The Greek-Cafe Orthodox (Orthodox) Church (now ROC) began to be called Orthodox only from September 8, 1943 (approved by Decree Stalin in 1945). What was the reason called Orthodoxy during several millennia?

"Nowadays, in modern Russian, the term" Orthodoxy ", the term" Orthodoxy ", in modern Russian, the term" Orthodoxy "applies to something relating to ethnocultural tradition and it is necessarily associated with the Russian Orthodox Church and the Christian Judeo-Christian religion.

On a simple question: "What is Orthodoxy" any modern person, without thinking, will answer that Orthodoxy is the Christian faith, which Kievan Rus adopted during the reign of Prince Vladimir Red Sunny from the Byzantine Empire in 988 of our era. And that Orthodoxy, i.e. Christian faith exists in Russian land for more than a thousand years. Scientists from the historical science and Christian theologians in confirmation of their words declare that the earliest use of the word Orthodoxy in Russia is fixed in the "Word of Law and Grace" 1037-1050 Metropolitan of Hilarion.

But did it really happen?

We advise you to carefully read the preamble to the federal law on freedom of conscience and the religious associations adopted on September 26, 1997. Pay attention to the following points in the preamble: "Recognizing a special role orthodoxy in Russia ... and then respect christianity , Islam, Judaism, Buddhism and other religions ... "

Thus, the concepts of Orthodoxy and Christianity are not identical and carry completely different concepts and values.

Orthodoxy. How did historical myths appear

It is worth thinking who participated in the seven cathedrals judeo-Christian churches? Orthodox holy fathers or yet Orthodox holy fathers, as and indicated in the original word about the law and grace? Who and when was the decision on the substitution of one concept on another? And did the mention of Orthodoxy ever existed in the past?

The answer to this question was given by the Byzantine monk Delicaria 532 AD. Long before the baptism of Russia that he wrote in his chronicles about the Slavs and their rite of visiting Bani: "Orthodox Sloves and Rusyns are wild people, and their wild and godless, men and girls are stuffing together in the hot frills and the thawy of the Thawa .... "

We will not pay attention to the fact that for the monk of Gazesia, the usual visit to the Slavs baths seemed something wild and incomprehensible, it was quite natural. For us, other things are important. Pay attention to how he called Slavs: Orthodoxsloves and Rusins.

Only for one of this phrase we must express our appreciation to him. Since this phrase, the Byzantine monk Veliarius confirms that slavs were Orthodox for many thousands years before their appeal to judeo-Christian faith.

Slavs called Orthodox, for they Right Slava.

What is "right"?

Our ancestors believed that reality, cosmos, divided into three levels. And it is also very similar to the Indian division system: the highest world, the middle world and the lower world.

In Russia, these three levels were called:

• The highest level is the level of rule or Law.
• Second, medium level, it Reality.
• And the lowest level is Nava. Naval or non-yawn implicated.

• World Rule - this is a world where everything is right or the perfect top world. This is the world where ideal creatures live with the highest consciousness.
• Reality - This is our yellow, obvious world, the world of people.
• And peace Navi. or non-Yavi, non-operated, it is negative, implicit or lower, or a posthumous world.

In the Indian Vedas, also refers to the existence of three worlds:

• The highest world is the world where the energy of goodness dominates.
• The middle world is covered by passion.
• The lower world is immersed in ignorance.

There is no such division of Christians. The Bible is silent about it.

Such a similar understanding of the world gives similar motivation in life, i.e. it is necessary to strive to the world of rules or goodness. And in order to get into the world of the rule, you need to do everything right, i.e. According to the law of God.

From the root of "right" such words occur as "True". true- What gives the right. " Yes"- this is" giving ", and" law"This is" Higher ". So, " true"- this is what gives right.

If not talking about faith, but about the word "Orthodoxy", then of course it is borrowed by the church (according to different estimates in the 13-16th centuries) from the "Soviet Right", i.e. from Old Russian Vedic cults.

At least because of the fact that:

• a) rarely what ancient Russian name did not contain a part of "Slav",
• b) What is still Sanskrit, the Vedic Word "Right" (spiritual world) is contained in such modern Russian words as: right yes, the right is the right, the rights are unreached, the rights of OTA, the right, the management, fixation, right is the right, is wrong. The roots of all these words are " right».

"Rights" or "Right", i.e. higher start. The meaning is that the basis of this department should be the concept of rules or about the highest reality.. And the present management should be spiritually elevated those who follow the ruler leading their ward pathways.

• Details in the article: Philosophical and cultural similarities of ancient Russia and Ancient India .

Substitution of the name "Governor" not "Orthodoxy"

Asks, and who and when in Russian land decided to replace the terms of lawwrition on Orthodoxy?

It happened in the 17th century, when Moscow Patriarch Nikon learned the church reform. The main goal of this reform of Nikon was not a change in the rites of the Christian Church, as it is interpreted now, where everything is supposedly reduced to the replacement of two-purpose congestion on the three-purpose and walking the procession in the other side. The main purpose of reforming was the destruction of the duals in Russian land.

In our time, few people know that before the start of the Board in Muscovy Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich in Russian lands existed a two-way. In other words, the easiest people professed not only the lawwire, i.e. christianity of Greek ritewho came from Byzantium, but also the old pre-Christian faith of his ancestors Orthodoxy. This is the most worried Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Romanova and his spiritual mentor of the Christian Patriarch Nikon, because Orthodox old workers lived their own and did not recognize any power over themselves.

Patriarch Nikon decided to commit suicide with a very original way. For this, under the guise of reform in the Church, allegedly because of the inconsistencies of Greek and Slavic texts, he ordered all the liturgical books, replacing the phrases "Orthodox Faith Christian" on the "Orthodox Vera Christian". In the ministers preserved to our times, we can see the old version of the "Orthodox faith of Christian". It was a very interesting approach of Nikon to the case of reform.

First, it was not necessary to rewrite a lot of ancient Slavic, as the coratic books were told, or the chronicles, which described the victories and achieve the Doharistian Orthodoxy.

Secondly, life was erased from the memory of the people during the time of the dual and the very initial importance of Orthodoxy, because after such a church reform, any text from liturgical books or ancient chronicle could be interpreted as a fertile effect of Christianity on Russian lands. In addition, the Patriarch sent a memo on the use of three-designer cross signs instead of the Moscow churches.

So the reform began, as well as the protest against it, which led to the church split. The protest against church reforms of Nikon was organized by the former comrades of the Patriarch by Protopopes Avvakum Petrov and Ivan Neronov. They pointed out the Patriarch on the self-childhood of actions and then in 1654 he suits the cathedral at which as a result of pressure on the participants, it seeks to hold a book office on the ancient manuscripts of Greek and Slavic. However, Nicon Nicon was not on old rites, but on the modern Greek practice of that time. All the actions of Patriarch Nicon led to the fact that the church was split into two warring parts among themselves.

Side of the old traditions accused Nikon in three-speaking heresy and indulgence of paganism, so Christians called Orthodoxy, that is, old doharistian faith. The split covered the whole country. This led to the fact that in 1667 a large Moscow cathedral condemned and lowered Nikon, and all opponents of reform gave Anathema. Since then, adherents of new liturgical traditions began to be called Nikonians, and the adherents of old rites and traditions began to be called splitters and pursue. The confrontation between Nikonians and Solutions of times reached armed clashes while the tsarist troops did not speak on the side of Nikonian. In order to avoid a large-scale religious war, part of the highest clergy of the Moscow Patriarchate condemned some provisions of Nikon's reforms.

In the liturgical practices and state documents, the term lawwrier began to use again. For example, we turn to the spiritual regulation of Peter the first: "... and Yako is the Christian sovereign, the lawwrog and all in the Church of the Holy Piecers ..."

As we see, even in the 18th century, Peter the First are called the Christian sovereign, the lawwrier and the piety of the pastry. But about Orthodoxy in this document there is not a word. There is no it in the publications of the spiritual regulation 1776-1856.

Thus, the "church" reform of Patriarch Nikon, clearly conducted against the traditions and mains of the Russian people, against Slavic rites, not church.

In general, the "reform" marks the frontier, from which the sharp custody of faith, spirituality and morality begins in Russian society begins. All new in rites, architecture, icon painting, singing - western origin, which is celebrated and civil researchers.

The "church" reforms of the mid-XVII century were directly related to religious construction. The prescription to accurately follow the Byzantine canons nominated the requirement to build churches "about five tops, not a tent."

