, which protects them from negative environmental factors. For the first time, the bacteria were accidentally discovered in the XVII century, Antoni Van Levenguk, who considered them in a pool of water through the world's first microscope. The roles of microorganisms in the infectious process a lot of attention was paid by Louis Paster in the XIX century, denoting the relationship between bacteria and illness. But effective mechanisms to combat pathogens were developed much later.

Many types of bacteria live in the human body, providing its normal life. However, most cells are pathogenic (or pathogenic), which have varying degrees of virulence and toxicity.

Levenguk conducted numerous studies using a microscope created by their own hands

Representatives of the microworld cause infectious diseases of varying severity. It has become possible to fight with them after the invention of penicillin, overwhelming and reproduction of bacterial cells.

Bacteria can be easily distinguished by appearance With microscope

Before the twentieth century with a bacterial infection, they fought the same way as with viral, which was completely inefficient. Microbes have significant differences, and only diagnostics allows reliably to establish pathogens and choose the treatment method.

Symptoms of the attack of pathogenic bacteria

All bacteria are classified on:

• nonpathogenic - do not harm man;
• conditional pathogenic - peacefully coexist with a person until a certain point;
• pathogenic - dangerous bacteria, cause serious diseases.

In addition, all types of pathogenic microorganisms have varying virulence. This means that with equal habitration conditions, one type of bacteria will be more toxic for humans than the other.

Allocation of toxins (poisons) in the body - the most important moment in development infectious diseases. Bacteria can highlight endotoxins. This happens in the case of the death and destruction of the cell ( intestinal infection). The second version of the body intoxication is the release of exotoxins during the life of the bacterial cell (diphteria).

Depending on the type of bacteria that caused infection, a person appears various symptoms

Depending on the location of microorganisms, there are several types of bacterial infections, each of which is manifested by unequal symptoms:

1. Sex infections in women. Some of the most common diseases - vaginosis, trichomoniasis, gardnerellosis, yeast infection. Women's pathology gOOD SYSTEM As a result, the changes in the vaginal microflora are manifested by such symptoms: the formation of outlets from the vagina of various distinctive color and consistency, a feeling of burning and itching, pain during urination, discomfort with sexual acts, specific nasty smell. Provocate female bacterial diseases can dry, receiving medicines, a change in hormonal background, a decrease in immunity, a frequent change of sexual partners.
2. Intestinal infection. It occurs as a result of the direct toxic effects of bacteria on the epithelium of the digestive tube and the tissue of the gastrointestinal tract. For salmonellosis, it is characterized by an increase in body temperature, fever, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea. Staphylococcal intestinal infection passes with a runny nose, inflammation of the throat, a slight increase in temperature, a liquid chair, spindles on the skin, nausea, vomiting, painful sensations In the area of \u200b\u200bthe abdomen. The overall condition of the patient looks like food poisoning. The abdominal intestinal infection - the joints hurt, the throat, the appetite disappears, the stomach hurts. With severe form - nonsense, coma.
3. Childhood diseases. The most common diseases - pig, rubella, scarletin, cortex, angina. Toxins allocated by bacteria are affected internal organs Child. The symptoms of children's bacterial infection include: an increase in temperature above 39 ° C, cough, general weakness, headaches, nausea, vomiting, tongue in language and almonds, rashes on the skin, strong intrication of the body. To avoid complications, you need to immediately consult a doctor. As treatment, children are almost always prescribed antibiotics in a bacterial infection.
4. Diseases of the throat. For infection of the respiratory tract, the following symptoms are characterized: the deterioration of general well-being, a pronounced hearth disease, purulent discharge, white throat, low temperature at the initial stage of development of the disease. Often a bacterial throat infection is preceded by a transferred cold. Bacteria can live in the body, without showing themselves, but after ARVI, immunity is reduced, and the rapid growth and reproduction of the pathogenic microbe begins. Effective treatment is impossible without taking antibiotics.

The decrease in immune protection is the main cause of a set of diseases caused by the fact that conditionally pathogenic microbes become pathogenic and very dangerous for the human body. Non-timely appeal for qualified medical help It is fraught with serious consequences.

Ways of transmission of infection and types of diseases

Millions of bacteria are permanently inhabited in the environment. They are on food, in water, on the soil, in the air and in the human body.

