Hiking in Crimea Miniha and Lassi. Camping in Crimea Minich and Lassi

Graph Petr Petrovich Lassinee Pier Edmond de Lacey (eng. Pierce Edmond de lacy, Padar de Lása.; October 30 ( 16781030 ) - April 19) - one of the most successful commander of Russia of the XVIII century. Irishman came, in 1700 he entered the Russian service and by 1736 it was delivered to China General Field Marshal. Father of the Austrian Feldmarshal F. M. Lassi.

It is known that in 1740, the dog was sent by the Lassi Count with the Secret Commission in Novgorod, and then in its composition in Siberia. In the same year, on the orders of the Military Collegium, the Flegene Adjutant of the Captain Rank was appointed to General Bismarck and was sent by the Count Lassi with the Commission to Poland to the Minister of Count Cayzerling. In 1741, he was resigned from military service and then until 1772 was in the civil service . At retirement was first appointed by the College Assistor, almost immediately entered the service at the Foreign Affairs College due to the good knowledge of German and French and the ability to translate with them. Since 1740, it began to work in the state archive, and on December 4, 1747, he was produced in the Advisors of the Office with an annual complacence from the State-Offer in the amount of thousands of rubles. Participated in the college of the expedition organized in 1748. In the XVIII century, a specialized security service or political police appeared in Russia: the Preobrazhensky order and the secret office of Peter I, the secret search of the office of Anna John and Elizabeth Petrovna, the secret expedition of the Senate with Catherine II and Pavel I. All of them investigated state crimes, and Therefore, they obeyed the monarch directly and acted in the setting of secrecy. However, the struggle against state treason, impostors and spies was only part of their work - their main care was to insult the personality of the sovereign and all sorts of "obscene words" to the authorities. The heroes of this book are the servants and the consecration, witnesses and executioners, well-dimensional beliefs and convinced bilauses. Based on numerous documents, the authors described the whole path of their "walking in torment" - from an anonymous denunciation or "providing states of words and cases" before investigation, Siberian references or fees. Chancellery General Field Marshal Count Lassi P.P. () Foundation: 114. Opary: 1. Used: 33. Business: 33. Date: 1744 - 1752 Formed in 1720, when, in accordance with the regular Regulations on General, General Staff, Field Army and Garrison Shelves, the Office began to rely on the ranks. Count Peter Petrovich Lassi (1678 - 1751) in the Russian service from 1700, from 1711. Brigadier, from 1712. -General Major, from 1720 - Lieutenant-General, from 1725 - General Annef , Since 1736, -Geral-Felmarshal. Commanded with military compounds in the Northern War, wars with Poland (1733 - 1735) and Turkey (1736 - 1739), the army in the war with Sweden (1741 - 1743). From 1723 - Member of the Military Collegium. In peacetime, she held the position of the commander of the troops of the St. Petersburg region, in the Riga, Kovel provinces and the Ostsey Territory (1744 - 1751), the Liflyan Governor-General. The office is disbanded after the death of Lassi in 1751 Decrees of the Senate, Military Collegium. Posts of the Board of Foreign Affairs, letters of Chancellor A.P. Bestumev-Ryumin, Vice-Chancellor M.I. Vorontsova, Advisor I.A. Cherkasov, reports of generals and regimental commanders about the military-political situation on the western border of Russia and in neighboring states, the war of Prussia with Poland, the concentration of Russian troops in the Baltic States and the formation of the Kurneda Corps, interaction with local authorities and the population, organizing intelligence and combat spying ( 1744 - 1747). Reports and reports of commander parts about their acquisition and supply (1744 - 1746). Reports of cabinet commanders of generals V.A. Repnina and G.R. Livhena for formation, preparation, sending to Germany and return to Russia auxiliary army corps during the war for the Austrian legacy. Schedules, Vedomosti, Tabel, Housing Moveway Routes (1747 - 1749). Documents on the composition and displacement of the Russian gallery fleet, state of artillery and ammunition in the Ostsey fortresses (1747 - 1749). Reports and reports of the Liflyand Vice-Governor V.V. Dolgorukova, generals of G.R. Livena, A. Brillia, Yu.Yu. Brown and others about moving, focusing and supplying troops, place them in camps and in winter apartments, preventing foreign recruitment in the army (1749 - 1750). Information on the situation in Prussia and Poland, relationships with the authorities of Kurlenia, the fight against foreign espionage, collecting intelligence information, harvesting bread and forage for troops (1745 - 1750). Magazines outgoing documents: secret and auditing expeditions (1745 - 1752). Archive Russian State Military Historical Archive (RGVIA) 107005, Moscow, 2nd Baumanskaya st., 3 Lassi P.P. Lassi, Petr Petrovich (1678-1751), - Count, Field Marshal General of Ireland. In 1700, he moved to Russian service. He took part in the Northern War (1700 - 1721), the combat actions of the Russian army in Poland (1733) on the side of the king of Augusti III against Stanislav Leshchinsky. From 1723 to 1725 He consisted of a member of the Military Collegium, later - the Riga Governor-General. Generated to General Feldmarshali, participated in the Turkish war of 1736-1739, almost always superimposed by a separate building. In 1740, he was approved by the county title complained by him by Emperor Carl VI. In Swedish war 1741-43. He was the commander-in-chief of the Russian army. Count Peter Petrovich Lassi was born in Irish on October 30, 1678 from the noble parents of the ancient family. At first, he was in French services;, participated under the signs of Slavnago Field Marshal Katinaat in Savoyskaya wars;, then he fought against the Turk of Armіi Emperor and, finally, offered his services to Peter Great, in 1700. He reveal the experiments of his courage in different battles against Swedes; granted in 1705 by Miorom; Heavyly wounded in Poltava, the fighting; The first joined Riga (1710), who was already Colonel; Named the commandant of the KR; post; Stopped a sword again (1711): I was in the Prutsky campaign ;; PRESS; I fished later before the grace of Grasinskago, a supporter of Charles XII; produced in general Maora (1712); served under the banners of Menshikov in Pomerani and Holsteini; Participated in the bribes of the Kyrgyz Republic; Post Teningen (1713), to the division of Swedetskogo, General Steinboka Graph, in the occupation of the city of Sttetin. IED; DC for T; Ma, Lassi continued the service of his in Armenia Count Sheremetyeva: I was in Poland;, Pomerani and Mecklenburgi; Departing, in 1719, on the gallery to Swedish shores, he made a terrible devastant in T; Hъ m; stah, forced, VM; ST; General Admiral General Count Apraksiny, Queen Ulrik Eleonor to agree to the proposed condition of the peace about the world; Peter Great; He was granted for his military exploits General Lieutenant (1720). Soon; A new war was opened with Persiai: Lassi, for reasons; Health is unfinished, they; l, then predicted in a small village; he belong to him. His priests; Yoshiu continued until I was entitled to the throne of Empress Catherine I: She complained to Lassia Cavalier of the Order of St. Alexander Nevskago, the very day was established by this sign on May 21, 1725; General-Annefom, a member of the military colleague (in August;) and soon; Commanded by Armenia, located in Petersburg;, in English, Novogorodsky Gubernіyi, Estland and Karelii; Riga General Governor (1726). When young Peter II-th Hall; Dolovna Ekaterin;, Prince Menshikov, managed by Kormalom, resumed the effort to the Duchy of Kurlyndiscago and was not a success; in his preprivіyi through negotiations, it was necessary to achieve Himself. It is curious that Duke Ferdinand was still in alive, did not think about death, and about the ghenox;, passed through ten l; T and then, it; Lit already there; Damn, Prince Moritsa Saxonskago, selected, elect (1726) Courneda and Semigal State Fans! - Lassi entered in Kurlyniy, three P; pedestrian shelves and two equestrian (1727). He was entrusted to send the helicopsery of Morita's duke: Colonel Fope received ordered from Rossіiskago General to arrest Prince to the island; Osmanangen ;; But he is a success; l hide on a fishing boat; From our detachment. The function captured his retinue, consisting one hundred six people; to, property and paper. Moritz turned to the lassi written proposed: annually; Yydavat Menshikov for forty thousands of Efimkov, if he refuses his demand, which can involve Rossiyski Yard, the silence of all of Europe; Oh; Schlot Dv; Thousands of Chervonny to the one who will take on soda; Yobii in this d; l; And, in words, by halfway, it was called even to double the proposed amount of the prince of Jelly. The note of Morita was brought to Petersburg on September 9, in the very day when Menshikov, deprived of the ranks and signs exceeded, was expelled from the capital; But Lassi is a USC; l, one but, destroy the chief of Moritz (26 numbers). Delighted; The commander of Peter Velikago was only the performer disposal to other leaders, not him; l lift in all shine; Priors; Tennago Ski Skill in military craft; Empress Anna Ioannovna BB; Rila Him (1733) The bosses for the twenty-tenty Aria, he moved Kejka to the shores of Vistula against the adherents of Stanislav Lesheshinskago. January 4th arrived Lassi Kenet; This city was conquered by the newly elected king Augustus III and let the Russian Garnizon. Lassi held in Opje; Danzig, when cm; Neil his count minih. Staying under the command of Field Marshal, he is space; Yal ten-thousand Corps of Count Tarlo and Castelana Tercago, Posp; Shavsiy to help Stanislav Kanzigu, SOD; YOURSHIP; This city, destroyed the troops of Mochinskago, Perevasy; Lit Krakov, was awarded from August III Order B; Lago Eagle (1734). In 1735, Lassi spoke to the Riina with 12,000 people; to United Agrades of Prince Savodskago: Passed Bohemia and Verkhnei Palatinat, exciting the login; Surprised by the device and the discipline of the heads of the regiments, deserved the praise of Slavnago Eugenіya. Our auxiliary army returned back to the shore of the Rhine, for reasons; It is concluded then the world between Franzіyu and Australia: Emperor Karl VI complained Lassi portrait his, shrouded by Brilliants and five thousand wormlock; The sovereign presented to Him from Feldmarshlskiy Zham, February 17, 1736, instructed to go to Azov. Between the raisins and the Ukrainian linimes in the steppe, the Tatars attacked Kozak, accompanying Lassiya, the scope; they took them in Pl; N Ha; Feldmarshal himself was barely across; l rider; His crews were stopped and robbed. On May 20, Azov surrendered to him to Kapitulay. The Empress has awarded in; Rnyya and glad; Lassi's service of the Order of St. Apostle Andrei Prolozvnago on March 5, 1737. He monitored his name his glorious campaign to Crimea. Khan from Sun; M Trokom is located behind the Perekop Lingi, it is significantly ukr; the prisoner, but Lassi led a forty-fighter Armia New Dear. I agree to the Military Operations, the counter-admiral of the Bedal, who had to predict him the fleetilia on Black Maja;, Felmarshal moved away from the r; Ki Berdy from the sun; by the coast of the Water, holding the coast of the Sea Azovskago. 14th Iyunya (1737), Armia was located along the sleeves of this sea, which continues to relentment, they; I am flutilia of Bredal on the resignation of the cannago dies; La Fallet. Lassi immediately ordered the bridge; All Aria, by moving around the 18th Iyun, continued to hike along the Sea's Azovskago under Kos;, leading to Arabati; It was joined by four thousand Kalmykov, under the leadership of Goldan-Narm, the son of Dunduck-ombo. Surprised Han Posp; Shil Ku Arabat, to stop Rossian in this t; Single passage; But Lassi, having learned about his approach, ordered; to the depth of the sleeves of Maskago, separate; Lyubyukovo braid in the Crimea, and our maintenance-friendly m; one hundred for crossing, led; LD SD; Pleet from empty barrels, logs and slings, in Armenia found . Thus, P; Khota crossed the sleeve on the roof, and the cavalier climb. Not one Khan thought Dernaya us; Reniy Lassi to go on Kos; K Arabatu. Sun; Generals, chrome; Spiegel, came to him in a tent session presented, that he exposes the death of Aria. Lassi Avd; Chal, that the military preproyati is usually conjugate in danger, and that although he doesn't see him here; However, asks them to their owls; she, in what way to enter this case;? Generally owls; ADDRESS TO GIVES. "If you want, I regained Feldmarshal - I will order you to provide you with the kinds for France," and led to his secretary to produce it, appointing Dv; STI of Dragunov for accompanied by the general generals in Ukrain, so that they were waiting There it is returned. We could hardly die on three days to soften Lassia and ashamed allowed to stay with it. Han Finding that Russian Armia entered the Arabatsky Passage, Kotoro I was waiting for her, but by half the bay, and that she was right to ky him, went to Mountain, being disturbed by Kozaki and Kalmyks. Then Feldmarshal turned to the right to the Mountains to Nastrich Khan. In the twenty-six versts of Karasubazar, the Lord of the Crimeans in the best of his troops attacked Russian Armia; But I was progress. Ambassador; of this lassi went to Karasubazar; Furnaces of Non-Piece, the millsia to prevent the procession of the Russians, there were disks; Yana. On the hills, the blizzards of the city, the post was opened; Dimin UKR; a plated camp, which was up to fifteen thousand Turks. Ozerov; Internal, Feldmarshal ordered the Lieutenant General Douglas, who bombarded avant-garde, to attack the unqualider and prospect; to the city. Douglas executed this instructed by the perfect Up; Homa: ambassador; Frame, continuously did not bol; essay, the Turks appealed to B; Glove; The city was looted and burned. Feldmarshal is located a camp in two versets from him. Kozakama and Kalmykov were ordered to penetrate how it was possible; E is in the mountains and burn the dwellings of Tatars: about a thousand selenium addressed in ash; Bol; e thirty thousand bulls and up to one hundred thousand Baranas SD; marked the prey of the CC; leaders. 15 Іyulya, Lassi collected military owl; th, in which r; sheny go back to the Crimea; For the plane of the Opechasi, consistently in the paradise of Tatars for Nam; Gi them to Rossіyu, was invented, and Faln; Yashy D; Yordi did not have to come. In the following year (1738), Feldmarshal Lassi covered himself with the new fame: he entered the Crimea with a thirty-five thousand people, without having lost a single person; ka Han stood at the Perekop Lingi of the Corps for the protection of Oyoy. In L; TNI of Zharki, the days of the Sea's Azovskago dries up, and the Western in; Ter, the way I drive out of the ongoing water that the peninsula can be achieved along the bottom. Feldmarshal took advantage of this in; Trom and to the tide of the UP; Lit go sea. Pereakov surrendered to 26 Іyuyuna the two thousandth Garrison of Yanychar. Inserts found to a hundred guns. Lassi went gave; e in Crimea, which was almost empty. Exploding the sun; Ukr; captivity Perepaskovon Linіi, he returned to Ok Bes; m; siats; Block. In 1739, Lassi was erected in the County dignity of Rossiya Imperii (in November;); In 1740, on the occasion of the festival of the world's festival of the world, Ottoman's portion, for courageous feats awarded a sword, brilliant and pensіon in three thousand rubles; Granted Liflyandsky General Governor. Soon; Urged; a war of the sewage (1741). Government Anna Leopoldovna BB; Rila Lassia The main boss on Armia. After breaking (August 23), the four-thousand Swedish squad, under the command of General Mior Wrangel, taking it in Pl; NG and, VM; ST; Eagita, 1200 people; to the Nizhnaya Chinov, also by taking the unqualider of DV; Advanced guns, Field Marshal Master; Lilmastrandom's Captive. Rossіyskaya Armia is located on winter apartments. In 1742 Citizens: Friedrichsgam, 29 Іyuna; Borgo, 30 numbers; Nastalt, August 7; Tavast, 16 numbers; Helsingsfors surrendered, 24, to Kapitulyatsi. Finding noting the village of Finlandskago, the Swedes to us; Rena to go to Abov, Lassi warned them l; Snow dear, I still, I still, Podr, the Great, who cleared his soldiers then; entered (in September;) in the capital of the Principality of FinnishCago; Press; to a non-regulator reported by the eagle; Forced seventeen thousand Swedes to surrender the prisonerp. Military d; Yobiya resumed in 1743: Saying good to Field Marshal, Empress Elizaveta Petrovna complained to him the drags; a brilliant brilliant ring, put on him the golden cross, hugged Lassia and wished him new Up; Hov. Nasty B; Tries prevented Rossіysky squadr; Arriving to Helsingsfors before 2nd Іyunya: the sea was still covered with ice floes in many m; stacks of the coast and the extreme cold increased the number of patients with troops; ours. Between T; M M M to the surface of the swedish galleys. Flot Non_yadelskіyi, consistent with the eighth sense of ships and the gallery, is located on the profitable m; st; The blinds of the ganguta for preventing Lassia to connect to the Cate. The 6th, Feldmarshal moved to Kilminda and the frontier; Luliser l. Two ship Shvedkish were put on the way, which was supposed to pass by the Russian Galem. 8 numbers, destroyed Military owls; TJ: P; Sheno to expect the fleet to the Fleet, who was led by Admiral Count Golovnoy. Soon; The Swedes were delivered among the gallery and military to Rossіysky ships: if the Golovin executed the orderly of Field Marshal, without referring to the regulation of Peter Velikago, the illivener of the fence; Lit then terrible amazed. Lassi sent to him, the 18th of Iyun, fourteen small vessels of the troops; The Swedes raised sails and prepared to prevent themselves with their ships condescens; Golovin SD; Lal like Movezhenia, also entered the open sea; But both fleets are not p; sewed to enter into battle, and the ambassador; H; how many dies; Lov, our sailed island of Guchland, the blizzards of the roar, DG; I stood calmly to the prisoner of the world, and Swedishie retired in Karls-Kronu. 23 IYYUN Feldmarshal arrived in Sutton: I found a squadron of General Keit. Uni-tailed galleys retired to Stockholm; Ours approached Degerby Island. The 26 numbers were held by Military Owl; TJ, in which it should be saved to Rudenham, Ambassador; Night of the island from Finland Shkra, and at the first passing in; Tr; go to the shores of the sewer and SD; to give onto it disembarking; 29, Feldmarshal; they were argued to perform in the sea, how he received Izv; Stiy from Abova from our ministerial, which preliminary articles about the world; They were signed by the Swedish plenipotentiary and resolved a truce. The Empress sent to the Count Lassi his own yacht for in; His in S. Petersburg, he complained to him next. How many villages, sword and tobaccoquarca, mowed brilliates and three thousand rubles of interest. ІІosl; Military labor, he entered, again, in the postal position of Liflyandskago General Governor; died in Rig; 19 Apr; La 1751, at a seventy fourth seed. Count Peter Petrovich Lassi, an experienced, unrelated commander, was distinguished by his speed on the rostal floor ;; Came of prompted; with the mind joined a good heart, elevated feelings; enjoyed generally love and desperate; Was R; Syuthelen in the military preproyatiyi, carefully in peacetime; I did not know the courtish intrigue and therefore retained my zvania among different public coups. Rossіya is obliged to this glorious leader Duke Kroi, broken by Poderov: He presented Lassia Peter Great. Options; on the death penalty in general order; The proceedings in Rossіi is, in the first plug, in the highest decree; by ambassador; according to August 2, 1743 in the name of Lassi. Empress Elizaveta Petrovna led him; Lahe's then: Sun; Ho criminals from Swedov for Usiystvo and robbery does not execute natural death, but, on OTS; Chaniy's right hand at Vinovnago, Visiv; Zapodniya Nostrils, his work. Count Franz Mauritzi Lassi, son of Count Peter Petrovich, finding her, first, in our services; General-Miorom, I wish in 1743 by the Order of St. Alexander Nevskago, served, sweat, at the exception of the Australia and, being General-Field Marshal, died in; N; 1801, at 77 born. Cited by: Bantice-Kamensky D. Biographies of Russian Generalissimulov and Field Marshal General. - St. Petersburg: in type. 3th dep. Mingos property, 1840Tegi: Crimea. History of entry into the Russian Empire, Personalia