Tent buildings (with a pyramidal riding) are known in Russia before the adoption of Christianity. This type of buildings is considered the original Russian. That's why Nikon took care of her reforms and about such "little things", because it was the real "pagan" trace of the people. Under the threat of the death penalty, the craftsmen, architects, as soon as they did not manage to preserve the shape of the tent from the temple buildings and worldly. Despite the fact that they had to build a dome with bulbous masks, the general form of the structure was made by a pyramidal. But not everywhere managed to deceive the reformers. Basically, these were the northern and remote areas of the country.

Nikon did everything possible and impossible that the true Slavic heritage disappear from the expanses of Russia, and with him the great Russian people.

Now it becomes apparent that there was no reason to carry out church reform at all. The grounds were completely different and not related to the church. This is, above all, the destruction of the spirit of the Russian people! Culture, heritage, the great past of our people. And it was committed by Nikon with a huge cunning and meanness.

Nikon just "put a pig" to the people, yes such that so far we, the rules, are among the parts, literally remembering the grains who we are, and our great past.

But was Nikon's instigator of these transformations? Or maybe they were completely different faces behind him, and Nikon was only the performer? And if so, then who are these "people in black" who prevented the Russian man with her many thousands of great past?

The answer to this question was very well and described in detail B.P. Kutuzov in the book "The Secret Mission of Patriarch Nikon". Despite the fact that the author does not fully understand the true objectives of the reform, it is necessary to give him due for how it clearly implined the true customers and performers of this reform.

• Details in the article: Great African Patriarch Nikon. How Nikita minin killed Orthodoxy

Education of the ROC.

Based on this, the question appears when the term Orthodoxy became officially used by the Christian Church?

The fact is that in the Russian Empire did not have Russian Orthodox Church. The Christian Church existed under a different name - "Russian Greek-Cafe Church". Or as it was also called the "Russian Orthodox Church of the Greek Rite".

Christian church called ROC appeared in the reign of Bolsheviks.

In early 1945, by the decree of Joseph Stalin in Moscow, under the leadership of responsible persons from the state security of the USSR, the director of the Russian Church was held and a new Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia was chosen.

• Details in from Tautty: How Stalin created the ROC MP [video]

It should be mentioned that many Christian priests, not recognized the power of the Bolsheviks, left Russia and after her turns continue to confess Christianity the Eastern Rite and call their church is not different as Russian Ortodox Church.or Russian orthodox church.

In order to finally move away from well created historical mythand learn what actually meant the word Orthodoxy in deep antiquity, turn to those people who still keep the old faith of ancestors.

Having received his education in Soviet times, these scientists do not know these scholars, or carefully try to hide from ordinary people, which is still in ancient times long before the origin of Christianity in Slavic lands existed Orthodoxy. It covered not only the basic concept when our wise ancestors right to praise. And the deep essence of Orthodoxy was much more and more comprehensive than this today.

The figurative meaning of this word included and concepts when our ancestors Right Slavs. That's just it was not Roman law and not Greek, but our native Slavic.

It included:

• Generic law, based on the ancient traditions of culture, horses and sodes;
• Community Law, creating mutual understanding between various Slavic births, living together in one small settlement;
• Copular right who regulated the interaction between communities living in large settlements, which were cities;
• Western right, which determined the relationship between communities living in different cities and settlements within one weight, i.e. within one area of \u200b\u200bresettlement and accommodation;
• Veneer law, which was taken at the common one of the people and was observed by all the birth of the Slavic community.

Any right from generic to the veva was arranged on the basis of ancient horses, culture and mains, as well as on the basis of the commandments of the ancient Slavic gods and instructions of ancestors. It was our native Slavic law.

Our wise ancestors commanded to maintain it, and we preserve it. From ancient times, our ancestors right to praise and we continue to praise, and we keep our Slavic law and convey it from generation to generation.

Therefore, we and our ancestors were, and we will be Orthodox.

Substitution in Wikipedia

Modern interpretation of the term Orthodox \u003d Orthodox, appeared in Wikipedia only after this resource passed to financing the Government of Great Britain. In fact, orthodox translates as levover, Orthodox translates as orthodox.

Either, Wikipedia, continuing the idea of \u200b\u200b"identity" Orthodoxy \u003d Orthodox, should be called Muslims and Jews Orthodox (for terms orthodox Muslim or orthodox jew is found in all world literature) or still recognize that orthodoxy \u003d lawwriting and however refers to Orthodoxy, As well as the Christian Church of the Eastern Rite, referred to as 1945 - the ROC.

Orthodoxy is not religion, not Christianity, but faith

By the way, on many of his icons implicit letters are inscribed: Mary Lik. Hence the initial location name in honor of the Lika Mary: MARLIKA. So in fact this bishop was Nikolai Marliysky.And his city, which was originally called " Mary"(I.e., the city of Mary), now called Bari. There was a phonetic replacement of sounds.

Bishop Nikolai Mirlijsky - Nikolai-Wonderworker

However, now Christians do not remember these details, shrichy Vedic Roots of Christianity. For now Jesus in Christianity is interpreted as the God of Israel, although Judaism does not consider him God. And about the fact that Jesus Christ, as well as his apostles, are different Licks of Yara, Christianity does not say anything, although it is read on a variety of icons. The name of God Yar is read on Turin Dainznice .

At one time, the Varism is very calm and in fraternally treated Christianity, seeing in him just a local videos, for which there is a name: paganism (that is, ethnic variety), like paganism Greek with another name Yara - Ares, or Roman, with The name of Yara - Mars, or with Egyptian, where the name of Yar or AR was read in the opposite direction, Ra. In Christianity, Yar became Christ, and the Vedic temples made icons and crosses of Christ.

And only with time under the influence of political, or rather, geopolitical reasons, christianity was opposed to VIMMUAnd then Christianity everywhere saw the manifestations of "paganism" and led the struggle with him not on the belly, but to death. In other words, they betrayed their parents, their heavenly patrons, and the humility and humility began to preach.

Jewo-Christian religion not only does not teach the world, but also prevents the acquisition of ancient knowledge by announcing them. Thus, first instead of the Vedic lifestyle imposed a stupid worship, and in the XVII century after Nikonian reform replaced the value of Orthodoxy.

T.N. appeared. "Orthodox Christians", although they have always been ortello, because Orthodoxy and Christianity are completely different essence and principles..

• Details in the article: V.A. Chudinov - Proper Education .

Currently, the concept of "paganism" exists only as antitiza christianity, not as an independent figurative form. For example, when the fascists attacked the USSR, they called the Russians "Rouische Schwein"so what we now, imitating the fascists, call ourselves "Rouische Schwein"?

So with paganism there is a similar misunderstanding, nor Russian people (our preconditions), nor our spiritual leaders (Magi or Brahmans) never called themselves "pagans."

The Jewish thinking form it was necessary to shift and extend the beauty of the Russian Vedic value system, so there was a powerful pagan ("Pagan", frowning) project.

Never Rusichi, nor the Volkhiva Rus, did not name themselves with pagans.

The concept of "paganism" is pure the Jewish concept, which Jews designated all the non-biblical religions. (And biblical religions as we know three - judaism, Christianity and Islam. And they all have one common source - Bible).

• Details in the article: Piturnan in Russia was never!

Tines on Russian and modern Christian icons

Thus christianity within the framework of All Russia was not taken in 988, but in the interval between 1630 and 1635.

The study of Christian icons made it possible to reveal the sacred texts on them. To their number, the inscriptions are apparent. But it one hundred percent objectives include implicit inscriptions associated with Russian Vedic gods, temples and priests (mimes).

On the old Christian icons of the Virgin, the Russian inscriptions of the runes stand with the baby, saying that it was depicted by the Slavic goddess Makos with the infant God of Jar. Jesus Christ also called the choir or mountains. Moreover, the name of the mosaic depicting Christ in the Church of Christ Choir in Istanbul is written like this: "Nher", that is, Ichor. The letter also wrote as N. Name Igor practically identically named Igor or choir, because the sounds of X and G could move into each other. By the way, it is possible that it happened from here and the most respectful name of the hero, which included in many languages \u200b\u200balmost without changing.

And then it becomes clear the need for masking of Vedic inscriptions: their detection on icons could entail the accusation of the icon painter in belonging to the annexers, and for this, the software could follow the punishment in the form of a reference or death penalty.

On the other hand, as it becomes obvious, lack of Vedic inscriptions made an icon of non-cellral artifact. In other words, not so much the presence of narrow noses, thin lips and large eyes made an image of sacred, and just the connection with the God of Jar first and with the goddess of the mari to the second through sending implicit inscriptions added the icon of magical and wonderful properties. Therefore, icon painters, if you wanted to make an icon of a miraculous, not an ordinary artistic product, were required to supply any image with the words: Lick Yara, Mime Yara and Mary, Temple Mary, Yara Temple, Yara Rus, etc.