Nursing mom must carefully take care of his health

There are basic ways as infection is transmitted:

• contact-household - public items (dishes, textiles);
• alimentary - with food or infected with water;
• sexual - through cum or saliva (venereal diseases);
• air-dropleted - with sneezing, cough, conversation, breathing;
• transplascent - bacteria transmitted from mother to child.

A group of diseases caused by bacteria is most extensive, and different human organs can affect the microbes. Many of them are dangerous for life and in untimely treatment are capable of leading out:

• meningitis, plague, cholera, typhoid, Siberian ulcer;
• diphtheria, dysentery, salmonellosis, brucellosis;
• pneumonia, angina, scarletin, pig, cortex;
• syphilis, Gonorrhea, Trichomoniasis, Vaginosis.

Serious skin disease And eye infection is also a consequence of bacteria. Compliance with personal hygiene, maintaining the body in tone, careful processing of food products and maintaining immunity - the main preventive methods aimed at preventing bacterial infection.

Diagnosis of diseases

Laboratory study is the main method of detecting bacterial disease in adult patients and children. For analysis, the material containing bacteria is taken - sputum, scraping, mucus, blood, urine. There are the following methods of microbiological diagnosis of infections caused by bacteria:

1. Direct microscopy. For analysis, the material is placed under the glass and are studied under a microscope. In this way, it is possible to quickly identify the origin of the disease.
2. Cultural method - sowing the pathogen to the nutrient medium and the cultivation of microorganisms for a certain time. For analysis, at least 48 hours is required, to identify tuberculosis sticks - weeks.
3. Linked immunosorbent assay. Aims to determine the total number of antigens and antibodies in the material under study. Bacterial infection by blood test is very accurate (leukocyte shift).
4. Immunofluorescence reaction. To identify the presence of infection, the antigens of the pathogen are associated with a specific antibody marked with a fluorescent agent, with a further definition of the microbe on the luminescence.
5. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In biological fluids taken for laboratory analysis, the number of nucleic acids and on the basis of the data obtained make conclusion about infection.

Colonies of bacteria in Petri Cup

The diagnosis of bacterial infections makes it possible to accurately determine the causative agent of the disease for the appointment of effective treatment. Women with suspected vaginal infection can conduct a preliminary test at home independently (later hiking to the doctor is required). To do this, it is necessary to determine the rejection of the pH level from the norm.

Using test paper, test is carried out at home. Paper (gasket for determining vaginal infections) is used to conduct on the inner side of the vaginal area. Compare a test with a colored paper sample. How to determine the infection of the urogenital system:

• normal PH level - indicator between 3.8-4.5;
• control paper has a level between 1 and 14;
• if the color of the sample is distinguished by the normal range, there is a vaginal infection.

The test allows only to pre-establish the presence of harmful microbes in the microflora. More accurate and detailed testing is carried out in laboratory conditions. Self-medication is excluded, whatever the domestic test. If there are symptoms of infection, the medicines must appoint a specialist. The features of bacterial contamination are:

1. A long incubation period - in time takes from two days to two weeks.
2. Often there is no long period of illness - it starts immediately, locally and pronounced.
3. The general deterioration of health status does not always accompanise bacterial disease, and more often is a sign of a respiratory viral disease.
4. Another sign - how much temperature is lasting. Its value usually does not exceed 38 degrees, but the testimony holds constantly.
5. Blood Painting With such an infection: Increased level of leukocytes Increase the number of neutrophils, high ESO, reduced lymphocyte content.

Exploring biological material, it is possible to accurately diagnose the cause of the disease, to determine the microbe-pathogen and indicate the methods of effective treatment, which is based on antibiotics.

Medicinal preparations when infected

Antibiotics, which are recommended for eliminating infection caused by bacteria, are divided into two large groups: bactericidal action (complete destruction of microorganisms), bacteriostatic action (reduction of growth and the number of bacteria).

Medicinal preparations are an integral part of the treatment

Simultaneously with the intake of antibiotics, antihistamine (antiallergic) drugs, intestinal prebiots, vitamins and medicines that strengthen immunity are prescribed. Treatment of bacterial infection is based on the reception of the following antibiotics:

• bacteriostatic preparations - tetracycline, chloramphenicol;
• bactericidal - penicillin, rifamicine, aminoglycoside;
• antibacterial penicillins - amoxicillin, amoxycian, amoxiclav.