Awards and Prize

Originity and Youth

It took from the ancient Normanian kind of Lassi, an ethyri substantial in Ireland. At the age of 13, she took part in the defense of Limerick from Wilimites. At the end of the war, the two kings, the Count Lukan emigrated with his supporters to France, where from them was t. The Irish squad in which Lacey was recorded. The brothers of the future Field Marshal died in the wars of Louis XIV, and he himself, deserving in 1697 in the Savoy campaign his first officer rank, moved to the service to the Austrians. Under the command of the Duke, De Crup, he participated in the campaign against the Turks and, together with him, entered in 1700 to the Russian service.

North War

Under the head of the Duke, De Crup participated in the battle under Narvoye. In 1701, after a hike on Cockuzyn and Riga, Field Marshal Sheremetev produced Lassi to the captains and appointed the commander of the Grenader company. In 1702, he participated in the case under Gummelsgof; In 1703, he was appointed commander of the "noble company," was with her in the Lifeland's campaigns of this year, and in 1704 - with siege and storming of Derpta. In 1705, Major was translated into the regiment of Circa Sheremetyev and participated in the Grodno operation. In 1706, the registered decree of Peter I was appointed by Lieutenant Colonel to the Novomabrated Polk Kulikova (then the 1st Infantry Nevsky), which Lassi will become "eternal chief."

For the capture of Old Byhov in 1708 was produced in Colonels. Commanded by the Siberian infantry regiment, was dangerously injured when crossing the gum, but remained in the ranks. After the lesson, the Romain, the king appointed Lassi "Comfanitant with shelves and Cossacks, and these Romny [Lassi] strengthened battles and palisades and wanted in all the instructions given from his imperial majesty; For which the service was granted to the Grenadier Regiment. "

Commander Last, Lassi took part in a campaign for reshetilovka and in Poltava battle, where it is warmly wounded. In 1711, participating in the pruth campaign, produced in brigadiers. In 1713, under the direct superiors of Peter I, was in battle under Friedrichstadt and in 1719 he took the nearest participation in the Siege of Riga, and on the taking Riga was appointed Commandant of the city. Also took an active part in the siege of Shattin.

In July 1719, he took part in the expedition to the shores of Sweden. Looking around with a detachment not far from Stockholm, Lassi is terribly devastated the surroundings. The mining, exported by the Russians from this expedition, was estimated at a million taler, and emptying - at 12 million. The Russian attack on the Sweden itself broke the last resistance; Since that time, peaceful negotiations were already continuously, the Swedes did almost all the concessions required from them. Lassi was in 1720 produced in Lentar General; From 1723 to 1725, he consisted of a member of the Military Collegium.

War for Polish Legacy

In 1727, Lassi was sent with the Corps of the troops to the borders of Kurland, in order to prevent Morita Saxon, who attracted to the vacant throne, to establish himself in Duchy, and at all in order to not give the Poles too to show their influence there. Lassi acted vigorously and quite deftly and fulfilled the assignment assigned to it. After that, Lassi was left in Liflandia by the governor.

To the full, the colonical talent of Lassi manifested itself with the beginning of the war for the Polish legacy. In 1733, he was sent by the chief of the detachment of 16,000 people sent to a compassion to support August III against Stanislav Leschinsky. In early August, Lassi switched the border, 19 took Kovno, on August 27 Grodno, September 20 Prague; Then Augustus was chosen to the Polish throne. The displacement of Leschinsky from Poland illuminated the Lassi as a subtle diplomat, who was particularly skillfully prepared such military enterprises that were associated with the difficulties of the movement and food of the army in wild, unclosed places.

The campaign 1733-1734 was precisely such. Lassi's governors handed off their business affairs and leaving a family for permanent residence in the Riga Governor's House, departed to the troops. He was prescribed on August 6 to enter into Poland. July month he spent on the final device of the food part, collecting horses, ammunition, etc. Lassi was to get out of great difficulties: to go through the country, without arming the civilian population against Russia, not a labeled and not robbery. In addition, the Russian government increased this difficulty, prescribing Lassi for everyone to pay Russian money; When the Poles refused to take them, commanded everything to take by force, paying Russian coins.

Upon approaching the Army, Lassi Pana left its estates and fled to Warsaw. The peasantry remained, and the commander-in-chief was able to restrain the order in the troops that the population did not suffer from him. Soon after the start of the campaign, Polish Veelmes, Supporters of Russia, support for support and patronage began to arrive. It was by the way, since the army was in a difficult position. Her movement was slow and hard. The army associated the dissolve, and the spilled rivers and forests were barely passable. Lassi overcame them and, conducting intercourse with the pro-Russian tuned magnates, right, although slowly, sparing soldiers, moved to Grodno.

Lassi approached Warsaw on September 14, and on the 22nd in the tract, the garbage was collected under the protection of Russian bayonets, which chose the King of Poland Frederich-August, the Saxon Kurfürst. 93 Cannon shots from the Russian guns announced this election Warsaw, which was in the hands of supporters of Leshchinsky. Crossing the troops at dry, Lassi made the enemy to retreat to Krakow and on October 5 he took his detachments to the capital and its surroundings. However, the discipline in the army was frustrated due to the fact that all the orders and Lassi enterprises were detained and spoiled by Levvenavold's intervention, the Russian ambassador in Warsaw. In addition, the government sent an order from October 30 to hurry with the end of the Polish campaign, more often to inform everything and act, according to rescripts sent by Levvenavold.

Siege Danziga

By the end of 1733, new confederations were formed in the north of Poland, and on November 5, with a 12-thousand army against confederates and the leschinsky was sent by Lassi. November 22, he stood in with. Catch, waiting for money and ammunition. January 30, 1734 he was 6 miles from Danziga, and on February 21, he brought to St. Petersburg about the blockade of the city and the location of the troops

According to Lassi, Danzig, equipped with good artillery, a 30 thousandth army, protected by French engineers and a garrison, could not be stormed with such insignificant artillery and the army as the one that was at his disposal. Slowness and caution did not like him in St. Petersburg, where they also wanted to rush miniha; The latter instructed to accelerate the take of Danzig. On the Military Council, Lassi was against an immediate attack, but he tried the opinion of minich per assault. Even before him, however, the Lassi managed one important enterprise: he broke the dance of Danzigu Voivod Yana Tarlo, a supporter of Leshchinsky, and prevented the French frigate to enter the mouth of the Vistula.

During the assault of Danzig, the landscape of the Lassi on the soldier was discovered. In the storm column, all officers were interrupted, and she stopped under the murderous fire of the enemy. Minich ordered to retreat, but no one obeyed him. Only the personal appearance of Lassi and his persuasion was involved, and the soldiers retreated in order, of course, with a huge damage. From the Contribution, taken from Danzig, the share of Lassi got quite a lot. From money for the "bell ringing", he received 5,000 rubles., 2083 Chervonz, 2 Talera and 20 pennies.

Marsh through Silesia

Polish affairs were not yet brought to the end when a new order fell into a share of Lassi. In 1735, the French attacked Emperor Charles VI, and he, according to the Treaty, demanded allied assistance from Russia; She expressed in parcel 20 thousandth army under the authorities of Lassi. Again, he had to lead troops through small-populated or poor areas, guarding soldiers from hunger and exhaustion, and the population from looting and violence. It was especially difficult for his position with a march through Silesia: they suffered a lack of everything and many soldiers deserted. However, in the Bohemia there was no need for anything, and the flight ceased; The army was given in this kind that caused the surprise and delight of the allies. On June 8, 1735, Lassi joined Bavaria, but he did not have to take part in hostilities: the appearance of Russians in Germany made the enemies of Austria bent to the world.

Crimean hike

Lassi was from among those knightly natures, which were still met in the first half of the 18th century. He had to need to sell his sword, but it was right and honestly served who paid. The warrior in nature and the inconsistencies, he loved and knew his work and was favorably distinguished from other Russian commander from Inomes that he always had everywhere the interests of Russia, and not their own. He never showed an inclination to be famous in the vain shedding of a foreign Russian blood for him and never drove into such desperate affairs, which thundered mini.

Upon his return from Azov, the government laid the collection to the campaign of Don Cossacks, Little Russian and Slobodsky regiments, as well as Bashkir. Such an assignment went wrong with the personal intentions of Lassi. Already four years have passed, as he left his family, did not see children, and even because of permanent movements, he almost did not receive letters. According to him, his children were "without science and charity." Wanting to see His, Lassi asked for all winter on vacation in Riga. Instead, he received the order to discuss together with the minisha, the plan of the future campaign and should be in the form of consolation, he was awarded the Order of St. Andrei First Called. The commander-in-chief in the promotion of the right service April 1, 1737 was awarded in Liflandia of 37 lands of the Earth.

Lassi made up from Azov to the Crimea from the rotten sea, from where he was not waiting for him and, going him, invaded the peninsula, devastating everything on the road and moving to Karasubazar. This town he broke the Khan army in two battles on 12 and 14 June, but could not remain in the country due to the lack of provision, and especially horse feed. Lassi would hold longer to the Crimea even longer and would have achieved more success if he left the help from Malorusia from I. F. Baryatinsky in time. Without seeing timely support, Lassi retreated to the dairy waters.

