Human infection with certain harmful organisms has a scientific name - invasion. What kind of illness it is, how not to let this disease into your home, than to be treated, we learn below. However, before determining the methods of therapy, you need to find out the symptoms of this ailment.

Origin of the word

  - what is this phrase?

Ways of infecting children

• On the street (for example, playing in a sandbox or on the ground).
• AT kindergarten  (in contact with dirty objects: floors, toys, toilet, shoes).
• When communicating with animals (often stray, at least - with home, being on the street).
• In case of non-compliance with the rules of hygiene. For example: unwashed hands, eating dirty foods, drinking raw water from the tap, swimming in a dirty river or pond.

Signs of infection of babies

• Increased salivation.
• Nausea.
• Sharp abdominal pain.
• Diarrhea or constipation.
• Lack of appetite or, on the contrary, its strengthening.
• Increased fatigue.
• Headaches, dizziness.
• Pallor of the skin.
• Bruises under the eyes.
• Whims for no reason.
• Increased excitability of the baby in the evening.
•   crumbs (the child screams, wakes up, often turns from one side to another, grinds his teeth).
• The baby has itching in the area anus.

So we figured out how worm invasion manifests itself in children. Symptoms in children of this disease are slightly different from those of an adult, so now we find out how the older generation has this disease.

Manifestation of the disease in mature people

These are signs of helminthic invasion that can be observed in adults. However, some symptoms appear more often (first on the list), and some very rarely (malignant tumors, for example).

Treatment of invasions today is both a simple and complex task. The ease lies in the fact that in pharmacies you can now find a lot of drugs against helminths in babies. And the difficulty is that not every medicine can suit a particular child. Therefore, before treating a toddler from a helminthic invasion, you need to go to the doctor, get tested. And only after the doctor gives his recommendations, you need to go to the pharmacy for medicines.

Most effective means  for the treatment of invasions in children are such tablets: "Pirantel", "Vermox", "Dekaris".

Principles of getting rid of worms:

• De-worming should be carried out regularly, it is better if it takes place every 3 months.
• All family members should be treated at the same time, not only the child, otherwise there will be no effect - you will simply infect each other.

We relieve adults from worms

Traditional methods of treatment

• Eat 5-6 times a day for a tablespoon pumpkin seeds.
• Mix crushed garlic with honey in equal proportions and take this composition 1 tablespoon three times a day.
• Brew tansy flowers in boiling water (1 tablespoon of the plant for 1 cup of liquid). Take this infusion up to 4 times a day for 20 g for two weeks.
• Grind 4 tablespoons of unripe walnuts, pour them with a glass of boiling water, pour in a little salt, cover with a lid and let it brew for half an hour. Then strain, remove the cake, and use the resulting texture during the day to 2-3 tablespoons.

Prevention

From the article you learned about such a term as “invasion”, what kind of ailment it is, as it manifests itself in relation to children, as well as adults. It was clarified that if any of the above symptoms are observed in a patient, one should go to a specialist so that he accurately ascertains the cause of the indisposition and also prescribes an adequate treatment.

The sizes of helminths are extremely diverse and range from a few millimeters up to 1-2 meters or more. The most known pathogens of helminthic invasions are roundworms and pinworms, which are spread throughout the globe. Cases of infection are recorded throughout the year.

Symptoms and signs of helminthic invasion

The main signs, in the presence of which it is possible to suspect damage to the body of a child or an adult by helminthic invasion include constant fatigue, headaches, persistent rash on the skin of the face, loss of hair and nails, poor appetite, irritability, the presence of anemia in general analysis  blood in the absence of lesions that can cause it, as well as many other nonspecific manifestations.

Symptoms of worm infestation in adults are also extremely diverse and practically do not differ from the symptoms that occur when children are infected. Consider the most common:

1. Disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, manifested in the form of recurrent constipation or diarrhea, abdominal distention, development of bile stasis, which occurs when the bile duct is blocked with helminthic invasions and jaundice occurs.

2. Development, which includes fatigue, weakness, irritability, subfebrile condition, sleep disturbance, fluctuations in body weight not only in the direction of losing weight, but also gaining weight, increased anxiety.

3. Quite often, patients complain of recurring allergic reactions for no apparent reason, due to increased secretion of class E immunoglobulins, whose function is to increase the flow of all kinds of allergies.