All antibiotics have a strong directional action. Take medications can only be prescribed by a doctor who will pick up effective tool Depending on the localization of pathogenic bacteria, the forms and severity of the disease and the biological species of the causative agent of the disease. If the patient is contagious, it is necessary to limit its contacts with healthy people.

What is more dangerous: viral or bacterial infection? This question is difficult to answer unequivocally. But definitely, bacteria are more widespread in the environment, they can live and multiply outside the living cell, unlike viruses. For years, these microorganisms can peacefully coexist next to a person or inside it, but with a decrease in immunity become pathogenic, dangerous and toxic.

The emergence of most diseases contribute to the occasion of various viruses and bacteria. Since the data of two reasons for the symptoms are very similar, it is still important to correctly determine what exactly contributed to the infection of the body.

This is important because the treatment of viral and bacterial diseases is completely different. From bacteria, you can get rid of the reception and compliance with all the prescriptions of the doctor.

Bacteria are microorganisms that look like a cell.

That is, their composition includes a poorly pronounced core, in which there are organelles covered with a shell. If on the bacteria drop with a special solution, then you can see it with the help of a light microscope.

In the environment, bacteria is a huge amount, but only some are dangerous to health. Many bacteria also lives in, at the same time, without delivering to him inconvenience. And some species, when entering the body, provoke the development of serious diseases.

Symptoms of disease can be different, as it all depends on the structure of the bacterium. This suggests that live microbes throw away various toxic substances that I get into the blood lead to the poisoning of the entire body. The consequence of this action acts a violation of work immune system.

Children most often found conditionally - pathogenic microorganisms that fall into the body through respiratory organs. Also worth it separately, which fell into an intermediate position. They have a cell structure, and therefore, falling into the human body, they destroy the cells from the inside.

How bacterial infection is manifested

The appearance of bacteria in the body cause vomiting and nausea.

The appearance and course of the disease is divided into several stages, which have their own symptoms:

• Incubation period. In this case, the bacteria will quickly multiply and remain in the human body for a while. During this period, the symptoms do not allow themselves to know. Often, this period of time can be only a few hours, and maybe 3 weeks.
• Promotional period. At this stage, general symptoms of the disease are observed, which manifest as weakness, unwillingness to eat.
• The height of the disease. When the exacerbation of the disease is observed, symptomatic is pronounced. In this case, it is necessary to begin treatment, after which a person will go to the amendment. Since bacteria are different, then the diseases are also different. The location of bacteria can act the whole organism or a separate organ. If the microbe falls into the human body, he cannot immediately show the disease. The process of the disease is usually not expressed.

For a long period, a person may not suspect that he is infected. At the same time, the bacteria will be in a state of rest not to knowing about themselves. It can cause their sharp activation in the body that the influence of various factors as hypothermia, stress, entering other bacteria in the body.

At an early age, the appearance of bacteria in the body is accompanied by:

1. High temperatures that borders with a mark of 39 degrees
2. , Vomot appears
3. strong poisoning of the body
4. hard hurts head
5. at the almonds appear raid
6. the body is poured

Often, bacterial infections are harmful to the feminine organism, as contribute to the development of pathologies of the urogenital system. Female has such diseases:

1. trichomoniaz
2. yeast infection
3. gardnerlenez

When the change in the vaginal microflora is observed, the appearance of vaginite occurs. Consequence this disease There is a reception of strong drugs, the use of the processing procedure, infection with a disease during sexual interchange. Bacterial infections in female are manifested as follows:

• Options are observed
• Itching
• Hurts to go to the toilet
• Unpleasant feeling during sexual intercourse
• If a woman develops trichomoniasis, there are sections that have yellow-green or gray.

Methods of detection of the disease

The blood test will help identify bacteria in the human body.

The most faithful option to identify infections in childhood Speaking of bacteriological analysis.

To conduct research in a child take the material in which such bacteria should be. When there is a possibility of damage to the respiratory tract, then it is necessary to hand over the wet.

The material taken must be in a specific environment, after which it will be explored. With the help of the specified study, it becomes possible to determine whether in the body of bacteria, and how the body can be heal.