Lassi case in 1738-39.

Going to Petersburg for the meeting and coordination of the actions of the Russian and Austrian Army (November 1737), Lassi returned to the south and began to prepare for a new spring campaign. His regular army was strengthened by Cossack and Kalmytian regiments and again from Lassi sprinkled complaints of lacking money, recruits, horses, ammunitions, a lack of cart, dissolution, cabbage, horse breakdowns, artillery supplies, etc. Having granting disagreement among the heads of Don Troops and As far as it was possible to make, Lassi moved to the step. On June 26, 1738, he switched to Sivash, leaving traffic under the protection of a decent team. 40 The thousandth Turkish Tatar army retreated for the shaft, at the end of which he was the fortress of Chivas Kale. Lassi seeded her. Prait rain prevented the beginning of decisive actions.

Lack of supplies and drought forced him to retreat to the Don; The failure has so much on Lassi that he sent the Empress about resigning, but in St. Petersburg they were satisfied. The sovereign thanked him for the service and wished her continuation. Such the highest approbation of the tumbled him is incredibly and in a response thank you letter, he promised to serve to the end of his life. The next year, Dniprovskaya Flotilla and Zaporizhia Cossacks were subordinated to him. In April 1739, the beginning of a new campaign was assumed. The preparation of her Lassi was extremely dissatisfied. The conclusion of the Belgrade World made this campaign overly. Regular troops, formerly under the Lassi team, were moved to Moscow due to the possibility of war with the Swedes.

War with Swedes

XIX century

A. A. Prozorovsky (1807) I. V. Gudovich (1807) M. I. Kutuzov (1812) M. B. Barclay de Tolly (1814) A. U. Wellington (1818) P. H. Wittgenstein (1826) F. V. Osten-Saken (1826) I. I. Dibic-barangan (1829) I. F. Pashevich (1829) ertzgercog Johann Austrian (1837) J. Radetsky (1849) P. M. Volkonsky (1850)

Peter Petrovich

Battles and victories

Irishman family, nee Pier Edmond de Lacey - one of the most successful commander of Russia of the XVIII century, Russian General Field Marshal (1736), Graf (1740).

He gave the Russian army 50 years old and, dying, could say that his whole life was "on the demand of military" his second homeland.

It took place from the ancient Normanian kind of Lassi, an Ireland justed in Ireland, fought for the French, Austrians, the British, in 1700 was adopted in Russian service. Under the head of the Duke of De Croa Lassi participated in the battle of Narva. In 1703, Lassi was appointed commander of the so-called "noble company", which participated in hostilities in Liflandia. In 1705, Major was translated into the regiment of Count Sheremetyev and participated in the Grodno operation. In 1706, the registered decree of Peter I was appointed by a lieutenant colonel to the newly-inflated regiment of Kulikova (then the 1st Infantry Nevsky).

Starting from 1708, he is already a colonel, the commander of the Siberian regiment. In battle, Pirogov received a difficult injury, but the system did not leave. Repeatedly injured in Poltava battle, but despite this, he led the regiment in the army of B.P. Sheremeteva in Riga. He first joined the city and became the first Russian commandant here.

And in the future, the biography of Lassi is tightly saturated with combat business.

In general, during life, according to his own words, he

it was everywhere on military thoughts, it was: in 31 campaigns, on general battles, 15 shares and 18 sieges and when taking fortresses where not little and wounded.

Lassi served honestly, regularly and brave. Then, as a member of the pruth campaign, he was produced in brigadiers, and in 1712 for the successful preparation of food reserves for troops in Poznan - in Majora General. In 1713, under the direct command of Peter I, he participated in the battle near Friedristeadt, and then in the siege and the capture of Shattin.

Later, Peter I used the brought part of the Lassi as a prototype of a marine assault. In 1716, the Astrakhan regiment and two regiments of the Guard under the command of Peter Petrovich Lassi made the transition to Wismar on Galera, where they landed and participated in the siege of the fortress. A similar transformation of troops was made under Copenhagen.

In July 1719, the Sea Expedition of the Gallery Fleet led by Admiral F.M. was taken to the coast of Sweden Apraksin. Two landing squads, one of whom was commanded apraxin, and the other Lassi, defeated the military forces of the Swedes collected against them, destroyed the ferrous plants, weapons workshops, mills, forest products. Such raids were practiced in 1720, even under the walls of Stockholm itself. The emptying, produced by the Russians on the Eastern Coast of Sweden, forced the Queen Ulric-Eleonor to renew the negotiations about the world. For merits, manifested courage and fearless Lassi was encouraged by the production of Lieutenant General.

From 1723 to 1725, he consisted of a member of the Military Collegium. After the death of Peter I in 1727, Lassi performed a military and together diplomatic affair: he was sent with the corps of troops to the borders of Kurland, in order to prevent Morita Saxon to establish himself in the duchy, and at the same time not to give the Poles too to show their influence . Lassi acted vigorously and quite deftly and fulfilled the assignment assigned to it. Since 1730, he is the Governor's Riga Governor.

With Anna Ioannovna Lassi received full independence in the actions on the battlefield and, as a result, showed his tongue to fully. It was she who later in 1736 produced a commander to General Field Marshal, thus noting, thus, his merits in the war for Polish legacy (1733-1735). He showed himself as a subtle diplomat who was particularly skillfully prepared such military enterprises that were associated with the difficulties of movement and food supply of the army in wild, unclosed places.

In the summer of 1733, he was prescribed to join the head of the 16th thousandthly detachment within Poland to support August III against Stanislav Leschinsky. July he spent on the final device of the food part, collecting horses, ammunition, etc. Lassi was to get out of great difficulties: go through the country, without arming the civilian population against Russia. In addition, the Russian government increased this difficulty, prescribing Lassi for everyone to pay Russian money; When the Poles refused to take them, commanded everything to take by force, paying Russian coins.

When the Army approaches the Lassi, Polish Pany left their estates and fled to Warsaw. The peasantry remained, and the commander-in-chief was able to restrain the order in the troops that the population did not suffer from him. Soon after the start of the campaign, Polish Veelmes, Supporters of Russia, support for support and patronage began to arrive. It was by the way, since the army was in a difficult position. Her movement was slow and hard. The army associated the dissolve, and the spilled rivers and forests were barely passable. Lassi overcame them and, conducting intercourse with the pro-Russian tuned magnates, right, although slowly, sparing soldiers, moved to Grodno. He reported on all his actions by the Cabinet of Ministers. However, due to bad roads, the bad weather of the report was often delayed. The Cabinet of Ministers found the output from the position to forward Lassi's report through the ambassador in Poland K.G. Levenwolde, prescribing to report to him "by Chasta."

September 14, Lassi approached Warsaw. On September 22, the Seimas, who chose the King of Poland Friedrich-August, the King of the Poland of the Frederick-August, the King of Poland, Saxon, was collected. 93 Cannon Shots from Russian guns announced this election Warsaw. On September 24, Lassi has reported to the Cabinet about the capture of the Warsaw suburbs of Prague and the election of the king. Not all Poland, however, recognized him, and above all Warsaw, who was in the hands of supporters of Leschinsky. Renting the troops at dry, Lassi made the enemy to retreat to Krakow and on October 5 she took his detachments to the capital and its surroundings.

An experienced, non-resistant commander, - so characterized Lassi historian D.N. Bantysh-Kamensky, "was distinguished by his speed on a rolling field, with an enlightened mind joined a good heart, elevated feelings ...

The enemy was crushed, but Lassi had trouble and worries did not fall. All his orders and enterprises were detained and spoiled by Levvenavold's intervention. Especially suffered from this lower ranks. The army was weaker and frustrated. In addition, the Cabinet sent a decree of October 30 to hurry with the end of the Polish campaign, more often about everything to convey and act, according to rescripts sent by Levvenavold.

Leschinsky with a 20-thousandth army sat down in Danzig, so the fighting in the winter - in the spring of next year they moved to this fortress. Lassi, who passed the main command of B.-H. Minu, successfully provided the rear of the army, which after four months the siege forced Danzig capitulate. During the assault of Danzig, the landscape of the Lassi on the soldier was discovered. In the storm column, all officers were interrupted, and she stopped under the murderous fire of the enemy. Minich ordered to retreat, but no one obeyed him. Only the personal appearance of Lassi and his persuasion focused, and the soldiers retreated in order.

In 1735, Lassi at the head of the troops was sent to Rhine to the rescue of the Austrian army of the Prince Evgenia Savoy, who fought with the French. In view of the conclusion of the world, the Russians returned to winter apartments to Moravia. On the way from Vienna in February 1736, Petr Petrovich received a Feldmarshsky wand through the courier, and with him the prescription of the Empress immediately move to Azov: the warlord took place at the Russian-Turkish war theater 1735-1739. Anna Ioannovna sought to destroy the crop treaty degrading for Russia.

Lassi mastered the Azov on July 20, 1736, while the commander was injured. The reward was the Order of St. Andrei First Called. But his main participation in the war had to take the next two years. Twice in 1737 and 1738. The troops entrusted to him successfully fought in the Crimea. And in both cases, the commander showed a tendency to non-standard tactics. Khan expected him at a silence, but Lassi undertook a bypass maneuver in the Arabat arrow. The deep yield of the Russians in the rear brought horror on the Tatar, their army dissipated, and Lassi was able to take the entire peninsula. But the lack of food and the threat to be locked in the Crimea forced him to move back to the Northern Tavria.

In 1738, Lassi also enjoyed bypass maneuvers, by typing troops in the Crimea through Sivash and forcing the capitulation of the garrison of the Perekop Fortress. But for the same reasons - the supply and threat from the rear - the Russians could not hold the peninsula. Seeing the suffering of troops in the Crimean campaigns, Peter Petrovich asked permissions more than them, while the army as a whole, including its rear structures, will not be ready for action on this theater.

In the Turkish theater of hostilities, the main figures at the head of the army were Lassi and mini. The style of the behavior of the commander is straightely different: minih always tried to be in sight, received the first roles, and Lassi remained in the shade. Nevertheless, the comparison of the commander skills has always come out in favor of Lassi. Peter Petrovich's merit was impossible to silenced and in 1740 he received a county title, and at the end of hostilities returned to the post of the Liflyand Governor.

However, in July 1741, Sweden, refusing to recognize the imperial title of Baby Ivan Antonovich (Ivan VI), declared the war of Russia. Russian commander-in-chief became Field Marshal Lassi. There were no two weeks after the announcement of the war, as he headed the corps of General Wrangel under Wilmanstrand. On August 26, 1742, Field Marshal cut off the retreat of the opponent's army under Gelsingfors, forcing it to capitulate.

The Swedish war is largely owned by Lassi - its energy, managerial and caringness of the troops. Warning war, he showed himself a faithful and smart student of Peter the Great. Discipline in the troops and the ability to get along with the population he acquired in Finland many goodwires and supporters of Russia.

Opinion of Military Historian A.A. Kershnovsky about Lassi:

This is a noble soldier's figure, an old honest and brave warrior, who always standing away from the court intrigue, who lived in the interests of the army and the needs of his subordinates.

The war with Sweden ended the combat activities of Lassi, but he continued to be a prominent military leader, and they were treated for advice with the complication of external affairs. On July 27, he was appointed commander of the troops in Liflaland.

At the end of the war, the Empress sent his own yacht for Lassi, so that the Honored Communist Party could solemnly arrive from Finland to St. Petersburg, he complained to the sword and tobacquacke with diamonds, raised the size of the annual monetary content. Elizabeth Petrovna was convinced of the absolute loyalty of Lassi. But immediately after the palace coup, as a result of which she climbed into the throne, there were certain doubts whether "Inogen" will be supported by her.

It is said that when Field Marshal woke among the nights and demanded to answer, on whose side it is worth which party belongs to, Peter Petrovich demonstrated an outstanding mind and exposure. He gave a simple and clear, soldier's laconic and therefore a win-win answer: "To the current reign." And thus kept its position.

Engraving XVIII century.

According to General D.F. Maslovsky, "He was a permanent watch on the guard of the real needs of the orphaned Russian army, abandoned at all the time of the rule of Biron and mini ... This army he gave fifty years of his life and, dying could say that his whole life was given" on the needs of military "his second homeland. "

Surzhik D.V., Institute of Universal History of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Literature

Sukhareva O.V.. Who was in Russia from Peter I to Paul I. M., 2005

Leshchinsky L.M. Military art in the seven-year war 1756-1763. M., 1950.

Military encyclopedic dictionary. M., 1986.

the Internet

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The actual commander-in-chief of the Allied Army, who freed Europe in 1813-1814. "He took Paris, he founded a lyceum." The Great Leader, crushing the Napoleon itself. (Shame Austerlitz not comparable to the tragedy of 1941)

Kazarsky Alexander Ivanovich

Captain Lieutenant. Member of the Russian-Turkish war 1828-29. Districted in the capture of Anapa, then Varna, commanding the transport "rival". After that, it was produced in the captain-lieutenant and appointed captain of the Brigon "Mercury". On May 14, 1829, the 18-gun Brig "Mercury" was overtaken by two Turkish linear ships "Selimie" and "Real-Bee" by adopting an unequal battle Brig was able to immobilize both Turkish flags, on one of which was the commander of the Ottoman fleet itself. Subsequently, an officer with Real Bay wrote: "In continuing the battle, the commander of the Russian frigate (the sad" Rafail ", who gave birth to a few days earlier), told me that the captain of this brig will not surrender, and if he lost hope, then the brig will blow up His own to the air. If the adventures of courage in the great acts of the ancients and our times are, this act should all overheat, and the name of this hero is worthy to be laid out with golden literals on the Temple of Glory: he is called the Captain Lieutenant Kazar, and Brig "Mercury"

Barclay de Tolly Mikhail Bogdanovich

Everything is simple - it is he, as a commander, made the greatest contribution to the defeat of Napoleon. He in the hardest conditions saved the army, despite the misunderstanding and grave accusations of betrayal. It was his great contemporary of those events that our great poet Pushkin dedicated the verse "commander".
Pushkin, recognizing the merits of Kutuzov, did not oppose him Barclay. To change the total alternative "Barclay or Kutuzov", with the traditional resolution in favor of Kutuzov, Pushkin came to a new position: both Barclay, and Kutuzov - both worthy of the grateful memory of the descendants, but Kutuzu is all, but Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tollya is undeserved Forgotten.
Mentioned Pushkin Barclay de Tolly even earlier, in one of the chapters "Eugene Onegin" -

Thunderstorm twelve year
It has come - who helped us here?
Ostvenue of the people
Barclay, Winter Il Russian God? ...