Nowadays, when the persecution of religious charges ceased, the icon painter no longer risks his life and property, inflicting implicit inscriptions on modern iconographic works. Therefore, in some cases, namely, in cases of mosaic icons, it is no longer trying to hide such an inscription as much as possible, but translates them into the discharge of semi-reprehensible.

Thus, in Russian material was revealed by the reason for which explicit inscriptions on icons were transferred to the discharge of semi-reprehensible and implicit: the ban on the Russian Varism followed from. However, this example gives the basis for creating an assumption about the same motivations for masking explicit inscriptions on the coins.

This thought can be expressed in more detail: once the body of the deceased priest (Mima) was accompanied by a funeral gold mask, at which everyone had the appropriate inscriptions, but not very large and not very contrasting, not to destroy the aesthetic perception of the mask. Later, instead of a mask began to use smaller items - pendants and plaques, which also portrayed the face of the departed mime with appropriate absolute inscriptions. Even later, the portraits of mimov moved to coins. And this kind of image persisted until the spiritual power was considered the most significant.

However, when the power became secular, moving towards military leaders - princes, leaders, kings, emperors, the images of government representatives began to focus on the coins, while Mimov's images moved to the icons. At the same time, the secular power as a coarse began to minimize its own inscriptions weighed, roughly, visibly, and obvious legends appeared on the coins. With the emergence of Christianity, such obvious inscriptions began to appear on icons, but there were already no runes of the kind, but by the Starlovansky Kirillov font. In the West, a font of Latin writing was used.

Thus, in the West there was a similar, but still a somewhat different motive, according to which mimov's implicit inscriptions were not explicitly: on the one hand, aesthetic tradition, on the other hand, the secularization of power, that is, the transition function of managing society from priests to military leaders and officials.

This allows you to consider icons, as well as sacred sculptures of the gods and saints as deputies of those artifacts that performed as carriers of sacred properties before: gold masks and plaques. On the other hand, the icons existed before, but did not affect the scope of finance, remaining entirely inside the religion. Therefore, their manufacture has survived a new flourishing.

• Details in the article: Tines on Russian and modern Christian icons [video] .

In 1054, it turned out mostly in Eastern Europe and the Middle East.

Features Orthodoxy

The formation of religious organizations is closely related to the social and political life of society. It is not an exception and Christianity, which was especially manifested in differences between its main areas - and Orthodoxy. At the beginning of the V c. The Roman Empire broke up to the Eastern and Western. Eastern was a single state, the western represented a fragmented conglomerate of the principalities. In the context of a strong centralization of power in Byzantium, the church was immediately an appendage of the state, and the emperor became the head of it. The stagnation of the social life of Byzantium and the control over the church of the despotic state was caused by the conservatism of the Orthodox Church in dogmatics and rituals, as well as trends towards mysticism and irrationalism in its ideology. In the West, the Church gradually held a central place in and turned into an organization aspiring to domination in all spheres of society, including policies.

The difference of Eastern and Western It was also due to the features of development. Greek Christianity concentrated its attention on ontological, philosophical problems, Western on political and legal.

Since the Orthodox Church was under the patronage of the state, its history is not connected so much with external events as with the formation of a creed. The sacred Scripture is based on the Orthodox fault (the Bible - the Old Testament) and the Sacred Tradition (Resolution of the first seven universal and local councils, the creations of the Fathers of the Church and Canonical Theologians). In the first two Ecumenical cathedrals - Nicene (325) and Constantinople (381) was adopted by the so-called Symbol of faith, briefly set out the essence of Christian creed. It recognizes the trinity of God - the Creator and Governor of the Universe, the existence of the afterlife, the posthumous reward, the redemptive mission of Jesus Christ, who discovered the opportunity to save humanity, which lies with the seal of original sin.

Fundamentals of the creed of Orthodoxy

The main provisions of Faith The Orthodox Church announces absolutely true, eternal and unchanged, reported by the person himself by God and incomprehensible mind. The preservation of them in immunity is the greatest responsibility of the church. It is impossible to add something or the withdrawal of any provisions, therefore later dogmas installed by the Catholic Church - about the descent of the Holy Spirit not only from the Father, but also from Son (Philocove), about the immaculate conception of not only Christ, but also the Virgin Mary, about The infallibility of the Roman dad, about purgatory - Orthodoxy considers how heresy.

Personal salvation of believers It is made dependent on the zealous fulfillment of rites and the prescriptions of the Church, so that there is an introduction to the divine grace transmitted by the person through the sacraments: baptism in infancy, world-formation, communion, repentance (confession), marriage, priesthood (cobble). The sacraments are promoted by rites, which together with worship, prayers and religious holidays form a religious cult of Christianity. Of great importance in Orthodoxy is attached to holidays and posts.

Orthodoxy teaches compliance with moral commandments, Data man by God through the Prophet Moses, as well as the fulfillment of the covenants and sermons of Jesus Christ, set forth in the Gospels. Their main content is to respect the universal norms of life and love for the neighbor, manifestations of mercy and compassion, as well as the rejection of resistance to evil violence. Orthodoxy focuses on the bad transfer of suffering sent by God to test the fortress of faith and cleansing from sin, on a special reverence of sufferers - blissful, beggars, whores, deserters and hermits. In Orthodoxy, only the monks and the highest ranks of the priests give vale of celibacy.

Organization of the Orthodox Church

Georgian Orthodox Church. In Georgia, Christianity began to spread in the first centuries AD. Avtochefalia received in the VIII century. In 1811, Georgia became part of the Russian Empire, and the church was part of the Russian Orthodox Church for Exarchate Rights. In 1917, a decision on the restoration of autochefalia was decided on the restoration of the Avochefali, which remained under Soviet power. The Russian Orthodox Church recognized the autochefali only in 1943

The head of the Georgian Church wears the title of Catholicos Patriarch of All Georgia, Archbishop Mtzhetsky and Tbilisi with a residence in Tbilisi.

Serbian Orthodox Church. Avkokefalia was recognized in 1219. The head of the church wears the title of Archbishop Pechish, Metropolitan Belgrade-Karlovapsky, Patriarch Serbian with a residence in Belgrade.

Romanian Orthodox Church. In the territory of Romania, Christianity penetrated in the II-III centuries. AD In 1865, the autochefalia of the Romanian Orthodox Church was proclaimed, but without the consent of the Konstantinople church; In 1885, such consent was obtained. The head of the church wears the title of Archbishop Bucharest, Metropolitan Ungro-Willian, Patriarch of the Romanian Orthodox Church with a residence in Bucharest.

Bulgarian Orthodox Church. Christianity on the territory of Bulgaria appeared in the first centuries of our era. In 870, the Bulgarian Church received autonomy. The status of the church has changed over the centuries, depending on the political situation. The Avtochefalia of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church was recognized by Constantinople only in 1953, and the Patriarchate was only in 1961.

The head of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church wears title Metropolitan Sophia, Patriarch of All Bulgaria with a residence in Sofia.

Cypriot Orthodox Church. The first Christian communities on the island were founded at the beginning of our era of St. Apostles Paul and Varnava. A wide christianization of the population began in V c. Avochefalia was recognized on the III Ecumenical Cathedral in Ephesus.

The head of the Cyprus Church is the title of Archbishop of New Justinian and all Cyprus, his residence is located in Nicosia.

E.Yadskaya (Greek) Orthodox Church. According to legends, the Christian faith was brought by the apostle Pavl, who founded Christian communities in a number of cities, and St. John theologian wrote "Revelation" on the island of Patmos. The Avochefalia of the Greek Church was recognized in 1850. In 1924, she moved to the Gregorian calendar, which caused a split. The head of the church is the title of Archbishop of Athens and all eleventures with the residence in Athens.

Athenian Orthodox Church. Avtochefalia was recognized in 1937. However, due to political reasons, contradictions arose, and the final position of the Church was determined only in 1998. The head of the Church is the title of Archbishop Tyransky and all Albania with a residence in Tirana. The peculiarities of this church include the election of the clergy with the participation of laity. Worship is performed in Albanian and Greek.

Polish Orthodox Church. Orthodox dioceses exist in Poland from the XIII century. However, for a long time, they were under the jurisdiction of the Moscow Patriarchate. After finding Poland independence, they came out of the subordination of the Russian Orthodox Church and formed the Polish Orthodox Church, which in 1925 was recognized as an auto-tech. Russia accepted the Avtochefalia of the Polish Church only in 1948

Worship is conducted in church Slavonic language. However, in recent times, Polish is used all the cup. The head of the Polish Orthodox Church wears the title Metropolitan Warsaw and the whole wormwood with a residence in Warsaw.