4. Often helminths affect not only internal organs, but also muscles, joints, causing inflammation in them, accompanied by the development of pain of a different nature.

8. The most serious symptom is the occurrence of all kinds of malignant lesions of the human body, which are formed due to the occurrence of failures. immune system, prolonged inflammatory tissue response, reducing the number of nutrients.

Infection of the adult layers of the population with helminthic invasions most often occurs through faecal-oral contact. Susceptibility to this type of infection is extremely high and does not depend on the strength of immunity or any other factors.

Worm infestations in children

Symptoms of worm infestation in children are somewhat brighter than in adults and are characterized by more rapid development and diversity. For a child, hyperactivity, hyperexcitability, moodiness, poor appetite, abdominal pain, impaired stool are either loosening or fixing. The presence of worm infestation in the body of a child quite often provokes a rash of various elements on the skin, which manifests itself in the form of eczematous processes and ordinary allergic reactions that are not associated with the consumption of new foods and other innovations. Quite often after incubation period  from the moment of infection in children acute stage  process is characterized by the development of tonsillitis, increased regional lymph nodes. It is also possible the development and chronic course of the disease, which can manifest itself in the form of damage from the hepatobiliary system and other digestive organs, from the circulatory system, in the form of anemia, and most often from skin cover  in the form of long-term disturbing and progressive lesions.

Of the most common worm infestations encountered in children, enterobiosis is detected, which is caused by pinworms. They are characterized by increased activity at night, when females enter the rectum, then crawl out of the anus and lay their eggs near the anus. The maturation process of laid eggs and their transformation into mature individuals takes only a maximum of 6 hours. This whole process is accompanied by unbearable itching that causes the child to scratch the skin and consequently contaminate the skin of the hands with deposited eggs. The process of infection with pinworms and occurs through unwashed hands, clothing, food, bedding, toys. Often, pinworms penetrate the genital tract in girls and cause the development of various inflammatory diseases.

Symptoms of worm infestation in children appear after about 2 weeks and are characterized by increased excitability, poor nighttime sleep, bowel disruption, accompanied by pain, bloating, diarrhea or constipation, as well as all sorts of allergic reactions.

Diagnosis and tests for helminthic invasion

The analysis of helminth invasions includes the following laboratory methods:

- microscopic diagnostic method, which is based on a thorough study of stained or native smear, as well as, if necessary, histological samples and tissue biopsies;

- the macroscopic method of diagnosis is presented by studying the stool from an infected person using a dark background;

- the use of various serological methods of research, which include ELISA, Direct Hemagglutination Reaction, Complement Binding Reaction, Immunofluorescence Reaction;

— diagnostic methodused not only to clarify the cause of the disease, but also as a process of establishing the effectiveness of therapy, using the method of counting eggs in feces, which also helps to determine the severity of the pathological process;

- Often carry out allergic tests (skin), which belong to the immunological group.

Treatment of worm infestation

Of course, any drug has side effects, contraindications that must be considered when prescribing and select the acceptable safe dosage. However, the result must be pursued alone: ​​the destruction of the helminth in the human body. The most commonly used medications are Vermox (Mebendazole), manufactured in the form of 100 mg tablets, Dekaris (Levamisole), the dose per tablet is 150 mg, Praziquantel (Biltricid) 600 mg per tablet. Most of the drugs used are very convenient to use during treatment, since it is enough to take them only 1 time.

Treatment of worm infestation in adults is carried out exactly as in children, only differs in the dose to be taken, as well as the frequency. Such drugs as Pirantel, Nemozol, Piperazine, Albendazole, Medamin have good efficacy. Among them, Pirantel is also produced in the form of a suspension, which is convenient when used in young children.

Among the most common folk methods  therapies that have a minimal risk of developing side effects, emit:

- Eating pumpkin seeds of multiplicity at least 4 times 20 pieces throughout the day, after which it is recommended to drink 1 spoonful of castor oil. The duration of such an auxiliary course should be no more than 3 days;

- Eating garlic, mixed with honey before meals, multiplicity 3 times a day, one tablespoon;

- Drinking infusion of tansy flowers at the rate of a tablespoon for a glass of boiled water four times a day in a volume of one tablespoon before meals.

Treatment of worm infestation in adults may be accompanied by an enema at bedtime using a solution of baking soda in a ratio of 2 teaspoons to 4 glasses of water.