Unsterable Mstislav Mstislavovich

Real Knight, recognized as a fair commander in Europe

Kornilov Lavr Georgievich

Kornilov Laurea Georgievich (08/18/1870-31.04.1918) Colonel (02.1905). Central Major (12.1912). Initial-lieutenant (08/26/1914). Genulel from infanteria (06/30/1917). Social With the Gold Medal of the Nikolaev Academy of General Staff (1898). Ph. at the headquarters of the Turkestan Military District, 1889-1904. Particard Russian-Japanese War 1904 - 1905: Headquarters of the 1st Rifle Brigade (in her headquarters). In the depths from Mukden Brigade He got into the environment. Having headed the Ariergard, the Schoykov attack broke through the environment, providing freedom of defensive combat operations Brigades. Military attache in China, 04/01/1907 - 24.02.1911. Particard of the First World War: Commander of the 48th Infantry Division of the 8th Army (General Brusilov). With the general retreat of the 48th division, the division went into the environment and the wounded of the Kornilov General 04.1915 from Duklinsky Pass (Carpathians) was captured; 08.1914-04.1915. In captivity of the Austrians, 04.1915-06.1916. Dressing into the form of the Austrian soldier, 06.1915 ran from the captivity. Comandir25th of the Rifle Corps, 06.1916-04.1917. Committing by the Petrograd Military District, 03-04.1917. Momentive 8th Army, 24.04-8.07.1917. 05/19/1917 their order introduced the formation of the first volunteer "1st shock detachment of the 8th Army" under the command of Captain Nezhestan. Commander South-Western Front ...

Kotlyarevsky Peter Stepanovich

Hero of the Russian-Persian War 1804-1813. At one time called Caucasian Suvorov. On October 19, 1812, at the Aslanduz Ford, through Araks, at the head of the detachment of 2221 people at 6, Peter Stepanovich defeated the Persian army of 3,000 people with 12 guns. In other battles, also acted in no number, but by the ability.

Izulmetyev Ivan Nikolaevich

Commanded Frigate "Aurora". Made a transition from St. Petersburg to Kamchatka to a record time for 66 days. Callaieo escaped from the Anglo-French squadron. Arriving in Petropavlovsk, together with the Governor of the Kamchatka Territory, Zaveko V. Organized the defense of the city, during which sailors with the "Aurora", together with the locals, threw off in the sea superior in the number of Anglo-French landing. Invoic . After these events, the English public required the courts above the admirals who lost Russian frigate.

Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich

People's Commissar of the Defense of the USSR, Generalissimus of the Soviet Union, the Supreme Commander. Brilliant USSR Military Guide in World War II.

Kolchak Alexander Vasilyevich

Russian Admiral, who gave his life for the liberation of the Fatherland.
Oceanographer's scientist, one of the largest polar researchers in the late XIX - early XX centuries, a military and politician, Flotodets, a valid member of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society, the leader of the White Movement, the Supreme Ruler of Russia.

Nakhimov Pavel Stepanovich

Successes in the Crimean War of 1853-56, victory in the Sinopsky battle in 1853, the defense of Sevastopol 1854-55.

Chernyakhovsky Ivan Danilovich

A person who says nothing says this name is not necessary to explain and is useless. To whom it says something - and so everything is clear.
Twice hero of the Soviet Union. Commander of the 3rd Belorussian Front. The youngest Commander Front. It is believed. That the army general is, but before the death itself (February 18, 1945) received the title of Marshal Soviet Union.
I freed three of the six captured by the fascists of the capitals of the Allied Republics: Kiev, Minsk. Vilnius. Decided the fate of Kenixberg.
One of the unnights, who dropped the Germans on June 23, 1941.
He retained the front on Valdai. Largely identified the fate of the reflection of the German attack on Leningrad. Caused Voronezh. Released Kursk.
Successfully occurred until the summer of 1943. Forming his army the top of the Kursk Arc. Released the Levareas of Ukraine. Brew Kiev. Disabled Conrtudar Manstein. Released Western Ukraine.
Performed a Bagration operation. Surrounded and taken due to its offensive in the summer of 1944, the Germans humiliatedly passed through the streets of Moscow. Belarus. Lithuania. Neman. Eastern Prussia.

Ladyanin Dmitry Ivanovich

An outstanding commander of the second half of the XVI century. Scrapper.
Rod. OK. 1520, died 7 (17) August 1591 at the Voivodes since 1560. A participant in almost all military enterprises of the Self-Board of Ivan IV and the Board of Fyodor Ioanovich. There are several won field battles (including: Rzgr Tatars near Zaraky (1570), Molatric battle (during the decisive battle, he led Russian detachments in a gulyai city), defeating the Swedes at Lyamitz (1582) and the NPodelka from Narva ( 1590)). He led the suppression of the Cheremis uprising in 1583-1584, for which he received a boyars rank.
By aggregate merit D.I. Twigs stands much higher than the already proposed here. M.I. Vorotnsky. The gallinsky was more significant and therefore he often trusted the overall leadership of the shelves. But, in the commander Talatnam, he was far from his twig.

Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich

Personally participated in planning and implementing all offensive and defensive RCC operations in the period 1941-1945.

Antonov Alexey Inokentievich

The main strategist of the USSR in 1943-45, almost an unknown society
"Kutuzov" World War II

Modest and committed to the cause. Victorious. The author of all operations from Spring 1943 and the victory itself. Fame received others - Stalin and front commands.

Rurikovich Yaroslav Mudrya Vladimirovich

Dedicated his life to the defense of the Fatherland. Defeated Pechenegs. Approved the Russian power as one of the greatest states of his time.

Chapaev Vasily Ivanovich

01/28/1887- 5.09.1919. Life. Head of the Division of the Red Army, a participant in the First World and Civil War.
Cavalier of three Georgievsky crosses and St. George medal. Cavalier of the Red Banner Order.
At his account:
- Organization of the county Red Guard from 14 detachments.
- participation in the campaign against General Caledin (near Tsaritsyn).
- participation in the campaign of a special army to Uralsk.
- Initiative on the reorganization of the detachments of the Red Guard in two regiments of the Red Army: Stepana Razin and them. Pugacheva, combined in Pugachev brigade under the command of Chapaev.
- Participation in battles with Czechoslovakov and the People's Army, who have discoucted Nikolaevsk, renamed the brigade in Pugachevsk.
- From September 19, 1918, the commander of the 2nd Nikolaev division.
- From February 1919 - Commissioner of the Interior of the Nikolaev county.
- From May 1919 - the Combrigs of the Special Alexandrovo Gay Brigade.
- From June - Head of the 25th Rifle Division, who participated in Bugulmina and Belebean operations against the army of Kolchak.
- Take the forces of its division on June 9, 1919 Ufa.
- Taking Uralsk.
- A deep raid of the Cossack squad with an attack on a well guarded (about 1000 bayonets) and in the deep rear of the city of Lbishchensk (now the village of Chapaev of the West Kazakhstan region of Kazakhstan), where he was headquarters of the 25th division.

Vasilevsky Alexander Mikhailovich

Alexander Mikhailovich Vasilevsky (18 (30) September 1895 - December 5, 1977) - Soviet military commander, Marshal of the Soviet Union (1943), Head of the General Staff, Member of the Supreme Commanding rate. During the Great Patriotic War, the supervisor of the General Staff (1942-1945) took an active part in the development and implementation of almost all major operations on the Soviet-German Front. From February 1945 he commanded the 3rd Belarusian Front, led Konigsberg's assault. In 1945, the Commander-in-Chief of Soviet troops in the Far East in the War with Japan. One of the largest commander of World War II.
In 1949-1953, the Minister of Armed Forces and the USSR Military Minister. Twice hero of the Soviet Union (1944, 1945), the cavalier of two orders of "Victory" (1944, 1945).

Gurko Joseph Vladimirovich

General-Field Marshal (1828-1901) Higger Hero and Pleven, Bulgaria's liberator (his name is called the street in Sofia, a monument is established). In 1877, he commanded the 2nd Guards Cavalry Division. To quickly capture some passes through the Balkans, Gurko performed at the head of an advanced squad, composed of four horse shepherds, a rifle brigade and a new-form Bulgarian militia, with two batteries of equestrian artillery. Gurko fulfilled his task quickly and boldly, won a number of victories ending with the taking of Kazanyk and Ships over the Turks. During the fight for Pulve Gurko, at the head of the Guard's troops and the cavalry of the Western squad, broke the Turks under the mountain Dubnyak and Telish, then again went to the Balkans, took enthropol and Orhanye, and after the fall of the spine, reinforced IX Corps and the 3rd Guards Infantry Division Despite the terrible stupus, he exceeded the Balkan ridge, took Philippal and took Adrianopol, opening the way to the Tsargrad. At the end of the war, he commanded the military districts, was the Governor-General, a member of the State Council. Buried in Tver (Pos.Saharovo)

Glenchev-Kutuzov Mikhail Illarionovich

(1745-1813).
1. Great Russian commander, he was an example for his soldiers. Valued every soldier. "M. I. Golenishchev-Kutuzov is not only the liberator of the Fatherland, he is the only one who has played the accurate French emperor, turning the" Great Army "in the crowd of obverseans, retaining, thanks to its commander, the lives of many Russian soldiers."
2. Mikhail Illarionovich, being a highly educated person who knew several foreign languages, a dexterous, sophisticated, who was able to lifted the Society for the gift of the word, entertaining a story, served Russia and as a magnificent diplomat - Ambassador to Turkey.
3. M. I. Kutuzov - the first who became a complete cavalier of the Higher Military Order of St. George the victorious four degrees.
Mikhail Illarionovich's life is an example of serving the Fatherland, relations to soldiers, spiritual power for Russian military monitors of our time and of course for the younger generation - future military.

Alekseev Mikhail Vasilyevich

One of the most talented Russian generals of the First World War. Hero of the Galic Battle of 1914, the Savior of the North-West Front from the Environment in 1915, Chief of Staff under the Emperor Nicolae I.

General from Infanteria (1914), Adjutant General (1916). An active member of the White Movement in the Civil War. One of the organizers of the Volunteer Army.

Drozdovsky Mikhail Gordeevich

I managed to bring the troops to the Don subordinates in full, it was extremely effectively fought in civil war.

Barclay de Tolly Mikhail Bogdanovich

Before the Kazan Cathedral, two statues of the Savior of the Fatherland. The rescue of the army, the spout of the enemy, the Smolensk battle is more than enough.

sevorov Alexander Vasilyevich

according to the only criterion, invincibility.

Gagen Nikolay Alexandrovich

June 22 Echelons with parts of the 153rd Rifle Division arrived in Vitebsk. Covering the city from the West, Gagen Division (together with the division of a heavy artillery regiment) occupied a strip of defense 40 km long, she was opposed by the 39th German motorized hull.

After 7-day fierce battles, the combat order of the division was not broken. The Germans did not more communicate with the division, went around her and continued the offensive. The division flashed in the message of German radio as destroyed. Meanwhile, the 153rd Rifle Division, without ammunition and fuel, began to break through the ring. Gagen brought a division from the environment with severe weapons.

For manifested persistence and heroism during the Yelninsk operation on September 18, 1941, the Order of the People's Commissioner of Defense No. 308 Division received the honorary name "Guards".
From 01/31/1942 to 09/12/1942 and from 10/21/1942 to 25.04.1943 - Commander of the 4th Guards Rifle Corps,
From May 1943 to October 1944 - Commander of the 57th Army,
From January 1945 - the 26th Army.

Troops under the leadership of N. A. Gagen participated in the Sinyavinskaya operation (and the general of the second time he managed to break through the environment with arms in his hands), Stalingrad and Kursk battles, battles on the left bank and right-bank Ukraine, in the liberation of Bulgaria, in Yassevskaya, Belgrade, Budapest, Balaton and Vienna operations. Participant of the Victory Parade.

Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich

He was the Supreme Commander during the Great Patriotic War in which our country won, and accepted all strategic decisions.

Antonov Alexey Innokentievich

He became famous as a talented staff officer. He participated in the development of almost all significant operations of Soviet troops in the Great Patriotic War from December 1942.
The only one of the awarded Soviet warlods of the Order of "Victory" in the rank of army general, and the only Soviet bank of the Order, who was not awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union.

Kolovrat Evpathy Lvovich

Ryazan boyar and the governor. During the invasion of Batya, Ryazan was in Chernigov. Having learned about the invasion of Mongols hastily moved to the city. Making Ryazan all the ones, Evpathy Kolovrat with a detachment of 1700 people began to catch up with Batievo army. Having overtook, destroyed their arjergard. Also they were killed by the strong hero of Batiev. He died on January 11, 1238.

Kalievich Jeronim Petrovich

Soviet warlord, teammaderm 1st rank (1935). Member of the Communist Party from March 1917. Born in the village of APANDRYUS (now the Utensky district of the Lithuanian SSR) in the family of the Lithuanian peasant. He graduated from Konstantinovsky Artillery School (1916). Participant of the 1st World War 1914-18, a podoruk. After the October Revolution, 1917 was one of the organizers of the Red Guard in Bessarabia. In January - February 1918 he commanded a revolutionary detachment in the battles against the Romanian and Austro-German interventory, was injured and captured, from where he ran in August 1918. He was an instructor of artillery, the commander of the Dvinsky Brigade on the North Front, from December 1918, the head of the 18th rifle divisions of the 6th Army. From October 1919 to February 1920, the commander of the 14th Army with the defeat of the troops of General Denikin, in March - April 1920 commanded the 9th Army in the North Caucasus. In May - July and November - December 1920, the commander of the 14th Army in the battles against the troops of Bourgeois Poland and Petlyurovtsev, in July - November 1920 - the 13th Army in the battles against Vrangelev. In 1921, the assistant to the commander of the troops of Ukraine and the Crimea, the deputy commander of the troops of the Tambov province, commander of the forces of the Minsk province, led by combat actions with the defeat of Gang Makhno, Antonova and Bulak Balakhovich. From August 1921, the commander of the 5th Army and the East Siberian Military District. In August - December 1922, the Military Minister of the Far Eastern Republic and the Commander-in-Chief of the People's Revolutionary Army under the liberation of the Far East. He was the commander of the north-caucasian troops (from 1925), Moscow (since 1928) and Belarusian (since 1931) of military districts. From 1926 Member of the USSR RVS, in 1930-31, Deputy Chairman of the USSR RVS and the head of Arms of the Red Army. Since 1934 Member of the NGO Military Council. There was a great contribution to the work of strengthening the defense capability of the USSR, the upbringing and training of team composition and troops. Candidate of the CPS Central Committee (b) in 1930-37. Member of the Central Executive Committee from December 1922. He was awarded 3 orders of the Red Banner and Honorary Revolutionary Weapon.