Czechoslovak Orthodox Church. The mass baptism of the people on the territory of the modern Czech Republic and Slovakia began in the second half of the 9th century, when Slavic enlighteners of Cyril and Methodius arrived in Moravia. For a long time, these lands were under the jurisdiction of the Catholic Church. Orthodoxy persisted only in Eastern Slovakia. After the formation of the Czechoslovak Republic in 1918, the Orthodox community was organized. Further development of events led to the division within the country's Orthodoxy. In 1951, the Czechoslovak Orthodox Church requested the Russian Orthodox Church to accept her in his maintenance. In November 1951, the Russian Orthodox Church provided her by the Avochefali, which the Constantinople Church approved only in 1998. After the division of Czechoslovakia into two independent states, the Church formed two metropolitan provinces. The head of the Czechoslovak Orthodox Church is the title Metropolitan Prague and Archbishop of the Czech and Slovak republics with a residence in Prague.

American Orthodox Church. Orthodoxy to America came from Alaska, where from the end of the XVIII century. The Orthodox community began to act. In 1924, the diocese was formed. After the sale of Alaska, the United States Orthodox churches and land plots are owned by the Russian Orthodox Church. In 1905, the Diocese Center was translated into New York, and her head Tikhon Belavin. Erected in San Archbishop. In 1906, he raised the question of the possibility of autochefali of the American Church, but in 1907 Tikhon was recalled, and the question remained unresolved.

In 1970, Moscow Patriarchate gave the autochetal status of Metropolis, which was named Orthodox Church in America. The head of the church has the title of Archbishop Washington, Metropolitan of all America and Canada with a residence in Sogiusseet, near New York.

The official history of the Russian Orthodox Church begins with 10 V. In need of an ideological substantiation of his power and new public orders, Prince Vladimir is looking for a teaching that would correspond to this goal. "The Tale of Bygone Years" talks about the "Choice of Faith" undertaken by Vladimir. The church tradition argues that Christianity in this region appeared as a result of the missionary activity of the Apostle Andrei First Called Already in 1 V. n. e., which has created prerequisites for the subsequent adoption of Christianity by Prince Vladimir. However, the reasons for the adoption of Christianity lies in the fact that it is most of all that corresponded to the needs of the Prince of Power.

In the summer of 988, by order of Prince Vladimir, the Byzantine priests committed a rite of Orthodox baptism over the residents of Kiev. The Christianization of the Russian lands lasted several centuries, causing sometimes active rejection. Old religious beliefs that remain in the consciousness of people as a result of prolonged coexistence with Orthodox Christianity gave rise to the so-called dweller - a peculiar alloy of Christianity and the original Slavic beliefs.

The Orthodox Church in Russia was subordinate to the Constantinople Patriarch, her Metropolitans "were supplied" by Byzantia. The Department of Metropolitan, first in Kiev, at the end of the 13th century. Was moved to Vladimir, and in 1325 Metropolitan Peter transfers it to Moscow. In January 1559, Metropolitan of Job became the first Patriarch of Moscow. The Constantinople Patriarchate literally solved permission to create Russian Orthodox carcourses. The Council of Orthodox Patriarchs, convened in 1590, approved the creation of the Moscow Patriarchate.

The emergence of the autochetal Russian church had unexpected consequences: the separation of previously united Russian Metropolis, as a result of which an independent Kiev Metropoline originated. In 1696, Kiev Mitropolitan Mikhail entered into an agreement (sly) with Pope Roman. And the result of UNia was the emergence of a new church, which preserved the liturgical features of Orthodoxy, but had Catholic submission to the Roman dad.

17th century - Special in the history of Russian Orthodoxy. Since 1652, Metropolitan Novgorod Nikon (Nikita Minov, 1605-1681) became the Primer of the Church (Nikita Minov, 1605-1681). The reform of the church was connected with his name, which had tragic consequences: church split and conflict between the church and state power. The favorite of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, who was extremely attracted by the idea of \u200b\u200b"Moscow - the Third Rome", Nikon wanted to implement the "Universal Orthodox Kingdom" through Moscow. For this, first of all, it was necessary to carry out the unification of worship.

The main changes made by Nikonom were the following: the commissioning of the cross signs in three fingers instead of two, replacement of terrestrial bowls of the belt, replacement of polyphony (when two, and then three priests read various texts) one-chassis, replacement of the temple passage during the baptism and wedding in the Sun - freedom against the movement of the sun; The service itself was reduced, the name of Izus was changed to Jesus, the regularity of sermons was established, books and icons were rewritten by Novobrical samples. There were other changes, but all of them are only liturgical. The reform did not touch the dogmatic nor the canonical spheres of Orthodoxy. In the essence of the creed, no change has happened. And nevertheless, these reforms caused a protest, and then split.

The church reform, undertaken by Nikon, was combined in his activities with an attempt to establish such a relationship of church and secular power, in which secular power would be dependent on church. However, Nikon's attempt to subordinate secular power failed. It was lowered by the decision of the Cathedral of 1667, expressing the royal will, and is exiled to one of the northern monasteries.

The question of the relationship between the church and secular power, solved in favor of state power, was finally filmed from the agenda under Peter I. After death in 1700. Patriarch Adrian Peter I "temporarily" forbade choosing the Patriarch. At the head of the church, the Patriarchard Patriarchal, Peter Stefan Javorsky's supporter. In 1721, Peter approved the "spiritual regulations", according to which the highest church body was created - the Holy Synod, headed by an Ober Prosecutor - a secular official with the rights of the Minister appointed by the state truck.

The synodal period of the Russian Orthodox Church continued until 1917. The State Orthodox Church occupied a privileged position, all other religions were either simply pursued, or allowed, but were in an unequal position. The February Revolution of 1917, the elimination of the monarchy set the problem of its strengthening before the church. A substantive cathedral was convened at which the main question was solved - restoring the patriarchate or preserving the synodal control. The debate ended in favor of restoring the patriarchal management.

In January 1918, the decree "On the Church Department from the State and School from the Church" was published. Considering the religion as a ideological enemy that prevents the construction of a new society, the Soviet government sought to destroy the structures of the Church.

The destroyed church still did not become a marginal organization, which became apparent during the Great Patriotic War. The state policy in relation to the church was changed: In September 1943, Stalin meets in the Kremlin with three church hierarchs - the Metropolitan of Sergium's Patriarchal Metropolitan, the Exarch of Ukraine, Metropolitan, Nicodem and Metropolitan, Leningrad and Novgorod Alexia. The church received permission to open temples and monasteries, spiritual educational institutions, enterprises serving the liturgical needs of the Church, and, most importantly, to restore the patriarchate.

At the end of 1958 N.S. Khrushchev put forward the task of "overcoming religion as a remnant of capitalism in the consciousness of people." This task was solved not so much in the form of ideological struggle with religious worldview, but in the form of persecution of the church. The mass closure of the Orthodox churches, monasteries, spiritual educational institutions began again, the authorities began to regulate the number of bishopath, etc.

The trend towards liberalization of policies in relation to the church appeared in the country in the late 70s. In the future, this trend intensified, in practice, this meant the return of the Church of its former positions. Temples, spiritual educational institutions were re-opened, monasteries were restored, new dioceses were created.

Today, the Russian Orthodox Church is the largest and most influential religious organization in the entire space of post-Soviet Russia and the most numerous Orthodox Church in the world.

However, the Russian Orthodox Church lost the status of the state church, she lives in a secular state, in which there is no state religious ideology. In state documents, Orthodoxy attributed to the four "traditional religions", declared "respected", but it is equalized in rights with all other denominations and denominations. The church has to be reckoned with the constitutional right of freedom of conscience.

The emergence of Orthodoxy

Historically, it so happened that in the territory of Russia, mostly, several great world religions have coexisted their place and the impact of centuries. By giving tribute to other religions, I want to draw your attention to Orthodoxy as the main religion of Russia.
Christianity (It appeared in Palestine in the first century AD from Judaism and received a new development after a gap with Judaism in the second century) - one of the three main world religions (along with buddhism and islam).

During the formation christianity Bought on three main branches :
- catholicism ,
- orthodoxy ,
- protestantism ,
In each of which the formation of its own, practically not coinciding with other branches, ideology.