Prevention of helminthic invasions

- Mandatory hand washing before each meal;

- It is good to wash, and it is better to pour in boiling water before eating or preparing dishes from greens, vegetables and fruits, wild berries;

- In no case should you drink non-boiled or raw water, especially from any open source, and you should drink only bottled water when staying abroad;

- Always ensure that children’s hands are clean, nails are shortly cropped, and underwear is always clean and fresh;

- After contact with any pet, you must also wash your hands thoroughly.

- protection of the environment from contamination by secretions of patients with ascariasis, the obligatory carrying out of the neutralization of the soil from helminth eggs, as well as the prevention of infection of the population;

- conducting in kindergartens surveys not only of children, but also of staff with a multiplicity of 2 times during the year, and in the case of identification of carriers, their mandatory removal from the team and from work, and carrying out appropriate pathogenetic treatment;

- Mandatory boiling of items used by the patient for 3-5 minutes;

- for the destruction of helminth eggs in the soil, processing it with bleach.

From the age of 6 - 7 months, the baby begins to actively explore the world around us, not only with organs of perception, such as sight, hearing, smell, taste sensitivity, but also due to the expansion of its physical activity. At this time, the parents often release the child outside of the crib or playpen, and at this time there is a risk of infection of the baby with helminth eggs - worms. The older the child, the more places he is, the higher the likelihood of worms. At the age of 1.5 - 3 years, the scale of infection of children with helminths can reach 80%. What are worms, how dangerous are they for the health of the child, how to reduce the risk of worms? These and other questions related to helminths, we want to answer in this article.

What are worms?

More than 90% of all helminthic diseases in children cause intestinal nematodes.

How can a child get worms?

Infection with worms (invasion) is carried out by ingestion of eggs or larvae of worms. Worm eggs enter the environment from the feces of infected people and animals. Eggs have microscopic dimensions, are very resistant to various influences and can maintain long-term viability outside the body (in the soil, on the surface of objects or products, in the folds of linen, on the skin). When helminth eggs get into oral cavity  baby, they pass, partially breaking down, through the acidic, aggressive environment of the stomach and are activated in the intestine, where the conditions for the development of adult eggs from eggs are favorable. Infants and preschool children are particularly susceptible to helminthic invasions, as they have not yet developed the protective barriers of the gastrointestinal tract.

A baby may become infected at home, walking, visiting or kindergarten by contact with contaminated surfaces or objects (street shoes, hall floor, toys, common areas), on the street (picking up any items, playing in the sandbox or on the ground ), as well as contact with animals (especially stray or home, being on the street). There is a very high probability of the appearance of worms if the rules of elementary hygiene are not followed (unwashed hands, eating unwashed vegetables and fruits, eating raw water from natural water bodies, etc.).

Considering the possibility of infection with helminths, we draw the attention of parents to preventive measures:
  - until the baby independently moves around the apartment, a mandatory rule for adults and older children should be to thoroughly wash their hands with soap after the street or visiting the restroom before contacting the child or his or her things, try not to allow close contact of the baby or his things with pets;
  - when a child begins to crawl or walk around the house, do not allow him into the hallway and the restroom, do not allow him to play with outdoor shoes;
  - make sure that the child does not pick up various objects in his mouth, avoid contact with stray animals, and if possible prevent the child from playing in open (not fenced) sandboxes;
  - using a mild pedagogical effect, wean the child from the habit of taking various objects in his mouth or licking his fingers, teaching the child to personal hygiene (learn to wash hands with soap and water after the street and toilet);
  - periodically carry out wet cleaning at home with the use of detergents and disinfectants, wash toys with soap, vacuum soft toys, carpets, etc .;
- not to give the child and not to use unwashed vegetables and fruits, thermally unprocessed meat and fish, raw water from natural reservoirs.

Compliance with these rules does not give an absolute guarantee, as the child actively learns about the world and it is not always possible to follow him, but these precautions greatly reduce the likelihood of infection with worms.

The child has worms ...