Chuikov Vasily Ivanovich

"There are a city in vast Russia, which was given my heart, he entered the story as Stalingrad ..." V.I. Chukov

Zhukov Georgy Konstantinovich

The highest contribution as a strategist in victory in the Great Patriotic War (it is the Second World War).

Suvorov Alexander Vasilyevich

Outstanding Russian commander. Successfully defended the interests of Russia from both external aggression and outside the country.

Markov Sergey Leonidovich

One of the main characters of the early phase of the Russian-Soviet war.
Veteran Russian-Japanese, first world and civilian. Cavalier of the Order of St. George 4th degree, the orders of St. Vladimir 3rd degree and the 4th degree with swords and a bow, the orders of St. Anne 2nd, 3rd and 4th degrees, the orders of St. Stanislav 2nd and 3 - And degrees. Holder of St. George weapons. Outstanding military theoretics. Member of the ice campaign. Son officer. The hereditary nobleman of the Moscow province. He graduated from the Academy of General Staff, served in the Life Guard of the 2nd Artillery Brigade. One of the commanders of the Volunteer Army at the first stage. Fell dead by brave.

Zhukov Georgy Konstantinovich

Successfully commanded the Soviet troops during the Great Patriotic War. Among other things, he stopped the Germans near Moscow, Berlin took.

Olsufyev Zahar Dmitrievich

One of the most famous military leaders of the Bagration 2nd Western Army. Always fought with approximate courage. He was awarded the Order of St. George 3rd degree for heroic participation in the Borodino battle. Districted in the battle on the ink river (or Tarutinsky). Awarded to him for participating in the applied defeat of the avant-garde of Napoleon's army was the Order of St. Vladimir 2nd degree. He was called "General with Talents." When Olsufyev was captured and was taken to Napoleon, he told his surrounding famous in the history of the word: "Only Russians can fight so much!"

Rokossovsky Konstantin Konstantinovich

Because he inspires the personal example of many.

Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich

At the Soviet people, like the most talented, large number of prominent military leaders, but the main one is Stalin. Without him, it may not have been many of them as a military.

Rurikovich Svyatoslav Igorevich

Great commander of the Old Russian period. The first Kyiv Prince known to us, having a Slavic name. The last pagan ruler of the ancient Russian state. He glorified Russia as a great military power in the campaigns of 965-971. Karamzin called him "Alexander (Macedonian) of our ancient history." The prince freed the Slavic tribes from a vassal dependence on the Khazar, smashing the Khazar Kaganat in 965. According to the age of time in 970, during the Russian-Byzantine war, Svyatoslav managed to win the battle during Arkadyopol, having 10,000 warriors under its beginning, against 100,000 Greeks. But at the same time, Svyatoslav led the life of a simple warrior: "In the same time he did not get any ages or boilers, did not cook meat, but, finely cutting the horse, or the beef, or beef and grinding on coals, he eaten; he did not have a tent But I slept, the postponed Potnik with a saddle in the heads, were the same all the rest of his warriors. And she sent them to other lands [Messengers, as a rule, before the declaration of war] with the words: "I go to you!" (According to PVL)

Shein Mikhail Borisovich

He headed Smolensk defense from the Polish-Lithuanian troops, which lasted 20 months. Under the command of Shein, multiple attacks were reflected, despite the undermining and gap in the wall. Hold and bleeding the main forces of the Poles at the decisive moment of the Troubles, not letting them move to Moscow to support their garrison, creating the opportunity to collect the communal militia to liberate the capital. Only with the help of a secondary, the troops of the speech by compulculation managed to take Smolensk on June 3, 1611. The wounded Shein was captured and was taken away from his family for 8 years to Poland. After returning to Russia, he commanded the army who was trying to return Smolensk in 1632-1634. Executed on the Boyarsky Navalu. Undeservedly forgotten.

Oktyabrsky Filipp Sergeevich

Admiral, Hero of the Soviet Union. In the course of the Great Patriotic War, the commander of the Black Sea Fleet. One of the leaders of the Defense of Sevastopol in 1941 - 1942, as well as the Crimean operation of 1944. In the Great Patriotic War, Vice-Admiral F. S. Oktyabrsky is one of the leaders of the heroic defense of Odessa and Sevastopol. Being the commander of the Black Sea Fleet, at the same time in 1941-1942 he was the commander of a Sevastopol defensive area.

Three orders of Lenin
Three Orders of the Red Banner
Two orders of Ushakov 1st degree
Order Nakhimova 1st degree
Order Suvorov 2nd degree
Order of the Red Star
Medals

Suvorov Alexander Vasilyevich

The greatest Russian commander! On his account more than 60 victories and not a single lesion. Thanks to his talent, the whole world has learned the power of Russian weapons

Yaroslav Evtichyev

Voronov Nikolai Nikolaevich

N.N. Voronov is the commander of the artillery of the Armed Forces of the USSR. For outstanding merits to the birthplace of Voronov N.N. The first in the Soviet Union was assigned the military ranks "Marshal Artillery" (1943) and "The Chief Marshal of Artillery" (1944).
... implemented general management of liquidation surrounded under the German fascist stalingrad.

Ushakov Fedor Fedorovich

The Great Russian Flotovodette, who defeated Fedonisi, Kaliacria, at the Tender Cape and when the Islands of Malta (Johnish Islands) and Corfu. He opened and introduced a new tactics of maritime fighting, with a refusal to linear building ships and showed the tactics of "stamping system" with an attack on the flagship ship of the enemy fleet. One of the founders of the Black Sea Fleet and his commander in 1790-1792

Bennigsen Leonty Leontievich

The Russian general who did not speak Russian as an amazing way, who was the glory of the Russian weapons of the early 19th century.

There was a significant contribution to the suppression of the Polish uprising.

Commander in the Tarutinsky battle.

A significant contribution to the campaign of 1813 (Dresden and Leipzig) has made.

Slaryov Yakov Alexandrovich

Belov Pavel Alekseevich

He led the equestrian corps during the Second World War. Excellent showed himself at the Moscow battle, especially in defensive battles under Tula. It was especially distinguished by the Rzhev-Vyazemsky operation where he left the environment after 5 months of stubborn battles.

Katukov Mikhail Efimovich

Perhaps a uniform bright spot against the background of Soviet commanders of armored troops. Tankist, who passed the whole war, starting with the border. The commander whose tanks always showed the opponent to their excellence. His tank brigades are the only (!) In the first period of war, which were not defeated by the Germans and even inflicted them a significant damage.
His first Guards tank army remained combatant, although defended from the first days of the battle on the southern Face of the Kursk Arc, while the exact same 5 Guards tank army of Rothmistrov was practically destroyed on the first day when he entered the battle (12 yyun)
This is one of the few of our commander, who Bereg's troops and fought not by the number, and the ability.

GK Zhukov showed the ability to manage major military associations of 800 thousand - 1 million people. At the same time, the specific losses incurred by his troops (i.e. correlated with numbers) turned out to be at times lower than that of his neighbors.
Also G.K. Zhukov demonstrated the non-real knowledge of the properties of the combat equipment in service with the Red Army - knowledge, very necessary commander of industrial wars.

Kk Rokossovsky

The intelligence of this Marshal tied the Russian army from the Red Army.

On May 15, 1735, the news was received in St. Petersburg that 70 thousand Crimean Tatars were held in the Russian territory campaign to Persia. It was sufficient "Casus Belli." In 1730-1733 Several attacks of Tatars on Ukraine took place. Tatars and Orlik continued to bother the Zaporizhia and Ukrainian Cossacks, sent letters and emissaries.

At this time, a significant part of the Russian army was located in Poland. At the beginning of the 1930s of the XVIII century in Poland, the election of the new king was traditionally overwhelmed into a civil war. Supporters of Stanislav Leschinsky managed to capture Warsaw. Then his opponents, supporters of the Saxon Kurfürst of August, turned for help from Russia.

Anna John sent to Poland by the Army of Field Marshal Burchand Christophe Miniha (1683-1767), which quickly brought the order in the country. Augustus reigned in Warsaw, Leschin-Sky fled from Poland and refused to claim the crown.

The French fleet, who came to the Danzig port with the landing, to help Stanislav, went randomly unsolon bread.

On July 23, 1735, the minih received a diploma from the Cabinet, ministers, which said that the Empress wishes to warn the Turks, which intend to future in the spring to attack Russia with all their forces. Mini is ordered this fall to take the siege of Azov. To do this, he should go straight from Poland to Don, and in Poland leave 40-thousand troops, so that his absence could not bring any harm to it. The Cabinet-Ministers demanded from minich the observance of the strictest secrecy, from which success was particularly depended. "The command of the Azov siege, he wrote to the Minih of the Empress," I accept with the biggest joy that it has long been known for your majesty, I diligently wanted to conquer this fortress, and therefore waiting for only a high declaration, to move there immediately; At the same time, I hope that all the preparations of the siege are made, which were offered several years ago and for which the Diabriny-General-General is sent to Don. "

In August 1735, the Minih crossed the Don and stopped in Novopavlovsk. Here on August 29, he received the highest decree. He was offered to decide whether to start the siege of Azov in the same fall or postpone from spring, and in the winter to keep the fortress in a close blockade. The minih replied that he would choose the last one, but not to waste time, immediately go to the Ukrainian line (border fortifications) in the town of Kishka to the local army, to make a campaign to the Crimea, as the time for this is the most favorable, because the Tatars moved On the Kuban side for the Persian campaign. At this time, Minihi got rid of the unpleasant person for him: the command of the Ukrainian army, General Weisbach, who was entrusted to the Crimean Expedition. Wisebach considered himself older Feldmarshal and therefore did not want to obey him. Complaining for Weisbach, the minih wrote that General Lassi, who also older than him, never presented similar complaints.

In September 1735, being in Poltava, minih and his whole switch fell by a local fever, but the disease did not interfere with Field Marshal to send Lieutenant Leontheyev General to Crimea.

The fact is that the siege artillery has not yet arrived, and in general, he was not ready to settle the minih. To create the visibility of activities, the minih decided to make a sabotage against the Crimea.

Lieutenant-General Leontyev made a campaign on October 1, having 39,795 people, of which the majority were "irregular troops", and 46 guns. Initially, he moved from the Eagle River towards the Samara River. From constant drought, water in steppe rivers was very low, and the army was freely transported through them.

On October 6, Leontyev stood on the river Voronene, and on the other day she reached the river Osackorovka, where the steppe in the summer was burned out by Tatars, but the young grass was already rising, and the army in firewood, water and stern for horses did not have a shortage of disadvantage. At the river, the horse's waters attacked the Nogai Tatars aules, killed more than a thousand people, seized more than 2000 horns of cattle, 95 horses, 47 camels. The minih wrote: "And our army with every cheerfulness came, and there was no mercy."

But by these successes of Leontiev and limited themselves. On October 13, protracted rains began, the nights became cold. In the troops began the diseases of people and the case of horses. The patients had to carry with them, as there were no cities in the steppes, where it would be possible to arrange hospitals and leave people there. The army began to endure various deprivation, and she had to do ten more transitions to the Crimean defensive lines.

October 16, in the tract, the bitter waters of Leontyev gathered a military council on which he raised the question: to go next or return? The answer was that it was necessary to return, because there are already about three thousand horses, captured by Tatars and the ambassador, who returned from Crimea, reported that there were no forests and water, there were still ten days of the road, and at that time, with such a weather, all horses would refill.

Leontyev decided to turn back. The troops returned to Ukraine and by the end of November were located in winter apartments. Shelves were in very poor condition. About 9 thousand people and as many horses were lost in the campaign. The overwhelming majority of losses were nebevic - diseases, hunger, etc., Lieutenant-General Leontyev was devoted to the military court, but managed to justify. In principle, Leontyev was right, since the idea of \u200b\u200bthe campaign in the Crimea belonged to the midst, and Leontyev only performed the order.

Sciences of bitter experience, minih, planning a campaign of 1736, first of all caused Tsaritsynka Zaporizhzhya Astaman Milashevich and other "noble Cossacks." Feldmarshal asked them about the number of troops. The Cossacks responded that their army arrives daily and decreases and therefore, about the number of it, it is impossible to make it possible, they hope, however, to assemble up to 7 thousand people, well armed, but not everyone will be on the horses. To the question when, in their opinion, it is more convenient to go to the Crimean campaign, the Cossacks responded: the army should play on April 10 from the River Ore-Lee, because at this time in the steppes from recent snow and rain of water enough, grass everywhere in full Growth and the enemy burned can not be. In the Crimea, the current summer was a harvest, it means that there will be no army in bread. Nogayts against regular troops will not stand, and the Russian army will freely enter the Crimea, the Perekop fortifications will not stop it.

Even before the war, the base was created for action against AZO-VA. In 30 versts from Azov in the Turkish border, the fortress of St. Anne was built. From the second half of 1735, the concentration of Russian troops and siege artillery began in this fortress. At the end of March 1736, the Minih arrived in the fortress of St. Anne.

On March 17, Minih with the troops crossed the Don and moved to Azov. On the concentration of Russian troops on the border and the preparing attack on Azov Turks knew, but the beginning of the operation "Passed". Major General, a spoer with 600 infantry and a detachment of the Cossacks, suddenly for the Turks attacked and captured calans - two fortifications on both sides of Don above Azov. Russians have not lost a single person. Apparently, the tour of Ki was just fled at the sight of the enemy.

Only after taking the calanche in Azov, anxiety rose. Turks began to continuously fall out of guns, notifying the surrounding inhabitants about the start of hostilities. It is curious that the Turkish and Tatar population was not hoping for the walls of Azov and preferred to run into the steppe.

On March 24, the same General Sparater assault took the Fort Butter near Azov. Russians lost one officer, three soldiers killed and 12 injured. In the fort, 20 cast-iron and iron cannons were taken, the Fort and 50 Yanychar's commander were captured. Approximately the same yanychar was killed.

The fortress of Azov was covered on all sides. On March 27, the minih left the precipitating, temporarily leaving the command of the Russian troops General Levashov.

On March 25 and 27, and on April 17, the deposited shared orders, successfully reflected by the Russians. In these battles, the Don Cossacks were particularly distinguished by the team of Ataman Kras-Noshkov.

On April 26, Count Peter Petrovich Lassi arrived at Azov (1678-1751), produced in February of the same year in Field Marshals. Hurrying around to arrive in the army, the graph went almost lightly, taking a small Cossack convoy with him, which was a short distance from his postal carriage. From Ukrainian lines to raisins, the road goes on the steppe about 12 km. Here on the convoy attacked the Tatars detachment, wandering around the neighborhood. All Cossacks were scattered or captured. Feldmarshal barely managed to ride, and he saved the greed of the Tatars, who rushed to rob him to the carriage, otherwise the count would not be avoided.

May 10 Council Admiral P.P. Bridal descended over the Don under Azov with fifteen galleys, two single-lubricane courts and a large number of other vessels, carrying heavy artillery, which immediately began to unload. On the same day, four infantry and two drago regions arrived at the camp.

When artillery was unloaded, Feldmarshal Count Las-Si ordered the grandmother to get up with the fleet in such a way that he could shelter the city from the sea, cut off his every message and prevent help from this side. This orders were executed. Four bombarded vessels around the clock threw the fortress bombs.

The Turkish fleet came to Azov's aid from the sea under the command of Kapan-Pasha Gianuma Codia, but he could not approach the fortress, because because of the sanding and shames at the mouth of the don, the depth was no more than 1-1.2 meters. The position of the Russian fleet was such that Kaputan Pasha was not able to send assistance in the basics in boats or other flat-door ships and therefore was forced to move away without making anything. The same Done's mouth crossed the Russian fleet to act stronger in the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov, where only large boats and small flat-bottomed ships could pass.

With sushi on Azov, 46 siege guns were fire. On May 8, a bomb hit the big Turkish warehouse. Five mosques, more than 100 houses were destroyed from the explosion in the fortress, 300 people died.

The fortress of Azov was in the ring of external fortifications - parisades. Palisades had wooden walls and a 13 meter depth of 3.5 meters filled with water.

On June 18, 1736, Lassi ordered the Colonel to the broken with 300 grenaders, 700 Musketeers and 600 Cossacks take the panels. After a powerful art preparation, the palisade was taken, and the attackers came out to the urban walls.

Russians immediately before the walls of Azov began to build "Bresh Battery". But before the assault, it did not come. June 19, Azov Pasha offered Lassi to pass the city.

Under the capitulation conditions, all the Muslim population of Azov was released in Turkey. 43,63 men and 2233 women and children left Azov. The city was released 221 Orthodox slave. In the form of trophy, the Russians got 137 copper and 46 cast iron guns, as well as 11 copper and 4 cast iron minor. An inspection of Azov showed that in the walls, the Russian guns did not make a single break, but the Mortira worked well. According to Manstein, "the inside of the city was represented by some piles of stone due to strong bombardment."

The fortress of Azov was taken with the losses being insignificant for Russian - about 200 people were killed, 1500 was injured, and Lassi himself was essentially injured.

After passing the Feldmarshal Lassi fortress, I ordered it in order to keep it, and myself stood with the army nearby until the beginning of August. General Levashov was appointed to the governor, and General Brigni-Senior - Commandant Azov. 4 thousand people left for the garrison, and the city was supplied with everything necessary.

After all these orders, Field Marshal Lassi received an order from the courtyard to go with his troops to the Crimea for a connection with minich. Lassi could have only 7 thousand people with him, with whom and went hiking.

Going to the Calmius River, the Avangard met three Cossacks, explained that they belong to the Corps of General Spiegel, who walked to Bakhmut, but the Cossacks were confronted from the way and now they are looking for how to connect with him. Feldmarshal did not believe the Cossacks, ordered them to delay and continue to go. Another day they led other Cossacks who were repeated said first and added that the Feldmarshal of Minih with his corps spoke out of Crimea and headed for Ukraine. This news made Lassi turn back. In early October 1736, Lassi's corps arrived in Raisin.

On April 20, 1736, the minih came out of Tsaritsynka with an army of about 54 thousand people. The troops were divided into five columns. Major General Spiegel commanded the first column that was avant-garde. Prince Hesse-Gom-Burgsky led the second column, Lieutenant-General Izmailov - Third, Lieutenant-General Leontyev - the fourth and Major General Tarakanov - the fifth.

The shelves handed out the stock of bread for two months, and officers were ordered to take with them at least as much. Feldmarshal would like to supply the army and a large margin of provisions, as it was sufficiently surrounded for the winter, but lacked the supply. Still, he did not decrease to postpone the campaign, and instructed the Major General by Prince Trubetsky to take care of the delivery of provisions to the army. But, alas, Prince Trubetskaya acted very slowly, it is quite possible that with evil intent. The weeds sent to them were not one tenth of the planned one.

The miniha army was both Zaporizhzhya and Ukrainian (hetman) Cossacks. They wrote about them to the Empress: "In previous times, the Hetman Cossacks could put up to 100,000 people in the field; In 1733, the number of employees is illustrated up to 30,000 and this year to 20,000, of which 16,000 people are now dressed in the Crimean campaign; It was ordered in early April to be in Tsaritsynka, but we have already passed the 300 miles from Tsaritsynka, and the Kozaks of the Hetmansky during the army only 12730 people, and half of them are going to the carts, and partly badly, partly honey, most of them we are forced to carry With sobody, like mice, which are in vain only bread eaten. On the contrary, the Cossacks from the same people, running from the same Ukraine, for each person 2 and 3 good horses, people themselves are good and vigorious, well armed; With 3 or 4 thousand such people could be broken by the entire hetman case. "

The army of Miniha went to the Crimea along the path of Leontiev, on the right bank of the Dnieper, at a distance of 5 -50 km from the river.

On May 7, the Russian troops first saw Tatars. There were about a hundred. Cossacks rushed to meet them, but did not capture anyone. At another morning, a more significant enemy detachment approached the right wing of the army and retired, not even binding to the Cossacks.

On May 9, Field Marshal ordered to perform five detachments, each of which consisted of 400 dragoons and 500 Cossacks. Since the terrain was an extensive plain, the detachments were ordered to go intervals, having each other in mind, and to join the squad, which will be closer to the enemy. All the detachments were commanded by General Spiegel.

They did not pass and eight kilometers, as they met a detachment from the 200 Nogai Tatars, who, noticing the Russians, were immediately fled. Cossacks caught up with them, several broke, two captured. Having ordered to move at the closest distance to the enemy, Spiegel did not have time to go 8 km, as all the detachments had to quickly collect. He was going to meet a building in 20 thousand people. The general just managed to form a kara from Dragun and hurry the front rank as an enemy surrounded it from all sides. Tatars with a gickey attacked Russians and fell asleep their arrows. The draguns did not mix themselves, they shot no hurry, only when they were sure that they would not miss. Such a fight was so felt on the Tatar that they did not dare to go closer to Kare than a hundred steps. Surrounding the squad, they made several rifle shots and let a lot of arrows.

Upon learning of the danger, which General Spiegel was subjected, the mini at the head of three thousand dragoons and two thousand Cossacks went with General Leontiev to help him out. He was followed by Colonel Maiden with 10 Grenadier Rotami and Picket from all the infantry. Tatars, envy them, hastily retired, leaving in place 200 killed. In this attack, which lasted for more than six hours, Spiegel lost 50 people killed and wounded. He himself and Colonel Weisbach were injured.

The first battle greatly raised the combat spirit of Russian troops and, accordingly, caused fear of the Tatars in front of regular troops. During the battle of Crimean Khan with the whole ord of about 100 thousand riders stood 80 km. Having learned about the outcome of the battle, Khan went beyond the distortion.

On May 18, the Russian army approached the semiculometric line of Perekop fortifications. The minih was unpleasant surprised: the Cossacks reported to him that "the shafts were tremended everywhere, so you can move to the rollers and in the carts." And in fact, the ditch turned out to be very deep, the slope is cool, like a stone wall, Bruvier across the shaft is made new and built towers.

Nevertheless, Field Marshal decided to storm pinpos. But for the beginning of the mini, he wrote to Khan that he was sent by the Empress to punish the Tatar for their frequent raids to Ukraine and intends to fulfill this order to betray the whole Crimea. But if Khan and his subjects intend to pay themselves under the admonia of Her Majesty of the Empress, let the Russian garrison in the repayment and recognize the dominion of Russia, then he, Field Marshal, will immediately come into negotiations and stop hostile actions. The first condition of minih demanded perktack.

In response to this letter on May 20, Khan instructed Murze to explain the Count Minius that the war was not declared, and therefore it surprises this attack in his own state, that the Crimean Tatars did not invade a violent way to Russia, probably, were Nogai, people although By the patronage of the Crimean Tatars, but before the unbridled, which could never cope with him. Russia could restrict ourselves to recover from them and punish at its discretion of all who would have been able to capture, as was done last year. And that he, Han himself, is so connected by the Konstantinople treaty, which cannot be solved on the gap. As for the reneap, he is not waited over him, because the garrison consisting of Turkish troops will not agree to the surrender. However, Han asked to stop military actions, offering to enter into negotiations, and finished the announcement that if he was attacked, he would be defended by all their might.

Minch realized that there was only a weapon against the Tatars. He released Murza with Hanu's answer that after his abandonment of the mercy of the Empress and from the proposed humility, he will see the country's devastation and flaming cities that, knowing the treachery of Tatars, he cannot believe them when they offer negotiations. After leaving Murza, the army was ordered to prepare for the offensive.

With the sunrise, the shelves stood under a gun. In the camp were left patients and ten people from each company to protect the sumports. The army, taking the direction to the right, went six columns.

A thousand soldier was ordered to hold a demonstrative attack of the perk position on the right flank. Turks succumbed to the trick of mini and focused on this plot of significant forces.

The offensive of the mainstream has become a surprise for the Turks. The happiness of Russian ditch turned out to be dry. Soldiers, descending there, with the help of peak and bayonets, helping each other, began to climb upstairs. Meanwhile, artillery did not cease to loud brush. Seeing that the case takes a serious turnover, Tatars did not wait for the appearance of Russians at the top of Bruzier and turned into a flight by throwing their camp.

The Russians quickly forced ditch and bars, but the towers of the Perekop line continued shooting. One of the towers of the History of IOM took the captain of the St. Petersburg Grenaderian Regiment Chris-Tof Manstein with 60 soldiers of his company. Despite the fire of the enemy, the Grenadiers were abandoned by the door to the tower and burst there. The captain offered to surrender to the enemy. Turks agreed and began to quickly add weapons. Suddenly, one of the Grenadiers hit Yanychar's bayonet. Having bought by this act, the Turks again took up the saber and began to defend themselves. They killed six grenadiers and wounded 16, including the captain. For this, all 160 Janchar, guarding the tower, were hamps. The garrisons of the rest of the towers arrived smarter: everything was running on time after the Tatars.

The storming of Perekop fortifications cost Russian in one killed officer and 30 soldiers, 1 officer and 176 soldiers were injured.

He herself was held by the Power Fortress until May 22, when Pasha agreed to surrender to the Turks allowed to freely leave the fortress and go to the Crimean Khan. Initially, he wanted Pasha to surrender, but after his refusal and a few more negotiations, he was a promise that he was held before the first seaside marina, from where he can sail to Turkey with his people.

With Pasha, they took the Word that he would not participate in the war against Russia for two years. However, the Russians violated the conditions. At the exit of the commandant with a garrison of 2554, a person from the fortress came with him as a prisoner of war. His claims were answered that the port and Khan, as opposed to the condition of the last treatise, detained 200 people of Russian merchants and therefore, until they were released, Pasha would not be released.

In the fortress and towers, they counted to 60 guns, including several with the Russian coat of arms captured by the Turks during the unsuccessful campaign of Prince Golitsyn.

The minih ordered to take the fortress of 800 soldiers of Belozers, whom the shelf, and their colonel was appointed a fortress commandant. In addition, 600 Cossacks were granted the maiden.

On May 25, Lieutenant Leontev General with 10 thousand soldiers and 3 thousand Cossacks was sent to the Turkish Kin-Bourne Fortress. May 29, Kinburn was captured without a fight. Leontyev went to Kinburn and sent his archer's adjutant to a commandant with a request to surrender. The commandant immediately entered the negotiations and passed the fortress, provided that he would be allowed to get out with a garrison consisting of two thousand Yanychar, in Ochakov. Thus, the capture of the city of Kinburn was not worthwhile in Russia, not a single person, and in the continuation of the entire expedition only 3 or 4 people were killed in the skirmish. In the city, 250 Russians were kept in captivity, which were released. There were also 49 guns and 3 thousand horses.

Cossacks were taken away from the enemy of 30 thousand rams and from 4 to 5 hundred horns, which were hidden in the forest.

After taking Kinburn, General Leontiev was calmly stood with the army in the camp under the fortress. He had no case, because neither the Turks nor Tatars were attempted to go to Dnipro.

On May 25, the Minih convened the Military Council - what to do next. According to all the generals, the army should have been standing at the perk until the end of the campaign and send individual detachments into the enemy edge for its devastation. But the mini who dreamed of no more and no less than the conquest of the Crimea did not agree with this opinion. He argued that the proposed actions would not lead to anything, and the most reaches are useless, if the benefits will not be extracted from the victory. And detach people in small batches inside the country are too dangerous, as if they go far, they will easily break them easily.

Then the generals began to offer the Count mini to wait for at least the first summons with the supplies, since there was only 12 days on the armion of bread. This minima objected that the army, being on the enemy land, should try to supply food at the expense of the Tatar: "... The purpose of the campaign, according to the thoughts of the courtyard, is precisely in order not to sigh with these robbers and ruin their edge if it is not possible to establish In it, more strongly. " And then Feldmarshal ordered the army to be treated for another day.

On May 26, the army spoke out of the surroundings of perk, heading towards the center of Crimea. The Tatars surrounded the army, which was stood in a pitch. They did not cease to disturb her, but only published, but as soon as they approached the distance of the cannonic shot, then there were several cores to disperse them.

On May 29, the Tatars could hardly sweep the Russians if they managed to use the case. Going along the road to Kozlov, the army approached the sea strait, called the Balchik, through which it was necessary to cross, and there was no bridge.

Cossacks found a few small places, and the army passed their vbod. At the same time, an interval of one and a half thousand steps was formed in Kara. The man of two hundred Tatars rushed into the resulting gap, and instead of grabbed with the army, began to break out the traffic, and the Tatar army standing at the distance at the distance only looked at them. Russians managed to come up in the meantime. Many Tatars were beaten, the remaining managed to escape, sabers treating their own way.

May 30, the army stood on the spot. Having learned that the enemy stands in 12 versts, the minih in the evening sent all the army grenadiers, 1500 Dragun and 200 Don Cossacks and, entrusted to their superiors of Major Heine, ordered them to go all night with all sorts of precaution and try to attack the enemy at dawn.

However, by cowardice or nonsense, Major General Hein moved very slowly. Don Cossacks, performing ahead, at dawn fell to the Tatar camp, where almost still slept, and began to prick and chop everything that came under hand. Anxiety rose, Tatars jumped on the horses and, seeing that they only deal with the Cossacks, in turn hit them and forced with a lot of loss to be reted. They could completely destroy the Cossack squad, if, having envying the approaching detachment General Hein, they themselves did not turn to flight by throwing their camp. In the Tatar camp, the Russians found a lot of forage and several tents.

Early in the morning there was a campaign. In the farm left, the area is located camps. Losses were almost equal on both sides - about 300 people. The enemy was killed by several noble bosses.

According to the order of the Count Minich Hein, for the non-performance of these orders was arrested and given under a military court, who sentenced him to the deprivation of ranks and nobility and to the lifelong service ordinary in the militia dragoons.

On June 5, the Russian army approached the city of Kozlov (modern Evpatoria). The next day, all the grenadiers of the army, the Don Cossacks and Cossacks under the beginning of General Magnus Biron (Brother Favorite) moved to the city. But before the assault, it did not come. Kozlov's gate (or, as Tatars called him, Gezlava) turned out to be open. The city was set fire to the opponent. The population ran towards Bakhchisaray, and the Turkish garrison for thirty courts was evacuated to Istanbul. Only 40 Armenian merchants remained in Kozlov.

21 guns and large lead reserves were captured from military trophies in the city. The army was equipped for 24 days. Cossacks in the city and surroundings captured to 10 thousand rams. The soldiers were awarded a lot of copper and silverware, pearls, brocades and other wells in the city.

The minih thought the categories of the European War, where the normal phenomenon was the long supply of the army due to the conquered country. Taking Kozlov even more strengthened Mi-Nich in his opinion. He bragly wrote Anna Joanovna: "Now the army has nothing to do with the disadvantage and all in the cat is kept to be contained that during military operations, the greatest sustainment serves; According to the proverb, we managed to bind our horse to the enemy nursery. "

From Kozlov, on June 11, Minih moved to Bakhchisaray. At the same time, he tried to disinform the Tatars, putting the rumor as if he was returning to the silence. Tatars believed, especially since it was quite suitable for their tactics - "raid - waste." Tatars, faithful to their traditions, began to carry out the tactics of the scorched land, but not at all in the direction where there are mini.

On June 12, Field Marshal sent the Lieutenant General Izmailov and Major General Leslie with two drago shelves, four infantry and with several Cossacks to follow the left of the army to knock out the enemy of several villages. However, the Tatars quickly disappeared, which could not be expected. Finally they were forced to run. The Russians took a lot of livestock, which was allocated to the army and Russified by soldiers. In this fight, the Russians lost one officer and two Cossacks, and the soldiers and twenty people were injured. From the prisoners of war they learned that Khan would arrive from 6 to 7 thousand Turks, which Caputan Pasha will send him from the fleet that entered the Kafa Harbor because he could not do anything against the Russians under the azov.

On June 17, the army approached the gorges of the hills that were fencing the plain under the Bakhchisaram. The enemy is located at altitudes in a very profitable position. Since the road for which it was necessary to go to Bakhchisarai was difficult to find it, besides, this campaign had to be hidden from the enemy, then the minih decided to go there only with the selected army, and the weapons and patients leave behind, under the guard of the fourth part of the army, When you delivering her Major Major Spikel.

He spoke in the evening. The speech was made in this order and in such a silence that the enemy did not hear how the Russians went around his camp, and was very surprised when he saw them under Bakhchisaram at dawn. A rather large detachment of Tatars with some number of Janchar with rage rushed at the Don Cossacks and on the nearby Vladimir infantry regiment located nearby. The attack was so strong that the Cossacks went back, and the gun was removed from the infantry regiment. When Field Marshal put forward five other infantry regiments and a few guns under the superior of Major Lesli General, then the enemy could not stand the fire and fled, throwing the gun captured by him.

Tatars fled from Bakhchisaraya. The city almost completely burned out. According to one information, the soldiers of the mini were set on fire, and in others - the Tatars themselves. In any case, the beautiful Khansky palace burned the Russians.

On June 19, the army retired from the surroundings of Bakhchisaraya and was located on the banks of the Alma River, where the traffic joined it.

On June 23, Field Marshal sent a lieutenant-General Izmailov and Major General Magnus Biron with a regular army of 8 thousand people, 2 thousand Cossacks and 10 instruments for the attack of the city of Amecheti, or Sultan-Saraj, Calgi-Sultan's location and a more significant Murz. They did not find almost anyone there, because in two days before the residents fled. The supplied supplies were brought to the camp, and the city with his houses, the tank numbered up to 1800, mostly wooden, burned. On the way back the detachment was attacked by the enemy. It cost him as usual. The Russians were killed 4 soldiers and 8 Cossacks and several people were injured.

Turkish troops focused in the cafe, and the main Tatar forces went to the mountains. The small equestrian detachments of Tatars still surrounded the Russian army.

The minih gave an order to move on Cafu, but he could no longer fulfill his army. A third of the army was sick, and most of the remaining barely finished legs. In addition, unbearable heat was established. The minih was forced to turn the army to the step. This caused the rabies of the Tatars, because they, by order of the Khan, the entire estimated area of \u200b\u200bthe movement of Russians on the Cafa made the burden of the earth.

On July 7, 1736, the Russian army went to the step. But there was nothing to do with the army reproach. Food and forage stocks melted every day. The Tatar cavalry is around, constantly committing attacks on forages, hijacing horses and cattle.

Zaporizhzhya and Ukrainian Cossacks were sent home immediately. And the main part of the troops moved to Ukraine on July 18. The strengthening of the reneap was broken in several places, and the towers were blown up.

On August 23, Lieutenant Le-Otteyev, who left destroyed Kinburn, joined the mini.

At the arrival of troops to Ukraine, Minih made a review of troops. It turned out that half the regular troops were lost in the campaign. Moreover, the main part of people died due to diseases and physical fatigue.

The minih fought in Europe, for example, made marches at the hottest time of day, speaking at a hike 2-3 hours after sunrise, instead of doing it 3-4 hours before dawn. Manstein wrote that "Knowing before the people, many of them fell dead on the go. In this campaign, even several officers died from hunger and deprivation. " In all the same battles, no more than two thousand people were killed and captured, including the Cossacks.

Only the Case of the Lieutenant General Leontheva preserved as possible, as he calmly stood under Kinburn to take this fortress.

The entire campaign of 1736 was worthwhile about 30 thousand people. On this she was finished, and at the end of the year the minih went to St. Petersburg to justify before the Empress.

In early 1737, an agreement was signed in Vienna on joint actions of the Austrians and Russians against the Turks.

The plan developed by minich, provided for the deposition of the main strike on the Ochakov and distracting - in the Crimea.

But before proceeding to the hikes of Miniha and Lassi, it should be said about the campaign on the Kuban Tatars.

In November 1736, the Tatar Horde Fetis-Kuli attacked the Horde of Kalmyk Khan Dunduk-Mahbo. Atamans of Krasnchek and Efremov with four thousand Donets moved to the help of Dunduk-ombo. Cossacks, together with 20 thousand Kalmyks, a wide lava took place along the northern coast of Kuban, up to the Azov Sea. From 1 to 15 December 1736, the entire steppe occupied by Tatar nomads was ruined. Dunduk-ombo took the main city of Tatar Khan Bakhti Gurya, which was wedged with the walls, hoof, and for two weeks ruined the whole edge. All that the Cossacks could not take with them, they burned. The steppe covered with dry grass was adjusted, and the land, according to Kalmyki and Cossacks, became black from fires. Everything was looted and ruined. Ten thousand women and children, twenty thousand horses and a huge amount of horned cattle were captured by the Cossacks and Kalmyks. Tatars were horrified for Kuban. Many drowned, swinging the river in winter. The edge was completely ruined, and it was done with an equestrian detachment in just 14 days! 70-thousandth army miniha in winter 1736-1737. It was concentrated in the area of \u200b\u200bKiev. In February, in Kiev from St. Petersburg arrived and mini himself. At first, April 1737, the army moved to the campaign. On June 30, the Russian army approached the Ochakov, and already on July 3, the minium storm took possession of the city.

While the army, under the command of Field Marshal, was hiking to the Ochakov, Feldmarshal Lassi with another army went to the Crimea. This army consisted of 13 Dragun regiments, 20 infantry and from 10 to 12 thousand Cossacks and Kalmykov, which eventually amounted to up to 40 thousand people.

On May 3, 1737, Lassi's army spoke from Azov. The troops walked along the shore of the Azov Sea. The flotilla of Admiral Bredal walked in parallel with the ground forces. On the path of Lassi ordered to arrange several redoubts to protect the communication of his army with azov.

Crimean Khan Fatih Garya learned in advance about the campaign of Lassi and with 60 thousand riders rose south of revenues, waiting for Lassi to go along the way. Han was extremely surprised, seeing that the Russians for this time moved along the Arabat arrow, that is, along the way, no one else was entering the Crimea. Fatih Garya was glad that Allah was deprived of the gyas of the mind. After all, on a narrow spider, even a small detachment can stop the whole Russian army. Significant forces of Tatars went immediately on Spit.

But Lassi did not think to enter the Crimea on the spit. Only distracting detachment was sent to Arabat intwo thousand people with four cannons. Feldmarshal ordered to explore the depth of the bay separating this braid from the rest of the Crimea. Where there was a place suitable for his intention, he ordered the rafts of all the empty barrels of the army and logatties and thus crossed over the bay with infantry and the turn. The draguns, the Cossacks and Kalmyks were set out who Vyod, who is climbing.

Not only Khan considered a risky affair from Feldmarshal to wade through the spit to Arabat, even the generals of the Russian army were the same opinion. All of them, with the exception of General Spiegel, declared Lassi and said that he was too risking the army, and that they could all die. Feldmarshal objected that all military enterprises are conjugate with dangers, and the present, in his opinion, does not represent more risk than others. However, he asked them to give him advice, how best to do. They responded to return. Lassi objected: "When so, if the Lord generals want to come back, then I drove them to give them passports." Calling at his secretary, Lassi told him to make passports and immediately give them to generals. He ordered to send 200 dragoons to conjunate them to Ukraine, where they had to wait for his return. Only three days later, the generals were able to soften Feldmarshal so much that he forgave them their bold proposal to retreat.

Khan, who assumed to hit the Russians at the extreme end of the Spit, against Arabata, was greatly surprised when the Russian army crossed over the sea bay and was now going to directly towards him. Without waiting for Russians, he retired to the mountains, pursued by the heels of Cossacks and Kalmyks. The news of the retreat of the enemy made Feldmarshal collapse to the mountains in order to meet with Khan and, if it would be comfortable, give him a battle.

On July 13, the army is located 28 km from one of the best Crimean cities, Karasubazar. Here it was attacked by the selected troops who were personally commanded by Khan. The first Natisk of the enemy was first very strong, but an hour later, the Tatars were chopped off and bent into the mountains of the Cossacks and Kalmyks, who pursued them for 16 km. The army remained in the old camp. However, Cossacks and Kalmyks made a raid towards Karasubazar to ruin the Tatar dwellings. They returned on the same day with 600 prisoners, good prey and plenty of livestock.

July 14, General-Lieutenant Douglas, who commanded the avant-garde in B thousand people, moved to the city of Karasubazar. Feldmarshal followed him with the army, leaving patients in the camp with a cover of 5 thousand people under the team of the Ko-Lockolsev Brigadier.

Immediately in front of Karasubasar, Douglas met with a 15-thousandth Turkish squad. Lassi sent two regiments of the dragoon to help the avant-garde. After watch battle, the Turks fled.

Russians entered in an empty Karasubazar. All the Tatar population of the city ran, only a few Greek and Tatar families remained. The city, consisted of up to b thousands of houses, of which half was stone, was the orders of Lassi "looted and turned to ashes."

Feldmarshal ordered the troops to split the camp in two kilometers from Karasubazar. There was nowhere to go further: mountains began to be ahead with narrow paths, and in 20-30 km - the Black Sea. In the mountains were sent minor troops of Cossacks and Kalmykov. About a thousand villages, they drew into ashes, about thirty thousand bulls and up to one hundred thousand rams were made by the prey of the winners.

July 16, Lassi collected a military council on which it was decided to go back from the Crimea. Lassi motivated this by the fact that the plan of the operation consisting in the punishment of the Tatars for raids to Russia was fulfilled. Lassi clearly smelled. Take such a campaign to burn one shattered township, it was at least stupid. A cafe was located 50 km from Karasubazar, and Kerch is 130 km away. The capture of these cities would have important political importance. Not to mention that the possession of Kerch would make the Azov Sea by the Russian lake. Apparently, Lassi thought not about Turkish cities, but how faster to carry legs.

August 16, the Russian army began digging. On the same day, General Douglas on the Karasu River was attacked by the significant forces of the Tatar. The case was solved by Kalmyki, who hit the Tatar with the rear. After the fight, Kalmyk disappeared. Feldmarshal alarmed, believing that Kalmyki, pursuing the Tatars, went too far into the mountains that they were cut off from the army and maybe everything is interrupted. Two days later, Kalmyk returned to the camp, having more than a thousand prisoners with them, including several Murz, whom they captured during a unauthorized raider to the mountains to Bakhchisaraya.

Meanwhile, the Cossacks and Kalmyks traveled around the surroundings and burned Tatar villages and villages. It was burned about a thousand villages, since in this part of Crimea the population lived very thickly. Cossacks and Kalmyks led to a camp to 30 thousand oxen and over 100 thousand rams. The enemy, for his part, worried about the army during her campaign, captured the forage halls, who dried out to leave the fence of the cashposts, and beyond that several hundreds of municipal horses were bought off.