Orthodoxy (which means - to put God's right thing) - one of the directions of Christianity, the grateful and organizationally issued in the XI century as a result of the separation of churches. The split occurred during the period from the 60s. IX century up to the 50s. XI century As a result of the split in the eastern part of the former Roman Empire, a confession arose, which he had been called orthodoxy in Greek (from the words "Orthos" - "Direct", "Right" and "Doxos" - "Opinion", "judgment", "Teaching") , and in Russian-speaking theology - Orthodoxy, and in the western part - the confession, which her followers called Catholicism (from the Greek "Catholicos" - "Universal", "Universal").

Orthodoxy arose in the territory of the Byzantine Empire. Initially, it did not have a church center, as the church power of Byzantium was concentrated in the hands of four patriarchs: Konstantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, Jerusalem. As the Byzantine Empire is collapsed, each of the ruling patriarchs was headed by an independent (autochefal) Orthodox Church. Subsequently, autochefal and autonomous churches arose in other countries mainly in the Middle East and Eastern Europe.

For Orthodoxy is characterized by a complex, designed cult. The most important postulates of the Orthodox fault are the dogmas of the trinity of God, the awards, redemption, the resurrection and ascension of Jesus Christ. It is believed that dogmas is not subject to change and clarification not only in content, but also in form.
Religious basis of Orthodoxy constitute Scripture (Bible) and Sacred legend .

The clergy in Orthodoxy is divided into white (married parish priests) and black (monastic, giving vinds of celibacy). There are male and women's monasteries. The bishop can only be a monk. Currently in Orthodoxy allocated

• Local churches
• Konstantinople
• Alexandria
• Antiochian
• Jerusalemskaya
• Georgian
• Serbian
• Romanian
• Bulgarian
• Cyprus
• Eleladskaya
• Albanian
• Polish
• Czech Slovakaya
• American
• Japanese
• Chinese

The Russian Orthodox Church is part of the churches of the Universal Orthodoxy.

Orthodoxy in Russia

The history of the Orthodox Church in Russia remains still one of the least developed regions of Russian historiography.

The history of the Russian Orthodox Church was not unambiguous: she was controversial, abounded by internal conflicts, reflecting public contradictions throughout its path.

The introduction of Christianity in Russia was a natural phenomenon for the reason that in VIII - IX centuries. Starts the class early designer system.

Main events in history russian Orthodoxy. In the history of Russian Orthodoxy, nine major events can be distinguished, nine major historical milestones. That's what they look in chronological order.

First milestone - 988 year . The event of this year was called: "Baptism of Russia". But this is a figurative expression. And actually there were the following processes: the proclamation of Christianity by the state religion of Kievan Rus and the formation of the Russian Christian Church (in the next century they will be called the Russian Orthodox Church). A symbolic action that seemed that Christianity became a state religion, there was a mass baptism of Kievans in the Dnieper.

Second milestone - 1448 year . This year, the Russian Orthodox Church (ROC) has become autocephalous. Prior to this year, the ROC was an integral part of the Constantinople Patriarchate. Avtochefalia (from the Greek words "Auto" - "Himself" and "Kefal" - "Head") meant full independence. This year, the Grand Duke Vasily Vasilyevich, nicknamed Dark (in 1446 he was blinded by his rivals in the interfair struggle), did not receive Metropolitan from the Greeks, but to choose his Metropolitan on the Local Cathedral. At the church cathedral in Moscow in 1448, Ryazan bishop ion was elected the first Metropolitan of the autocephalous church. Constantinople Patriarch recognized the Avtochefalius of the Russian Orthodox Church. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire (1553), after the seizure of the Turks of Constantinople, the Russian Orthodox Church, being the largest and most significant among Orthodox churches, became a natural stronghold of the Universal Orthodoxy. And until now, the Russian Orthodox Church claims the title of "Third Rome".

Third milestone - 1589 year . Until 1589, the Russian Orthodox Church was headed by Metropolitan, and therefore it was called Metropolis. In 1589, she began to head Patriarch, and the Russian Orthodox Church became the Patriarchate. Patriarch is the highest San in Orthodoxy. The establishment of the patriarchate raised the role of the Russian Orthodox Church both in the inner life of the country and in international relations. At the same time, at the same time, the importance of the royal power, which was no longer on Metropolitan, but on the Patriarchate. It was possible to establish a patriarchy at Queen Fyodor John, and the main merit in raising the level of the church organization in Russia belongs to the first Minister of King Boris Godunov. It was he who invited Konstantinople Patriarch to Russia, and achieved consent to the establishment of a patriarchate in Russia.

Fourth milestone - 1656 year . This year, the Moscow Local Cathedral betrayed Anathema Old Believers. This decision of the cathedral revealed the presence of a split in the church. The confession was separated from the church, which began to be called old-handedness. In its further development, old property has become a totality of denominations. The main reason for the split, according to historians, was social contradictions in Russia of that time. Old Believers were representatives of those social layers of the population who were dissatisfied with their position. First, many peasants became old supplies, which at the end of the 16th century were finally fixed, repealing the right to move towards another feudal in the so-called "yuryev day". Secondly, part of the merchants, for the king and the feudalists of the economic policy of supporting foreign merchants prevented the economic policy of supporting foreign merchants to develop trade in their Russian merchant. Finally, some born boyars were joined to old-handedness, dissatisfied with the loss of a number of their privileges. The church reform was provided for the split under the leadership of Nikon's Patriarch. In particular, the reform provided for the replacement of some old rituals with new ones: instead of two triple, instead of earthly bows in the process of worship, instead of the gloor around the temple on the sun, the procession against the sun and others. The breakaway religious flow was made for the preservation of old rites, this is explained by him name.

Fifth milestone - 1667 year . The Moscow Local Cathedral of 1667 acknowledged Nikon's Patriarch guilty of uttering Hula to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, deprived him of Sana (declared a simple monk) and sentenced to the link to the monastery. At the same time, the cathedral immediately betrayed the anathema of the Old Believers. The cathedral was held with the participation of Patriarchs Alexandria and Antioch.

Sixth milestone - 1721 year . Peter I established the highest church body, which was called the Holy Synod. This government act has completed church reforms carried out by Peter I. When Patriarch Adrian died in 1700, the king "temporarily" forbade the election of a new patriarch. This "temporary" period of cancellation of the Patriarch elections lasted 217 years (until 1917)! At first, he led the Church established the Spiritual College. In 1721, the Spiritual College replaced the Holy Synod. All the members of the Synod (and there were 11) were appointed and shifted by the king. At the head of the Synod, the government official was supplied to the minister's rights and displaced the king, the position of whom was called "Ober Prosecutor of Holy Synod". If all members of the Synod were obliged to be priests, then for the Ober-prosecutor it was optional. So, in the XVIII century, more than half of all the obur-prosecutors were military men. Church reforms of Peter I made the Russian Orthodox Church part of the state apparatus.

Seventh milestone - 1917 year . This year, the Patriarchate was restored in Russia. On August 15, 1917, for the first time after more than a two-year break in Moscow, a cathedral was convened for the Patriarch election. October 31 (November 13 for a new style) Cathedral elected three candidates for the Patriarchs. On November 5 (18), in the church of Christ the Savior, the monk-old man of Alexy pulled out a lot of Larz. Lot fell on Metropolitan of Moscow Tikhon. At the same time, the church experienced a strong persecution from Soviet power and has undergone a number of splits. On January 20, 1918, the Council decided on the Freedom of Conscience, which "separated the church from the state" each person received the right to "confess any religion or not to confess any." Any infringement of rights on the sign of faith is prohibited. Decree also "separated school from the church." In schools, the teaching of the Law of God was forbidden. After October, Patriarch Tikhon first performed with sharp decisions of Soviet power, but in 1919 he took a more restrained position, calling the clergy did not participate in political struggle. Nevertheless, about 10 thousand representatives of the Orthodox clergy were among the victims of the Civil War. The Bolsheviks shot priests who served thank youth after falling the local Soviet power. Part of the priests adopted Soviet power and in 1921-1922. Began the movement of "update". A part that did not accept this movement and did not have time or not wishing to emigrate, went underground and formed the so-called "catacombous church." In 1923, the Radical Update Programs of the Russian Orthodox Church were considered on the Local Cathedral of the Update Communities. The Cathedral was lowered by Patriarch Tikhon and the full support of Soviet power was proclaimed. Patriarch Tikhon exposed anathema updated. In 1924, the Supreme Church Council was transformed into an updated Synod led by Metropolitan. Some of the clergy and believers, which found themselves in emigration, formed the so-called "Russian Orthodox Church abroad." Until 1928, the Russian Orthodox Church abroad supported close contacts with the Russian Orthodox Church, but subsequently these contacts were discontinued. In the 1930s, the church was on the verge of extinction. Only since 1943 its slow revival began as a patriarchate. In total during the war, the church gathered over 300 million rubles for military needs. Many priests fought in the partisan detachments and the army were awarded battle orders. During the long blockade of Leningrad in the city, eight orthodox temples did not cease. After the death of I. Stalin, the policies of the authorities in relation to the church again tightened. In the summer of 1954, the decision of the Central Committee of the Party on the strengthening of anti-religious propaganda appeared. With a sharp speech against religion and the church, Nikita Khrushchev was performed.