It happens that when a mother examines her baby’s feces, she finds live or immobile worms, most often these are pinworms. In the analysis of feces, roundworm eggs and other helminths are determined. In this situation, everything is clear, and the child should be treated. But most often the child has to be aware of the worm infestation by indirect signs. If a child develops symptoms such as drooling, nausea, loss of appetite or abnormal increase (the child constantly asks for food), cramping pains around the navel or without any localization that appear regardless of food intake, upset stools (diarrhea, constipation), increased fatigue, frequent headaches or dizziness, pallor and blue under the eyes, if the child chokes with food, then the likelihood of helminthic invasion is very high. Concomitant tests also indirectly confirm the presence of worms: persistent intestinal dysbiosis (often with inhibition of normal Escherichia coli), low hemoglobin, increased eosinophils, increased ESR in the general blood test, changes in other tests.

Often worms lead to allergization of the body, and then come to the fore skin manifestations  in the form of atopic dermatitis, neurodermatitis or diathesis. As a rule, these are persistent, difficult to symptomatic treatment of the condition.

For enterobiosis, symptoms of intoxication are less characteristic, and the main disorders of well-being are associated with mechanical irritation of pinworms in the anus and the external genitalia in girls. Symptoms are as follows: the child’s irritability in the evening, unreasonable vagaries, poor falling asleep at night (cannot find a place for a long time, turns over), poor night sleepaccompanied by screaming, waking up, fidgeting, gnashing of teeth (if these symptoms are not characteristic of daytime sleep and are noted with a frequency of 10–15 days, it is possible to speak with great certainty about enterobiasis), itchy crotch area (itching in small children who are not can formulate the nature of discomfort, can be judged by the child's increased interest in this area of ​​his body, which often leads to children's masturbation), redness in the anus. In girls, enterobiasis is often accompanied by inflammatory diseases  external genital organs (both due to the direct action of pinworms crawling there, and due to bacteria, protozoa, fungi that can be carried by intestinal worms).

Some of the symptoms described are observed in approximately one third of children infected with worms. The rest may not have any complaints, but the worms will slowly poison and weaken the child’s body if they are not identified and adequate therapy is given.

How to identify and treat helminthic invasions.

Diagnosis of helminthiasis feces quite difficult. This is due to the fact that roundworm eggs or pinworms do not appear in the feces every day, and the smear microscopy technique from the analysis requires great care. To improve the accuracy of the analysis of feces on the eggs of worms, it is desirable to take at least 3 days in a row. In cases of increased risk of infection by worms (contact with animals, playing a child on the ground or in open sandboxes, the child’s habit of taking things in the mouth, biting his nails or licking his fingers, etc.) it is advisable to undergo an in-depth examination, including special analyzes of the feces blood, detecting antibodies to helminths. In the presence of allergic manifestations of unknown origin, an increase in the number of eosinophils in the blood test, persistent intestinal dysbacteriosis, it is desirable to donate blood for the determination of class E immunoglobulins (Ig E and G) for ascaris and other helminths. You can check for worms in pets.

If a child has any of the symptoms described above (symptoms of chronic intoxication, symptoms of irritation in the perineal region), consult your doctor, as these manifestations may accompany not only helminthic invasions, but also other pathological conditions. Assessing the totality of indirect signs and history, the doctor may recommend anthelmintic therapy without direct evidence of the presence of worms in the child, if other pathologies causing similar clinical manifestations are excluded.

If you identify worms or suspected helminthic invasion, do not try to self-medicate. Antihelmintic drugs, which you can choose without consulting a doctor, may be ineffective.

If the worms are found in a child or someone from a family member, it is necessary, if possible, to treat all family members in order to avoid forming a source of infection of each other with helminth eggs. In this situation, moreover, it is necessary to strengthen hygiene measures, in particular, to boil and iron the bedding and personal linen on both sides.

How can you feel the presence of an uninvited guest?

• Pinworm
• Toksokara
• Ascaris
• Hookworm
• Lentz wide
• Bovine and pork chain
• Echinococcus and alveococcus
• Lamblia

Autopsy of people who died from various external causes, shows that in 80% of cases worms are found in their intestines.

Helminthic invasion  - A common disease that occurs in people of any gender and age. It is often called the "dirty hands disease", because most often it is problems with personal hygiene that lead to defeat.

The symptoms of helminthic invasion can manifest themselves in different ways, and therefore the disease is divided into acute and chronic.

Symptoms of helminthic invasions often vary depending on what kind of worm has settled in the body. Most often the cause of the disease are roundworms. It is possible to notice the infection process in about a week, since at this point the migration phase of the larvae begins.