Upon arrival of the army to the Sungar River, it was ordered to build a bridge. He was ready for another day, July 23, and on the same day part of the troops crossed. As soon as the progressive troops managed to take the shore, as the Tatars came up. This time, together with them there were several thousand Turkish soldiers who arrived from the cafe. Attack of Tatars and the Turks was reflected by artillery fire. At the site of the battle counted more than a hundred enemy corpses.

On July 25, Russian troops reached Geniche, thus leaving the Crimea in the same way that they entered. Then about a month of troops rested by the River Dairy Waters, where there were abundant pastures for horses.

Fatih Garyry and this time tried to intercept the Russians from the perk, where he led the 40,000 Horde. Having learned about the leaving of the Lassi from the Crimea, Khan switched overpays. For several days, Fatih Gary was standing in the steppe and thought, whether it is worth attacking the Russians ... Khan decided not to risk and return to the Crimea. But this sound decision was not evaluated by Turkish Sultan, who ordered to overthrow the Fatih Hire.

In June 1738, the Army of Lassi, focused in the Byrd River area, moved along the coast of the Azov Sea to the Perekop. Tatars decided that Lassi would storm the Perepop position. But on land for the Packet Field Marshal sent Lipa "the detachment of the Cossacks and Kalmykov. The main forces of the Russians 26 Nyunnya switched to Sivash Vyod, taking advantage of the wind nagal water from Sivas to the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov. She caught only a few carts in the angroup, who did not have time for the rest, as soon after the transition of the army, the sea again flooded.

On June 27, Lassi came up with the rear to the Perekop's fortress and demanded that her commandant surrender. A two-bedroom pasha replied that he was appointed a commandant for the defense of the fortress, and not for her passing. In response, the Russians began the bombing of the fortress from guns and the Mortira. The latter were especially successful, as stated in the journal of hostilities: "I visited the fortress by bombs." From these "visits" garrison the next day capitulated. Pasha and two thousand Yanychar came out of the fortress. After that, Lassi moved inside the Crimea.

Major General Brign Jr. joined the fortress with two infantry shelves and accepted the bosses over it. He found here to one hundred guns, mostly pig-iron, sufficient stock of powder, but very little bread.

On July 9, the 20,000th cavalry of the Tatar suddenly attacked the detachments in the angroup. Tatars crushed the Cossacks and turned off the Azov Dragun regiment. General Lieutenant Spiegel arrived at the place with four Dragoon shelves and the Don Cossacks to keep the running. They did not have time to recover, as the enemy hit them again with rage. The battle was long and hot. Feldmarshal ordered several infantry shelves who came to the camp, to help. Tatars were forced to retire, leaving more than a thousand corpses on the battlefield. The Russians were lost from the six hundred and a seven hundred people, including the Cossacks. General Spiegel was injured by a blow to the saber.

According to the instructions given to him, the Count Lassi was to master the cafe, the most fortified paragraph in the Crimea, and the sea harbor, in which the Turks kept part of their ships. However, the Tatars for tradition adhered to the tactics of the buried land, and Russians had serious food problems. In addition, the Fleet from the provisions from Azov, under the command of the vice-admiral of Bredal, was encountered on the way of such a strong storm that one half of the vessels were broken, and the other was scattered.

As a result, Lassi decided to return. On the way, he ordered to blow up the strengthening of the Pokock Fortress. In the area of \u200b\u200bPerekap, Lassi remained until the end of August, and then went to the winter apartment to Ukraine.

On September 29, 1739, Russia and Turkey signed a peace treaty in Belgrade. According to its conditions, the Azov remained for Russia, but it was necessary to distort it. The surroundings should be empty and serve the division between both empires, but Russia received the right to build a fortress in Kuban. Taganrog could not be restored, and Russia could not have ships on the Black Sea, could trade on it only through Turkish ships. Large and small cabards remained free and should have separated both empires from each other.

Thus, Russia has practically not received anything from the war, spending huge funds and lose over 100 thousand people.

Notes:

Tumen - about 10 thousand riders

Miftach 3.3. Course of lectures on the history of the Tatar people (1225-1552). P. 113.

Orlik - Chericar of Troops Zaporizhia, who fled to the Turks.

Sultan-Saray - Palace with Sultan.

Crimean "Feats" of Field Marshal Lassi. The first campaign of Peter Lassi.

The Russian-Turkish war-wide in the domestic historiography of 1735 - 1739 was marked by the famous campaigns of Miniha and Lassi to the Crimean Khanate. These were not conquering campaigns, it was bloody and destructive raids, a part of the planned plan, made almost perfectly hired military personnel, a government tip of St. Petersburg.

Why did this happen? And why the Crimean Askers who still enjoyed authority as one of the best warriors in Europe, did not prevent this catastrophe, failed to protect their families and their homeland? The answer is simple. They were simply not in Khanate.

In 1735, Crimean Khanate in the Union with the Ottoman Empire made a campaign against Persia. More than 60-thousand Crimean army moved to Dagestan, where the main hostilities unfolded. In the Crimean Tatar state only the militia remained. Using this situation, Russia invaded the Crimean Khanate. Kaplan Giray Khan, as soon as he heard about the danger, turned his troops back, but a long, tedious transition from the North Caucasus and the harsh winter became a significant barrier to the actions to lead the enemy.

The first features Field Marshal mini. In the spring of 1736, he broke through the Op-Kapa, \u200b\u200bhe ruined and burned Kezlev, then the capital of Khanate - Bakhchisarai and Aquampus, after which he hurried the peninsula with great losses. And the next year the ruin mission continued Feldmarshal Lassi.

Pier Edmond de Lacey, more famous for Peter Lassi, ethnic Irishman, began his military career in France, continued in Austria and in 1700 he entered the Russian service, where he served to General Field Marshal.

The name of Lassi was known in the Russian army since the days of the Northern War. He was a student of Sheremetyeva, and he was attracted mainly not for battles, but in punitive promotions. And this fact confirms the Russian historian Sergey Soloviev. This is what he wrote: "Major General Lassi went to Stockholm, stuck in the town of Green, and the surrounding country said: 135 villages, 40 mills, 16 stores, two cities ... 9 Iron plants were burned out; A huge amount of iron, human and horse feed, which rather people could not take themselves, was thrown into the sea. " After some time, he was elected in order to "... to land at the Swedish shores and empty them, burn three towns, 19 parishes, 506 villages with 4159 peasant yards."

And this is such a person, the famous punisher Petr Lassi, sixteen years old walked to the Crimean Khanate to complete the year earlier the work of his notorious predecessor of miniha.

The strategic plan of Russia was to dismissed the southern opponent by any means, and perhaps, if lucky, and conquer part of the lands.

The new campaign is headed by Lassi, insisted his mini. He did not have a reason for the Crimean Tatars not broken by a disaster.

By the spring of 1737, the inhabitants of Khanate rebuilt their homes, partially restored the burned cities and economic land, again sowed the fields of bread. But barely land began to bring his fruits, as the news broke again that the Russian shelves invaded the limits of Khanate, they ruin, betray the fire of Nogai villages and move towards Or-Kapa.

Lassi's army consisted of 20 thousand infantry, 13 thousand drago regiments, 11 thousand Cossacks and Kalmyks, a total of just over 40 thousand, as well as from the detachments of the militia, together with which the number of troops exceeded 100 thousand people.

In his promotion from Azov to the heart of the Crimean Khanate, Field Marshal actively applied the so-called tactic of the scorched land at that time. In other words, after a Lassi's army did not leave anything. She confidently moved to the target target.

News that for the year the fortress OP-Caps was restored and what exactly there is a new Crimean Khan Feth Giray with the army, changed the plans of Peter Lassi. He was not ready to enter into a general battle with the Crimean Tatar Connection, despite the fact that his army was superior in the number of Crimeans. Nude near the Nogai town of Yeniche (the modern city of Genichesk) he gives an order to forcing Sivash, join the Arabat arrow and thereby invade the Peninsula of the Crimean Khanate.

Sivash was overcome in the very narrow place of the bay with the help of a flooded bridge, the rest of the path was partially affordable for a hidden march, or it could be forced by VD.

Crouching through Sivash, Feldmarshal planned to overcome the Arabat arrow and with the help of the vice-admiral of Bredaal's vice-admiral who was moving along the Arrow of the Flootilla, and then go either to Kef or to Kerch. It is not known how the events unfolded, if the Ottoman flotilla did not unexpectedly appeared in the Azov Sea, which threw the ambitious plans of Field Marshal. It is possible that already at the fortress of Arabat Lassi would have failed from the Crimean Tatars and would be divided, as it is known that the Khan army took the fortress and its flanks, completely breaking the narrowest ease between the Sivash and the Azov Sea. Yes, and the fortress itself was a rather powerful fortification structure.

The Russians were not able to confront Ottoman courts, and Lassi in early July 1737 gives an order to ship through Sivash on the peninsula. The landing occurred at the mouth of the Saligir River.

Already on July 14, the Russian newspaper "St. Petersburg Vedomosti" reported: "... Ataman Efremov, which, with a easily part of the Cossacks and Kalmykov against the border of Sungur, crossed in Crimea, ... More than 20 residential towns and villages ruined to obtain a notable number of horses and cattle in mining. And thus, the Crimean Expedition with God's help with good success started ... And then inside the Crimea around about fifty miles, and the Napa for the Karasuk River, until forty villages burned down and ruined ... and captured forty seven people, and protected We broke and half and drove camels and cattle and sheep more than twenty thousand. "

In short, the soldiers with the Cossacks, barely landing, immediately began to burn the dwellings of the coastal Tatars. Then the scenario were burned out the towns and villages on average Kara-Su and Saligira.

The army under the beginning of Field Marshal Lassi slowly moved to one of the largest cities of the Crimean Khanate, the blooming cultural center of Karasubazar. At that time, there were more than 6,000 houses in the city and 36 mosques.

On July 14, the city without resistance was taken, and the Russian army literally collapsed on civilians. In one day, the city turned into a pile of ruins. People robbed and killed. Note that not only the Crimean Tatars, but also Crimeans, Karaim, Armenians lived in Karasubazar.

The participant of these campaigns Christopher Von Manstein mentioned in his memoirs, that "Cossacks and Kalmykov was ordered to go to the mountains as much as possible and burn all the housing of the Tatars." After such a barbarian pogrom, some cities and about a thousand villages were erased from the face of the earth. In other words, some of those settlements that survived only because they remained aside from the route of Miniha last year's campaign.

After some time, on the banks of the Karasu River, part of Russian troops was attacked by the Crimean Tatar Connection. And on the same day, Lassi, fearing that the united Khan army would hit his army, gave an order to start the retreat to the north to Sivash, and from there to the town of Yenic. Russians hastily retreated persecuted by Crimean askehs.

At the same time, Crimean Khan Feth Giray from 40000 Warriors decided to go beyond Op-kapa, advanced to Yenic, and here to wait for the Lassi's army, but it was not decided to attack the retreats of Russians, for which in the near future and was re-elected Bain Top.

For two years, Khanate was devastated. Austrian captain Paradis, who was in Lassi's army, testified that at the beginning of the military campaign for the Russian army, a huge traffic of empty carts stretched. They were folded by the bad property that the most grauders and arsonists who will later go down in history as heroes. No one remained without good, selected from yesterday's victims - the civilian population of Khanate. Only in the northern, steppe part of the peninsula, the soldiers and the Cossacks, according to Manstein, "... led to a camp of 30000 oxen and over 100,000 rams."

At the end of the XIX century, the ethnographer and Crimead Evgeny Markov wrote about the "exposure" of Lassi: "Lassi's Count with the same German discrimination took up the devastation of the steppes and the ruin of cities. He burned 1000 villages who came from the hands of miniha, for the only reason they were aside from his path. Successful work was opened by the famous Feldmarshal, and the next year (1738) he again went on a campaign in the Crimea ... right through Sivash, crushed from Western winds. But the campaign turned out to be impossible for the simple reason that there was nothing left in Crimea after hiking 1736 and 1737, and the army did not find themselves no means for the feeding. "

Indeed, in 1738, Lassi was again preparing to repeat his breakthrough to Khanate. Only this time his goal was not yet plugged in Kerch and Kef.

Despite the fact that Russia has already violated the conditions of the last Prut of the world with their invasion of the Crimean Khanate, the Ottoman Empire acts as the initiator of the new world. She offers to sit down at the table of negotiations between Russia and Austria - the last, not without the participation of Russia, not so long ago was in a state of war with the port.

Nemirov was chosen for peace negotiations. And the first meeting of the Congress was held in the Nemirovsk Palace of Prince Potocks on August 16, 1737.

Feeling yourself with free after destructive trips in Khanate, representatives of the Russian side immediately called overestimated and unacceptable conditions for the ports: they offered the Turks to provide Russia with the rights of Black Sea shipping, transfer it to the Khantya Budzhakaya steppe to the Danube and Zakuban, as well as provide Moldova and Valahia independence under The patronage of Russia. Moreover, Petersburg demanded to transfer Russia to the Crimean Peninsula! They justified this requirement by the fact that "no for what profits it wishes, but the Tokmo is very united for the sake of eternal safe rest, I did not have any profitable for such wild peoples."

Naturally, Ottoman diplomats responded to the Russian ambassadors with a categorical refusal. And in this port supported the allied of Russia Austria than, in fact, the positions of the messengers of Sultan in the negotiations only strengthened. At the same time, the news came about the inglorious retreat of the army of Peter Lassi from the Crimea. Turks immediately stated that the demands of St. Petersburg - the thing is simply unheard of that Russia has encouraged the honor of the Girayev's dynasty, which herself was still paying tribute. And in general, such concessions can only be demanded after the complete defeat of the Sultan and Crimean armies - and before that there was still far.

Russian representatives themselves understood that the requirements were presented forward, and reduced them before the transfer of Azov, Ochakov and Crimean Tatar KNNBRUN. But it was too late: the Turks could not not conclude that negotiations on such conditions are a solid fiction, started to pull the time.

At the last meeting of the Congress, Ottomans stated that they refuse to further continue negotiations, which the Russian side did impossible. And on October 10, the Messengers of Sultan left Nemirov, without having, as they expressed, the right to negotiate on such conditions. Then the Austrians left Neimirov.

 

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