An infected person needs a general, since this is the most productive way to determine the disease. In the presence of infection in the human body, the structure of the blood will change, the level of leukocytes will increase, as the number of neutrophils will increase.

Often, when a person is infected with him increases the amount of stick-sized neutrophils, while the metamielocytes and myelocytes can occur. This becomes a consequence of a decrease in the number of white blood cells, while SE is very high.

Treatment

Tetracycline - means for the treatment of bacterial infection.

When the process of identifying the disease in children occurs, treatment must be started using antibacterial drugs.

They will help slow the development of the disease, and subsequently heal. When such bacteria fell into the body, it is necessary to be treated in the direction of the doctor. Any self-medication can only worsen the condition.

To cure such a disease is quite difficult, since many microorganisms will counteract the treatment. Bacteria well adapt to the habitat, and therefore it is necessary to constantly create new drugs for cure. Their mutation leads to the fact that antibiotics do not have the necessary effect.

Also, the emergence of a single disease can be provoked by not one type of bacteria, but in several, which complicates the treatment procedure. Often to cure from such a type of disease, it is necessary to use a set of events:

• It is possible to eliminate the cause of the appearance of the disease using bactericidal, as well as bacteriostatic antibacterial drugs.
• Bring everything from the body harmful substancesWhat accumulated during the disease. It is also necessary to treat the bodies that have accepted the blow.
• The implementation of treatment measures, which will help improve the patient's condition.
• When the respiratory authorities are affected, it is necessary to take preparations from cough, and in the case of diseases in the gynecological sphere, local antibiotics are needed.

If such a type of bacteria settled in the body, it is necessary to take antibiotics that can also be in, the injection of intramuscular injections is also possible. To prevent the development of bacteria in the body, you can take:

1. Chloramphenic

Prevent the development of negative fauna will help:

• Penicillin
• Rifamicin
• Aminoglycosides

If you take into account the penicillins, the most qualitative preparations are:

1. Amoxicillin
2. Amoxycikar
3. Augmentin
4. Amoxiclav.

At the moment, using various drugs in the fight against bacteria, you can cure from a variety of diseases. It is necessary to take into account that only the doctor can register the desired drug, taking into account that bacteria are constantly adapting.

Drink antibiotics stands on early stage Development of the disease, as this will prevent the further distribution of infection in the body. They can heal a person.

If you constantly use antibacterial drugs, irreversible processes will begin in the body. It may also appear on the components that are contained in these medicinal devices.

All these nuances should be taken into account when medicines are prescribed. In order to prevent the spread of bacteria by the body, some rules must be followed. These include compliance with hygiene, not in places where many people, to strengthen the immune system, conduct preventive measures to organize their body.

About disease Trichomoniasis will learn from video:

Everyone knows that bacterial infection can be very dangerous. Therefore, at the first symptoms of infection, people should immediately apply to the hospital. Infection of bacteria can occur both from the outside and develop in the very body in response to the weakening of immunity. Bacteria are unicellular microorganisms that multiply division. They may have a round and roller shape. Round form bacteria are called Cockkops. The most famous of them are streptococci, staphylococci, meningococci and pneumococci. Bacteria having a row shape are also known to everyone. This is an intestinal wand, a dysentery wand, a cough stick and others. Bacteria can dwell on the skin of a person, on its mucous membranes and in the intestine. At the same time, if a person is completely healthy, his body constantly suppresses growth. When imminent impairment occurs, the bacteria begin to actively develop, acting as a pathogenic factor.

How to determine bacterial infection

Often, people are confused by a bacterial infection with viral, although these two types of infections are radically different. Viruses are not able to multiply independently, so they penetrate the cells and make them produce new copies of viruses. In response to this, the human body activates its protective functions and begins to fight the virus. Sometimes the virus can switch to the so-called latent state and activate only in some certain points. Everything else, he remains inactive, and does not provoke the body to fight with him. The most famous latent phase viruses are papilloma viruses, and.

It is very important to learn to accurately determine that in a particular case threatens human health, viral or bacterial infection. After all, the principles of treatment of these two infections are different. If, with a bacterial infection, doctors are prescribed antibiotics patients, then with viral disease (polio, windmill, measles, rubella, etc.) drink antibacterial drugs. Doctors prescribe only antipyretic and expectorant means. Although often viral infection Immunity is so weaken that the bacterial infection will soon join it.