Those who had to learn from their experience what a worm infestation by ascaris usually experienced the following symptoms:

1. The rise in body temperature.
2. Attacks of asthmatic cough.
3. Chest pain.
4. Sputum discharge in which blood may be present.

These signs are easily confused with allergic reaction and diseases of the respiratory system, such as bronchitis and pneumonia. It is possible to determine that treatment is required for helminthic invasion by ascaris using lung X-rays, since accumulations of infiltrates will be seen in the picture.

In case the worms spread through the intestines, it is possible to isolate more specific signs:

1. Increased salivation in the morning.
2. Flatulence, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting.
3. Abdominal pain.
4. The growth of peripheral lymph nodes.

Symptoms of pinworm spread

A person infected with pinworms will mostly feel the same symptoms as in the case of ascaris, but the nervous system will be affected. The patient will become more irritable, he will start having problems with sleep.

In the process, he penetrates urethra, which is why some people have:

1. Enterobiasis.
2. Strong discharge (in women).
3. Skin rashes on the genitals.

At a certain point, pinworm eggs can be seen in the feces with the naked eye, but until this point they cannot be detected with a standard analysis. The fact is that this type of worms does not reproduce in the intestines.

Signs of Trichinella Development

If trichinella is in the human body, the disease will occur in three main phases.

The effects of flatworm activity

If a person picked up flatworms, sort of bull snake  - after a month and a half, he will have the following symptoms:

Wide tapeworm - another common pathogen of helminthiasis among flatworms. It causes diphyllobothriasis, which is very difficult to notice. Sometimes people experience dizziness, and fever and nausea occur only in the later stages. At this time may develop skin rashes  and red spots on the oral mucosa.

Symptoms of defeat by trematodes

Among flatworms, a large group of trematode flukes stands out. Once in the blood, they reach many organs, such as the lungs or liver, and can also settle in the pancreas or intestines. Because of the breadth of the spread, the symptoms are very variable. Within a few days, the worms will get used to the new host organism, and then begin to actively proliferate.

Most often, they place their eggs directly into the venous system, which causes various symptoms, such as:

1. Headache.
2. Severe puffiness.
3. Allergy to the skin.
4. Pain in the muscles and joints.
5. Heat, chills, and sweating.
6. Cough, often with blood sputum.

Features of children's worm infestation

Note! Street animals often use children's sandboxes as a toilet, so it is very easy to get worms in such places.

Among the symptoms of worm infestation in children, there is a lack of appetite, pallor and problems with sleep. In addition, you should pay attention to gastrointestinal disorders, increased temperature and itching of the anus.

Consequences and possible complications

With timely diagnosis, curing invasion is not difficult, so the serious consequences of the disease are already a relic of the past. However, infecting children can cause developmental delays, both in terms of psychology and physical data.

Prolonged lack of treatment gives the worms the opportunity to seriously damage the internal organs, and also because of this exacerbated chronic diseases. Most often, appendicitis or intestinal obstruction is a complication of this pathology. Often there is peritonitis.

Diagnosis of the disease

For the diagnosis used numerous serological studies, such as:

1. Linked immunosorbent assay.
2. Immunofluorescence reaction.
3. Reaction Linking Component.
4. Reaction Direct Hemagglutination.

How to deal with defeat?

Depending on the severity and complications that have arisen, in addition to direct infection, it is necessary to fight diseases of the lungs and heart, and sometimes genitourinary system. During treatment, it is important to monitor hygiene and disinfect the place of stay, to prevent re-infection.

How to prevent infection?

It is difficult to doubt the need to wash vegetables, fruits, herbs and berries. If you can, it is better to pour the product with boiling water. In addition, preventive measures include:

In order to protect against worms invasion, it is necessary to monitor soil contamination and the treatment of sick people, but these preventive measures  belong to the public level, and individuals can practically do nothing in this respect. However, the rules of personal hygiene and cooking products are usually sufficient to prevent helminthic invasion.

PARASITOLOGY, October, 2006

Yu.A. KOPANEV, pediatric gastroenterologist, infectious diseases specialist,
FGUN "Moscow Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after GN GABRICHEVSKY" Rospotrebnadzor, Cand. honey. of science

EPIDEMIOLOGY

Nematodes are geohelminths, i.e. egg maturation occurs in the soil. Infection of the child with nematodes occurs via the fecal-oral route (through the mouth) through direct contact with the ground, sand (in the country, in the sandbox), through contaminated objects (toys, clothes, shoes, bedding, sex), through food (berries, vegetables , fruit), through insects (flies, cockroaches, ants), in contact with animals (dogs, cats). In children's groups (kindergartens) it is possible that a child is infected from other children through toys, bedding. Helminth auto-infection is also possible.