Eighth milestone - 1971. This year, the Moscow Local Cathedral took off antenathere from the Old Believers. In the years of "Perestroika" (from March 1985), the state of the state in relation to the church again happened. New temples of all religions began to open. The Orthodox Church was returned to the Kiev-Pechurch Lavra, Optina Deserts and other monasteries. In 1988, the Orthodox Church solemnly celebrated the Millennium of the Baptism of Russia. The role of the church in public life began to increase. In March 1989 For the first time in the Soviet history, church leaders became deputies of the USSR. Among them were Patriarch Pimen and his future receiver Metropolitan Alexy. The third of May 1990 The 80-year-old Patriarch Pimen died. The Russian Orthodox Church was headed by Patriarch Alexy 2.

And finally, the ninth milestone - year 2000. This year, Moscow, the Archiree Cathedral, who accepted a number of important solutions for the church. 1024 people were found to the face of saints, including the royal family led by Nikolai II. The document "Basics of the Social Concept of the Russian Orthodox Church" was adopted. It sets out the principal provisions of church teaching on the relations of the Church and the State and the attitude of the church to a number of important modern socially significant problems. A significant and new point in the social concept of the church is the proclamation of the right of the Church "Refuse to the state in obedience", "if the government forces Orthodox believers to the retreat from Christ and his church, as well as to sinful, abstract acts" . The document "Basic principles of the relations of the Russian Orthodox Church to Separation" was also adopted. In this document, once again the only true religion is proclaimed by Orthodoxy, but at the same time recognized a possible dialogue with non-unified Christians.

Conclusion

So, summarize:

Orthodoxy entered the history of Russia and coexisted in it more than a thousand years. Most of this time, the Orthodox religion has provided a serious impact on the life of the state;

Orthodoxy experienced the decline: Tatar-Mongol invasion, October Revolution, and Rises: Education, the beginning of the 90s of the past century;

The Orthodox Church, as a process of the Church of Byzantine, in turn gave life to many branches and church directions;

Church leaders during many years determined, or helped to determine the political and economic structure of the state to rule the rulers;

Special dramatic fate of the church acquired after the October Revolution. The power of the proletariat and the Orthodox Church could not come to the agreement. This discord did not bring Russia any positive results;

Despite the replacement of the ruling genera, changes in the political device, the form of the state, etc. The Orthodox Church continues to health and soy.

The information was taken

Sites:

1. http://nik-o-religi.narod.ru.

2. http://www.pravoslavie.ru/

3. http://www.mospat.ru.

4. http://pravoslavye.org.ua.

Literature:

1. Religions of the world. Edit. "Enlightenment" 1994.

2. "Christianity." Edit. Bargain. House "Grand". 1998

3. Search for hopes and spirit of consolation (essays on the history of religion). Edit. MSC 1991.

4. Ya.N.Schapov, "Church in ancient Russia" (until the end of the XIII century), "Polizdat", 1989

History of Orthodoxy

Introduction

The main characteristics of the Orthodox Christian Faith

The history of the origin of Orthodoxy

The history of the appearance of Orthodoxy in Russia

Conclusion

List of references

Introduction

Religion is a special complex of views and actions based on faith in the real existence of the supernatural and the ability to interact with it. Religion is not possible without faith. Believers it offers a certain meaning of their existence. All this is expressed in the presence of the most specific perception of the world, i.e. in the presence of a religious, worldview. The religious worldview, despite its "aggressiveness", does not cancel the presence in the individual and other types of worldview, entering each other and with a religious worldview in inseparable links and determining the specific individual specifics of a particular individual. This is the intricateness of worldviews in us and makes everyone a unique, unique person, and not just an individual.

Christianity is the most common and influential religion on earth, the number of its adherents is more than 2 billion people. Christianity leads in the religious life of Europe, America and Australia, occupies fairly reputable positions in Africa and Asia. It originated in 1 c. n. e. In Palestine, which was then part of the Roman Empire. The church tradition relates Christianity to the so-called "body-stroke" religions: the cause of him was the activities of Jesus Christ, who is simultaneously recognized by God and man. He gave people the true knowledge of God and founded the church, who received his name from him, was the Savior of all mankind.

As a result of the split of the Roman Empire, Christianity shared on Catholicism and Orthodoxy.

The latter was the basis of the religious worldview of the eastern part of the empire, in the center of which the Byzantine Empire stood. With the decline of the Byzantine Empire, the role of the "copyright holder" of the Orthodox Christian Faith took on Russia.

The purpose of this work is to track the history of the origin of Orthodoxy and the path of development of this religious direction. To implement this goal, an analysis of theoretical scientific and journalistic works was carried out, as a result of which the main provisions were formulated, allowing us to talk about the knowledge of the history of Orthodoxy. These provisions are distributed in the present work as follows. In the first part of the work, the main theoretical provisions of Orthodoxy are set out - the forms of worship, the origins of beliefs, etc. In the second part, the history of the origin of Orthodoxy is summarized. In the third part there is a chronological analysis of the emergence and development of Orthodoxy in Russia.

In this paper, the works of Metropolitan of Moscow Makariya were used, Archpriest Alexander Shmeman, historian and philosopher R.A. Finca, encyclopedic articles of the "Big Encyclopedia of Brockhaus", sources from the Internet, etc.

In a particular way, I would like to highlight the works by the Archproley of Alexander Schmeman, who succeeded in a fairly simple and accessible form to present the story of the Russian Orthodox Church, the work of Metropolitan Makaria, in which a scanty material on the history of the origin of Orthodox religion was assembled and systemically presents material on the history of Russian Orthodoxy.

1. The main characteristics of the Orthodox Christian Faith

The name "Orthodoxia" (Orjodoxia) - for the first time it is found in the Christian writers 2nd, when the first formulas of the teachings of the Church of Christian (at the Clement Alexandria) appear, and means faith of the whole church, as opposed to the misfortune of heretics. Later, the word "Orthodoxy" means the combination of dogmas and the establishments of the Church, and its criterion recognizes the unchanged storage of the exercise I. Christ and the Apostles, as it is set out in St. Scripture, St. Trades and in the ancient symbols of the Universal Church.

Today, the Orthodox direction of Christianity is a totality of local (regional) religious organizations. There is an official list of heads of Orthodox churches - "Diptych Honor". On this list of church are located as follows:

Constantinople (Turkey),

Alexandria (Egypt),

Antioch (Syria and Lebanon),

Jerusalem (Israel),

Georgian

Serbian

Romanian

Bulgarian

Cyprus,

Eleladskaya (Greece),

Albanian

Polish,

Church of Czech lands and Slovakia,

Orthodox Church of America.

These are the so-called canonical and autocephalous churches. At the head of the churches are Metropolitans, Archbishops or Patriarchs. The Patriarch Constantinople is considered to the Universal Patriarch, but he does not have the right to interfere with the activities of other Orthodox churches.

Religion is not only a religious worldview, it implements the main ideological plants in religious activities. Thus, it includes their external manifestation, and, thanks to this, acts as a social institution, is a phenomenon of culture with a clearly defined world relation. Religious concretion is practical.

The direct manifestation of such a practice is the cult. The cult includes practical religious actions, aids and aimed at communicating with supernatural. Allocate various types of cult practice: rites, rituals, sacrifices, sacraments, worship, prayers, etc. But any ritual action becomes religious, implementing certain religious ideas, and this is possible only when using religious symbols.

The basis of the Orthodox fault is the Sacred Scriptures and the Sacred Tradition. Holy Scripture (Bible) is the cornerstone of the sacred legend, "contains completeness of grieving." The sacred legend includes the decisions of the first seven universal cathedrals (i.e. they held before the separation of churches), the works of the fathers of the church and the ancient liturgical books. Subsequent additions to the sacred legend of Orthodoxy, in contrast to Catholicism, considers it impossible and therefore the dogmas, proclaimed by the Catholic Church (Dogmat Filiardov, about the immaculate conception of the Virgin Mary, etc.), considers as erroneous, contradictory and sacred and sacred legend. The central in Orthodox fault is the Nikeo-Tsoregrad Symbol of Faith:

Salvation throughout Evita ?denmark of the Faith "in the One-God" (1st member of the symbol);

Unique Faces of the Holy Trinity: God Father, God Son, Holy Spirit;

Isoa? Denia Jesus - Christ , Go? Spode and Son of God (2nd member of the symbol);

AVAILABLE (3rd symbol member);

Belief in bodily resurrection, ascension and the upcoming second coming of Jesus Christ and the "life of the future century" (5, 6, 7, 12th members of the symbol);

Faith in unity, the generalness and continuity of the Orthodox Church (9th member of the symbol); faith in holiness of the church; Head of the Church - Jesus Christ;

Faith in Angels and the prayer concept of saints.

The community of cult (rites, sacraments, liturgical practice) as a whole is inherent in Orthodoxy, but there are differences due to the national affiliation of the Church. This applies, above all, the cult of saints, revered by this church, and the holidays, in which the local one, along with generallycristians, are marked.

Main canonical standards and institutions:

Hierarchical priesthood having 3 degrees: bishop, presbyter, deacon. The necessary condition for the legality of the hierarchy is a direct canonically legitimate apostolic succession through the name of ordination. Each bishop (regardless of the title with which he possesses) has the completeness of canonical power within its jurisdiction (diocese).

Although the canons prohibit people of Holy San "Purchase to the People's Department", in the history of Orthodox countries were individual episodes when the bishops were standing at the head of state (the most famous president of Cyprus Macarium III) or had significant civil authorities (Constantinople Patriarchs in the Ottoman Empire in the role of Ethnarch Orthodox subjects of Sultan).

Institute of Monastics. Includes the so-called black clergy, which plays a leading role in all spheres of the Church's life from the IV century.

Installed calendar posts: the Great (Present 48-day), Petrov, Assumption, Christmas, together with the holidays components of the liturgical year.

The main content of cult religious activity carry rituals and rites. Rituals are repeated stereotypical actions or imitating other reality, or formalizing human attitude towards it. Ritual and rite is a whole story that reveals a specific motive of a religious picture of the world. At the same time, through ritual, religious representations are illustrated and embodied, and the rite notes the most significant events in the practice of a believer. The ritual and rite is inseparable, the rite is implemented only through a ritual action.

Historically, the Orthodox worship contains 4 liturgical circles in himself:

1. Double circle

2.saddemic circle;

.fixed annual circle;

.movable annual circle, formed around Easter holiday.

The most important public service in Orthodoxy is the Divine Liturgy (in Russia also called "Lunch"), during which the sacrament of the Eucharist is committed - the sacrament of the church, which is the essence of her essence and without which it is unthinkable.

Vigil vigil

Clock (church service)

Liturgy

Village

Semidot

The liturgical year begins from the Easter week, which occupies a completely special and exceptional position among the holidays.

Twoled holidays:

Christmas Blessed Virgin Mary

Exaltation of the Cross of the Lord

Introduction to the temple of the Blessed Virgin

Nativity

Epiphany

Presentation of the Lord

Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary

Entrance of the Lord in Jerusalem

Ascension of the Lord

Day of the Holy Trinity

Transfiguration

The Assumption of the Virgin

Day of Holy Spirit

The source of the inner right of the church, along with the Scripture, is a sacred legend, which includes the canons of various origin, authorized by the church liturgical texts, the creations of the fathers of the Church, the lives of the saints, as well as the customs of the Church. The traditional understanding and interpretation of Scripture is in context and unity with the tradition.

The church is the most typical and sustainable form of uniting believers. It consists of a variety of religious communities, which are concentrated around church temples - Sanctures, mosques, cathedrals, etc. It is characterized by a strict hierarchical structure, which is based on the division of followers to a clearing - a clergy, which carries to cultivation, and a flock - laity, parishioners, i.e. ordinary followers of faith. The church has a number of specific social functions, a set of rewards and punishments, it monopolizes the right to interpret the creed and determine acceptable forms of religious activities.

The Orthodox Church is compiled by the community of local churches - autochefal and autonomous. Each autocephalous church is completely independent and independent in the affairs of its canonical and administrative management. Autonomous churches are in canonical dependence on a particular autochetal (kiriar) church.

In Orthodoxy, there is no single point of view, to believe Latinan heretics, distorted the symbol of faith by the self-primary adjacent, or schismists, broken from the Unified Cathedral Apostolic Church.

Orthodox unanimously reject the dogma of the infallibility of the Pope in the creation of the creed and its claims to the primacy over all Christians - at least in the interpretation, which was adopted in the modern Roman church.

The Orthodox Church does not accept other dogmas and the creeds of the Catholic Church:

dogmat about the immaculate conception of the Virgin Mary.

the doctrine of purgatory, which (contrary to the opinion of some) is not an analogue of the concept of Naitaria in Orthodoxy.

dogmat about the bodily ascension of the Mother of God.

Orthodoxy traditionally, in principle, recognizes the right ? secular power in church (but not versal) issues - the concept of symphony of the spiritual and secular authorities; The Roman Church since the time of early Middle Ages stands for the full church immunity and represented by his high priest has a sovereign secular power.

From May 1980, from time to time, meetings of the Mixed Theological Orthodox-Roman Catholic Commission on Dialogue between the Local Orthodox Churches and the Roman Catholic Church are held.

2. The history of the origin of Orthodoxy

The Roman state on the eve of the emergence of Christianity is a colossal power, which included the entire Hellenistic world and quickly spreading his borders, - was shaken by internal contradictions. First, it was a contradiction of Rome and national outflows, Roman citizens and residents of the provinces: national liberation movements, permanent wars became the daily reality of the Roman state. The second contradiction is between the poor and rich. Earth and wealth focused in the hands of a narrow circle of persons. Free poor, demanding "bread and spectacles", were an explosive mass, the whole power of discontent whose threatened to fall into oligarchs. Finally, the main contradiction is between slaves and slave owners. Slaves that were not considered people moved from single performances against their owners to wide uprisings directed against the slavement system itself.

All these contradictions could blow up the Roman state. But the Roman Empire escaped in the form of a military monarchy, which relied on the hired army and the most severe repressions, which the imperial power answered any movement of protest. The strengthening of Rome gave rise to the public consciousness of the mood of depression and hopelessness. The inability to change the life on their own forces forced people to contact religion, which was intensified. Old religions that did not promise Evil's liberation from the world did not give the necessary consolation masses. In such an environment, interest in magic, fortune telling, mystical practice of eastern religions increased. On the roads of the Empire, many people who announced themselves prophets, the Savior, and among them are one, named Jesus, who is perceived by followers as Christ. His sermon attracted people to him, answered their expectations.

The books of the New Testament, complementing the Old Testament, are told about the life of Jesus Christ and the activities of His students (a list with the Jewish - Tanaha), and the Bible (Greek - "Books") together with him). The New Testament includes four Gospels (Greek. - "Good News"), Acts of Apostles, the Messages of the Apostles and the Revelation of John the Bogosla (Apocalypse). Church tradition considers the authors of the Gospels Matthew, John, Mark, and Luka. The gospel contains a detailed description of the life of Jesus, wonderful to them, his sermons, his terrible godfather death and, finally, His Resurrection.

From the end of the i century. n. e. The process of spreading Christianity, which covers the period II and III centuries. Christianity turned into a powerful ideological course, to stop which could no longer be.

Christianity gave consolation to everyone: the poor and dependent expected rewards after death for all earthly suffering, rich and educated reconciled with this life in which they depended on the arbitrariness of the imperial power. And everyone attracted the moral purity of Christianity. Ultimately, the rapid spread of Christianity was due to the fact that it developed the principles that responded to the conditions for the transformation of religion into the world. Such conditions are abstrust, the supranationality and humanistic moral content of religion.

Orthodoxy arose with division in 395 by the Roman Empire to Western and Eastern: "The name" Orjodoxuv "," Orthodox ", left for the Church East from the time of separation from her Church of Western, who learned the name of the church of the catholic church.

The widespread spread of Orthodoxy received in Greece. The tendency to the abstract thinking about the subjects of the highest order, the ability to subtle logical analysis was the inborn properties of Greek folk genius. Hence it is clear why the Greeks are rather and easier than other nations, recognized the truth of Christianity and perceived it more than more and deeper. Starting from 2 V. The church enter into a constantly increasing number, people educated and scientific; Since the same time, the church has school scientists in which worldly sciences for sample schools are also taught. Between the Greeks Christians is the mass of scientists, for whom the dogmas of the Faith of Christian replaced the philosophy of ancient philosophy and became the subject of the same diligent study.

In 4 c. In Byzantium, the theology was interested in the whole society, and even the simple people, in the markets and squares arguing about the dogmas, just as the riters and sophists argued on the city sites. While the dogmas was not yet formulated in the symbols, for personal judgment, there was a relatively large space that he led to the emergence of new heresies. The Ecumenical Cathedrals are on the scene. They did not create new beliefs, but only figured out and outlined in brief and accurate expressions faith in the church, in the form, in which it existed insisted: they guarded the faith that the church society was kept, the church in full force. The decisive voice in the cathedrals belonged to the bishops or authorized by them to deputies, but the right of the deliberative voices also had clerics, and simple laity, especially philosophers and theologians, who even took part in the cathedral debates, offered objections and helped the bishops with their instructions.

About the division of churches in the Orthodox Church, new peoples entered the Slavic, including the people of Russian.

3. The history of the emergence of Orthodoxy in Russia

The official history of the Russian Orthodox Church begins with 10 V. In need of an ideological substantiation of his power and new public orders, Prince Vladimir is looking for a teaching that would correspond to this goal. "The Tale of Bygone Years" talks about the "Choice of Faith" undertaken by Vladimir. The church tradition argues that Christianity in this region appeared as a result of the missionary activity of the Apostle Andrei First Called Already in 1 V. n. e., which has created prerequisites for the subsequent adoption of Christianity by Prince Vladimir. However, the reasons for the adoption of Christianity lies in the fact that it is most of all that corresponded to the needs of the Prince of Power.

In the summer of 988, by order of Prince Vladimir, the Byzantine priests committed a rite of Orthodox baptism over the residents of Kiev. The Christianization of the Russian lands lasted several centuries, causing sometimes active rejection. Old religious beliefs that remain in the consciousness of people as a result of prolonged coexistence with Orthodox Christianity gave rise to the so-called dweller - a peculiar alloy of Christianity and the original Slavic beliefs.

The Orthodox Church in Russia was subordinate to the Constantinople Patriarch, her Metropolitans "were supplied" by Byzantia. The Department of Metropolitan, first in Kiev, at the end of the 13th century. Was moved to Vladimir, and in 1325 Metropolitan Peter transfers it to Moscow. In January 1559, Metropolitan of Job became the first Patriarch of Moscow. The Constantinople Patriarchate literally solved permission to create Russian Orthodox carcourses. The Council of Orthodox Patriarchs, convened in 1590, approved the creation of the Moscow Patriarchate.

The emergence of the autochetal Russian church had unexpected consequences: the separation of previously united Russian Metropolis, as a result of which an independent Kiev Metropoline originated. In 1696, Kiev Mitropolitan Mikhail entered into an agreement (sly) with Pope Roman. And the result of UNia was the emergence of a new church, which preserved the liturgical features of Orthodoxy, but had Catholic submission to the Roman dad.

in. - Special in the history of Russian Orthodoxy. Since 1652, Metropolitan Novgorod Nikon (Nikita Minov, 1605-1681) became the Primer of the Church (Nikita Minov, 1605-1681). The reform of the church was connected with his name, which had tragic consequences: church split and conflict between the church and state power. The favorite of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, who was extremely attracted by the idea of \u200b\u200b"Moscow - the Third Rome", Nikon wanted to implement the "Universal Orthodox Kingdom" through Moscow. For this, first of all, it was necessary to carry out the unification of worship.

The main changes made by Nikonom were the following: the commissioning of the cross signs in three fingers instead of two, replacement of terrestrial bowls of the belt, replacement of polyphony (when two, and then three priests read various texts) one-chassis, replacement of the temple passage during the baptism and wedding in the Sun - freedom against the movement of the sun; The service itself was reduced, the name of Izus was changed to Jesus, the regularity of sermons was established, books and icons were rewritten by Novobrical samples. There were other changes, but all of them are only liturgical. The reform did not touch the dogmatic nor the canonical spheres of Orthodoxy. In the essence of the creed, no change has happened. And nevertheless, these reforms caused a protest, and then split.

The church reform, undertaken by Nikon, was combined in his activities with an attempt to establish such a relationship of church and secular power, in which secular power would be dependent on church. However, Nikon's attempt to subordinate secular power failed. It was lowered by the decision of the Cathedral of 1667, expressing the royal will, and is exiled to one of the northern monasteries.

The question of the relationship between the church and secular power, solved in favor of state power, was finally filmed from the agenda under Peter I. After death in 1700. Patriarch Adrian Peter I "temporarily" forbade choosing the Patriarch. At the head of the church, the Patriarchard Patriarchal, Peter Stefan Javorsky's supporter. In 1721, Peter approved the "spiritual regulations", according to which the highest church body was created - the Holy Synod, headed by an Ober Prosecutor - a secular official with the rights of the Minister appointed by the state truck.

The synodal period of the Russian Orthodox Church continued until 1917. The State Orthodox Church occupied a privileged position, all other religions were either simply pursued, or allowed, but were in an unequal position. The February Revolution of 1917, the elimination of the monarchy set the problem of its strengthening before the church. A substantive cathedral was convened at which the main question was solved - restoring the patriarchate or preserving the synodal control. The debate ended in favor of restoring the patriarchal management.

In January 1918, the decree "On the Church Department from the State and School from the Church" was published. Considering the religion as a ideological enemy that prevents the construction of a new society, the Soviet government sought to destroy the structures of the Church.

The destroyed church still did not become a marginal organization, which became apparent during the Great Patriotic War. The state policy in relation to the church was changed: In September 1943, Stalin meets in the Kremlin with three church hierarchs - the Metropolitan of Sergium's Patriarchal Metropolitan, the Exarch of Ukraine, Metropolitan, Nicodem and Metropolitan, Leningrad and Novgorod Alexia. The church received permission to open temples and monasteries, spiritual educational institutions, enterprises serving the liturgical needs of the Church, and, most importantly, to restore the patriarchate.

At the end of 1958 N.S. Khrushchev put forward the task of "overcoming religion as a remnant of capitalism in the consciousness of people." This task was solved not so much in the form of ideological struggle with religious worldview, but in the form of persecution of the church. The mass closure of the Orthodox churches, monasteries, spiritual educational institutions began again, the authorities began to regulate the number of bishopath, etc.

The trend towards liberalization of policies in relation to the church appeared in the country in the late 70s. In the future, this trend intensified, in practice, this meant the return of the Church of its former positions. Temples, spiritual educational institutions were re-opened, monasteries were restored, new dioceses were created.

Today, the Russian Orthodox Church is the largest and most influential religious organization in the entire space of post-Soviet Russia and the most numerous Orthodox Church in the world.

However, the Russian Orthodox Church lost the status of the state church, she lives in a secular state, in which there is no state religious ideology. In state documents, Orthodoxy attributed to the four "traditional religions", declared "respected", but it is equalized in rights with all other denominations and denominations. The church has to be reckoned with the constitutional right of freedom of conscience.

Conclusion

In this paper, we managed to state the main milestones of the history of Orthodoxy, conditionally divided during the Byzantine and Russian Orthodoxy.

The paper contains the main theoretical provisions of the Orthodox worldview, the origin of its origin. In addition, the history of the origin and development of Orthodoxy on the territory of Russia and its succession - Russia is quite extensively consecrated.

Orthodoxy played a significant role in the formation of Russian statehood. In different historical periods (the invasion of the Mongols, the Patriotic War of 1812, the Great Patriotic War) Orthodoxy became the only stronghold of the unity of the Russian people. With the appearance of Orthodoxy, the state fell on the path of cultural development - the origins of the development of writing, architecture, painting should be found in Orthodoxy.

The Orthodox religious worldview is characterized by humanism, tolerance to other religions, deep faith in a miracle. All this was reflected in the modern worldview of Russians. Over time, the living conditions of the person change, the attitude towards religion, but the foundations and dogmas of the Orthodox Church remain almost unshakable.

List of references

1. Introduction to philosophy: studies. Handbook for universities / auth. Call: Frolov I.T. et al. - 3rd ed., Pererab. and add. - M.: Republic, 2009. - 623 p.

Ilyin V.V. Religious studies / V.V. Ilyin, A.S. Karmin, N.V. Nosovich. - St. Petersburg., 2007.

History of religion. In 2 tons / under the general ed. I.N. Apple. - M., 2008.

Kislyuk K.V. Religious studies: Tutorial for Higher. educational institutions / K.V. Kislyuk, O.N. Coachman. - Rostov N / d., 2008.

Metropolitan Macarium History of the Russian Church. - M.: Publishing House "Rescue", 2007. - 486 p.

Archpriah A. Schmeman is the historical path of Orthodoxy. - M., 2008.

Send an application indicating the topic right now to learn about the possibility of receiving consultation.