Now let's figure it out how to determine a bacterial infection. Its first feature is a clear localization. When the virus gets into the body, the person has sharply climb the temperature and worsens general well-being. When hitting a bacterial pathogen, the patient begins otitis, angina or sinusitis. Strong heat is not observed. The temperature does not rise above 38 degrees. In addition, it is important to know that bacterial infection is characterized by a long incubation period. If, when contacting the virus, the body reacts very quickly, then when infected with bacteria, a person can not feel anything from 2 to 14. Therefore, in order to clarify which infection takes place, you need to try to recall when it was possible to contact with the infection carrier.

Also, the patient is offered to pass. How does a bacterial infection on blood test manifest? Usually in humans during a bacterial infection increases the number of leukocytes in the blood. In the very same leukocyte formula, the number of rodic-core neutrophils and myelocytes is increasing. Because of this, it is possible to reduce the relative content of lymphocytes. At the same time, SE is quite high. If a virus infection occurred in a person, the number of leukocytes in the blood remains normal. Although lymphocytes and monocytes are beginning to prevail in the leukocyte formula.

Treatment of bacterial infection

Often, bacterial infections are manifested in the form of otites, hymorites, meningitis or pneumonia. The most terrible bacterial infections are tetanus, cough, diphtheria, tuberculosis, as well as intestinal bacterial infection. They are treated with antibiotics. At the same time, a doctor must be prescribed a course. Even if you were able to correctly define a bacterial infection, you need to clearly choose the medicine. Frequent and uncontrolled use of antibiotics and antimicrobial drugs It can lead to the formation of sustainability from bacteria. It is because of the emergence of sustainable strains that the effectiveness of such standard antibiotics, like penicillin and macrolide, has recently decreased dramatically. For example, the treatment of a bacterial infection of the common strain P. Aeruginosa through ampicillin and chloramphenicol, as before, is no longer possible. Now doctors are forced to prescribe half-synthetic penicillin patients and other stronger medications. They often have to combine two or even three drugs to achieve the destruction of persistent bacteria. Therefore, it is impossible to drink antibiotics on their own in any way. This can lead to the destructive consequences for the body.

Bacterial infections are difficult to treat. Therefore, doctors always advocate their prevention. It is especially important to take preventive measures to those people who are included in the so-called risk group. These are patients of intensive therapy offices, people after operations, injuries and burns, as well as newborn kids. Their immunity is very weak and cannot withstand infections. Therefore, it is important to do everything possible to prevent infection, as well as take measures to enhance immunity. One of the most common preventive Mer Against bacterial infections are against tetanus diphtheria and others. They provide the formation of anti -oxins in the body that can suppress the toxins of certain bacteria. It helps the body to quickly cope with bacterial infection in the future. Although everything depends on how strong the human immune system is. Indeed, in a strong organism, any bacteria will be quickly neutralized.

In such diseases, ORZ, some pneumonia, pyelonephritis, scarld, syphilis, salmonellosis, tetanus, plague, gonorrhea, tuberculosis, face, endocarditis and many others are considered. Their feature is that they are caused by microorganisms having a cellular wall and a unique set of protective factors and aggression factors.

What is bacteria

Bacteria is a unicellular microorganism, which has a cell wall, unlike viruses and prions.

In relation to the development of diseases in humans, all bacteria are divided into:

1. pathogenic;
2. conditionally pathogenic;
3. not pathogenic.

Pathogenic bacteria in the human body hit always cause them caused by them. This feature is determined by their special devices intended for aggression towards a person. Among such aggression factors can be allocated:

These microorganisms include:

• bacillus Luffer, causing diphtheria;
• salmonella, causing salmonelis;
• bacillus Anthracis, causing a Siberian ulcer;
• gonokokka causing gonorrhea;
• pale trepony, causing syphilis and others.

Conditionally pathogenic microorganisms can dwell on the human body, in norm not causing diseases, but under certain conditions, to become pathogenic.

Such bacteria can be attributed to:

• intestinal wand;
• streptococcus;
• staphylococcus;
• protest and some others.

No pathogenic microorganisms do not cause diseases in no circumstances.

What happens when pathogenic microorganisms hit in the human body

In order for the pathogenic microorganism to cause a person in a person, it is necessary that several conditions are complied with.

• The number of bacteria should be quite large. One or two bacteria is practically no capable of infecting a person, nonspecific and specific protective systems of the human body will easily cope with such a small threat.
• Bacteria must be full, that is, possess all their pathogenic properties. Weakened bacteria strains also do not pose a danger to humans, they are only able to inform the immune system about their properties so that immunity can adequately recognize their enemy. In this principle, the action of various vaccinations is based.
• Bacteria should get into such a place of the body, wherever they can attach, embroider, take care and multiply. If, for example, Salmonella will fall on the skin of a person, and not to the gastrointestinal tract, then such a person does not develop salmonelles. Therefore, before eating you need to wash your hands.
• The human immune system should not be ready for a bacterial attack. If immunity is embarrassed naturally or artificially, in most cases bacteria will not be able to break through the defense of the body's protective forces. On the contrary, if the immunity did not meet with this type of bacteria or it is strongly weakened (for example, with AIDS), then this means that all the gates are open to the invasion of bacterial infection.

If all these conditions are fulfilled, then infectious bacterial infection occurs. But any infection has an incubation period, which can be from several hours (food toxicoinfection), up to several years (lepreing, tick-borne borreliosis). In this period, the bacteria multiplious, they are settled, they get used to new conditions of existence, distributed by inner media organism.

Since the appearance of the first symptoms of the disease, the incubation period ends, and the disease itself begins with the appropriate clinical picture. With some infectious bacterial diseases, the body can cope with himself, with others it may be required to help outside.

How to diagnose bacterial infection

The diagnosis of bacterial infection is produced by the following methods:

• using a microscope (microscopy with staining);
• with the help of sowing (material with bacteria is smeared on a special nutrient medium and allowed to stand in warmth about a week, after which they look at what has grown and make a conclusion);
• by defining antigens and antibodies ( laboratory methods: ELISA, Reef, PCR and others);
• with the help of animal infection (biological method: the material is infected with rats, mice, then they are opened and studying the insides under the microscope)

What is treated bacterial infection

The main method of treating bacterial diseases is antibacterial chemotherapy. There are many groups and varieties of antibiotics that are intended for strictly defined groups of microorganisms.

Antibacterial treatment should be treated with all seriousness, since the inept handling of antibiotics has recently spawned real disasters in the modern world. The fact is that microorganisms, due to the mutations inherent in them, gradually get used to antibiotics and sooner or later the so-called antibiotic resistance of microorganisms occurs. In other words, antibiotics on them simply cease to act, and then there are more powerful antibiotics (reserve antibiotics), which are still able to resist bacteria.

Thus, medicine is indirectly guilty in the appearance of infections related to the provision of medical help (ICOMP). Previously, such infections were called in-community (VBI) or hospital (GI). These infections differ from the usual the fact that standard antibiotics do not act on them and can only be defeated by using more powerful drugs.

Not so long ago, poly resistant strains of tuberculosis infection appeared. Preparations, against tuberculosis, so are not so much. Medicine is mainly developed in the time of the USSR. Since then, the development of phthisiology has noticeably suspended. And now there are no anti-tuberculosis drugs on this type of tuberculosis infection (there are only 6 them). In other words, people with such a form of infection are incurable. But moreover, they are mortally dangerous for those who surround people, since they are carriers.

Causes of antibiotic resistance

Antibiotic resistance is a logical process, since bacteria, like all living things, are able to adapt (adapt) to changing environmental conditions. But at the speed of this process, the ineptive use of antibacterial drugs was significantly influenced. When antibiotics were sold in pharmacies without a recipe, any person (or, even worse - the pharmacist!) Could "play" a doctor and appoint treatment. But, as a rule, this treatment has ended after 1-2 days, after the disappearance of the symptoms of the disease. And this led to the fact that the bacteria were not completely destroyed, but passed into other forms (L-forms) and lived for a long time in the "dark corners" of the organism of the "healing" people, waiting for the right moment. When the immunity is reduced due to certain reasons, they again moved to the original forms and caused the previous disease, which could pass to other people and so on.

It is for this reason that antibiotics are appointed by the course for 5-7-10-14 days. Bacteria must be completely destroyed, and not accustomed to antibiotics.

But there is another problem of antibiotic therapy. It lies in the fact that in addition to the pathogenic bacteria in the reception of antibiotics, useful (lacto bacteria, bifido-bacteria of the gastrointestinal tract) are destroyed. This can serve as a start for the transition of conditionally pathogenic Flora of the tract in pathogenic and lead to the development of such complications of antibacterial therapy, as dysbacteriosis, which requires a certain treatment in the form of stimulation of the growth of the useful intestinal microflora.

How the disease occurs with bacterial infection

When developing a bacterial infectious process, one of the first symptoms will be fever. It is usually high. The fever is due to the fact that the LPS complex of the cell wall of the bacterium in its destruction falls into the bloodstream and reaches with the blood flow of the hypothalamus, namely the center of thermoregulation in it. The LPS complex shifts the installation point of the thermoregulation center and the body "thinks" that it is cold and increases heat product, reduces heat transfer.

Fever is a protective reaction of the body, since the body temperature up to 39 degrees stimulates the work of the immune system. If the body temperature rises above 39 degrees, it must be shot down with paracetamol or indirectly, antibiotics (decrease in body temperature for 24-48 hours from the beginning of antibiotic therapy is a sign of a properly selected antibacterial drug).

Another manifestation of a bacterial infectious process is inxication syndrome. It manifests itself a worsening of well-being, apathy, a decrease in mood, headaches, pain in muscles and joints, are possible nausea, vomiting, and the like. To remove these symptoms, it is necessary to drink a lot of warm water (at least 2 liters per day). Excess water will dilute the toxins of bacteria, reducing their concentration, as well as the separation of them with urine.

These two signs of bacterial inflammation are universal to all infections. All other signs are due to the characteristics of a particular pathogen, their exotoxins and other factors of aggression.

Separately, it should be said about such specific infections such as tuberculosis, syphilis, lepreing (which, however, no longer). These infections are not a bit like the rest. The fact is that they exist for a long time with humanity and the human body a little "used" to them. They, as a rule, do not cause a bright picture of the infectious bacterial process, the clinical manifestations of them are not bright. But they cause specific inflammation in the body, which can be seen through a microscope (granules). These diseases are treated with great difficulty and treatment is only in the elimination of clinical manifestations of diseases. Fully cleanse the human body from these pathogens (erradication) at the moment is not possible.

How the body struggles with bacteria

The body's immune system consists of two subsystems: humoral and cells.

The humoral system is designed to create special antibodies to the antigens of the causative agent. These antibodies, like bullets, are able to express the cell wall of the bacterium. It happens as follows. When malicious bacterium enters the body, it may somehow occur with the special watchdog cells of the immune system - macrophages. These macrophages attack the bacterium and devour it, thereby studying her antigenic structure (in fact, they look at the "trim" of the bacteria and are looking for "protrusions" - antigens, where you can attach the antibody so that it sneaks this trim). After studying the bacterium, macrophages, which are already called an antigen-representing cell (APC) go to the central organs of the immune system (red bone marrow) and report on bacteria. Those give an order to make antibodies (proteins), which will be able to attach to this cell wall. Created antibodies are simply allocated to the bloodstream. When the antibody finds its antigen, it is attached to it. This complex "Antigen antibody" starts from the blood proteins, which so change the spatial configuration of the antibody, which the latter unfolds, leans and pursues (punches) the wall of bacteria, causing her death.

The cellular immunity acts otherwise. White blood cells (leukocytes) Like an army soldier massively attacking the enemy using special proteological enzymes for this, hydrogen peroxide and other weapons. Externally, it looks like a pus. It is due to such an abundance of proteological emphasis in a duct, it is able to dissolve the surrounding tissues and break out, thereby making foreign substances from the body.

What happens after recovery

Recovery can be clinical, laboratory or complete.

Clinical recovery means the absence of any symptoms relating to this disease.

Laboratory cure Announce when it is impossible to identify any laboratory signs of the presence of this disease.

Full recovery It will be when there will be no pathogenic microbes in the human body that caused this disease.

Of course, not all infectious bacterial processes end with recovery. Sometimes lethal outcomes are possible. It is also possible to transition to an acute infectious process into chronic (clinical recovery).

Video: Bacteria stability to antibiotics