Infection with eggs of worms is possible from the age when the child "goes" beyond the limits of the crib, i.e. from 6-7 months. The presence of animals at home, especially those who are on the street (they bring eggs of worms on their paws and wool), increases the likelihood of infection with helminths, while children of even earlier age, 1-2 months, can be infected. It is particularly likely to infect children who have direct contact with earth and sand.

The probability of infection of children of preschool age with worms is almost 100%. In children of this age category, hygienic skills are still insufficiently developed, and environmental awareness goes largely through the mouth. In addition, babies have poorly developed protective mechanisms against invasion (not enough acidic environment of the stomach, not strong enough immunity). It should be noted that in children older than 7 years, the probability of helminth infection is not much less than that of preschool children.

CLINIC

Helminths weaken the immune system, causing the child to suffer frequent respiratory diseases, he may have pustular or fungal lesions of the skin and mucous membranes, caries, and Inadequate reactions of the child to prophylactic vaccinations are not uncommon with helminth infections.

Helminths cause intestinal dysbiosis, inhibiting the normal intestinal microflora and weakening the local immunity of the gastrointestinal tract. Characteristic features of microbiocenosis in case of helminthic invasions are a decrease in the total number of E. coli and an increase in the number of non-fermenting bacteria, a decrease in the number of lactobacilli, and an increase in coccal flora. Against the background of dysbacteriosis, functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract and allergic pathologies are aggravated, secondary (reactive) changes in the liver, biliary tract and pancreas develop.

DIAGNOSTICS

There are numerous data indicating that it is quite difficult to identify worm infestations. The difficulties of diagnosing helminths are related to the peculiarities of their life cycle. All nematodes have a larval phase from 1 to 6 months, when they do not lay eggs yet, therefore during laboratory diagnosis  they are not detected. Oviposition can occur irregularly, at intervals of 1 to 14 days and in relatively small quantities  (10 3 -10 5, despite the fact that they are surrounded by bacteria, food particles and other things, measured by the numbers 10 8 -10 12). Accordingly, in order to detect helminth eggs in feces, it is necessary to get into the period of maturity, on that very day, to that very place of feces and plus "see them" there. The probability of identifying worms ranges from 0 to 10-20%, and practically does not depend on the capabilities of the laboratory.

Other research methods also have their disadvantages. Detection of antibodies in the blood to nematodes is relevant only in the first 1-2 months of their presence in the body when the worms are in the larval stage. Then, antibodies disappear from the systemic blood flow, concentrating in the intestinal lumen and being produced directly in the intestinal wall. To determine the level of immunoglobulins in the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract for the diagnosis of intestinal helminth infections have not yet learned, although there are developments in this direction. Now, helminth infections are one of the most undiagnosed laboratory methods  diseases.

Knowledge of the diverse clinical picture accompanying helminthic invasions is very important for the pediatrician, since it is often necessary to decide the issue of anthelmintic treatment on the basis of indirect signs of the disease, which is associated with the above-mentioned difficulties of laboratory diagnosis. It should be noted that the more symptoms that can be associated with helminthic invasion are present in a child, the more likely it is that there is an invasion. Most often, collecting the history, the doctor finds various combinations of abnormalities. But let's not forget that the worm infestation can occur with one syndrome (for example, only atopic dermatitis), and can be almost completely hidden.

TREATMENT

Given the high epidemiological likelihood of helminthic invasions, their ability to disrupt the various functions of the child’s body and the complexity of diagnosis, it is recommended to conduct prophylactic and therapeutic antihelminthic courses taking into account indirect signs (clinical picture) of pathology. WHO recommends preventive anthelmintic courses for children of preschool age twice a year - in spring and autumn.

This tactic is justified, but it can be added that, if necessary (an unfavorable epidemiological situation or obvious clinical signs of helminthiasis in a child), unplanned deworming can be performed.

PATIENT GROUPS WHICH BEFORE THE APPLICATION OF ANTIHELMINTH FUNDS, IT IS RECOMMENDED TO APPOINT SORBENT: