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When analyzing the data obtained for the help of ultrasound diagnostics, a number of diagnostics establishments have been thoroughly seen, which can be used to correct a complex of echographic signs of breast cancer and metastatic diseases of the disease for

The department placed in front of the ultrasonic diagnostics doctor (UZD) can be vibuduvati in the offensive order:

1. Vyavlennya puffy sanctification.
2. The definition of the localization in the milk zone.
3. Vimіryuvannya rozmіrіv.
4. Assessment of the step of the broadening of the fluffy process in the navkolishn_ fabric.
5. Assessment of regional metastasis.
6. Viznachennya to the nature of the blood flow of primary swelling and metastases.

For malignant new products of milk, the characteristic is unclear contour, uneven boundaries. The structure is designed to reduce the intensity of the image of ultrasonic signals, a heterogeneous structure, often in the distal areas behind the chubby node (Fig. 5.1 a, b, Fig. 5.2 a-f).

Fig. 5.1 a, b. Variations of the graphic image of milk cancer in B-mode.

Fig. 5.2 a, b, c, d, e, e. Options for an ehographic image of milk cancer in B-mode.

The new atmosphere will reach great times for an hour, and for more visualization and visualization, the panoramic image mode SIE SCAPE is used (Fig.5.Z a, b).

Fig. 5.3 a, b. Options for the echoraphic image of breast cancer in the panoramic scan mode SIE SCAPE.

There are chubby universities, which give a bend acoustic tone (Fig. 5.4 a, b, c).

Fig. 5.4 a, b, c. Options for an echographic image of a chubby university with an acoustic tone for coverage in B-mode.

Microcalcinati, one of the most important diagnostic signs milk cancer (RMZ), Only appear in 33% of the guard (Fig. 5.5 a-d).

Fig. 5.5 a, b, c, city of Variat of an echographic image of a chubby university from calciminami in B-mode (a, b, c) and in mode color Doppler cart (CDC)(G).

Chim is smaller than the size of a chubby university, it is more one-sided structure (Fig. 5.6 a-e).

Fig.5.6 A.B, c, d, e.

Malicious new solutions up to 1.0 cm in 40% with a clear contour, equal to a cordon, in 60% - a single-sided structure, in 100% of a warning - a decrease in the intensity of the image and the visibility of the microcalcification (Fig. 5).

Fig.5.7 a, b, c, the city of Variant of an echographic image of a cancer of small sizes: in B-mode (a, b); in unit mode (c); similar ultrasound picture with fibroadenoma in B-mode (d).

These are signs that are characteristic of good-natured new creatures, and even among the whole group of ailments they are most often found difficult in differential diagnostics.

When a new milk frog appears, it is necessary to look carefully at the entire milk swell in the first quadrants. The order with a plump university at ultrasound dosage in the fabric of the milky zone, it is possible to evolve the appearance of chubby - this is the name of the multicentric form of the cancer of the milk zone.

Lots of pre-eminent people vvazhaє multicenter of chubby absolute contradictions to organ-preserving operations. Some of them can be versatile, localization is often done with chubby, and a bit of stench can be developed in the lower quadrants.

The structure of the structure of the main university, as the morphological form is the same, but with small sizes it can be one-sided, hypoechogenic (Fig.5.8 a, b, Fig.5.9 a, b, c).

Fig. 5.8 a, b. Variants of the echographic image of the multicenter form of breast cancer in B-mode (a) and in the power Doppler mode (b).

Fig.5.9 a, b, c. Options for the echographic image of the multicenter form of breast cancer in B-mode.

The informativeness of the multicentric form of malignant cancer is presented in Table 5.1.

Table 5.1. Informativeness of ultrasound examination (UZD) and X-ray mammography (RMG) in the detected multicenter form of RMZ

For viznachennya obsyagu surgical engagement great value there is no more visibility of the broadening of the puffy process on the retromammary space and tissue of the anterior chest wall.

Carrying out an analysis of the results of the previous period showing that the enlargement of the swelling process on the retromammary space from the study to the new breast cavity by the method of ultrasound tomography is used to diagnose 30% of the illnesses, but it can be explained acoustically. a-f).

Fig. 5.10 a, b, c, d, e, f. Variant of an echographic image of breast cancer: cancer with enlargements on the anterior chest wall in B-mode (a, b, c); cancer in the transitional fold in B-mode (d, e) and in AU mode (f).

With ultrasonic testing of puffy universities, especially those that are close to the transitional folds, or those that are too much in the same area, it is necessary to sew the rear cordon of the newly established, look around the rest of the fabric.

It is also possible to develop synchronously with both milky vines, and the histological form of cancer of the milky pricks can be found in a variety of ways (Fig. 5.11 a, b).

Small. 5.11 a, b. Variants of echographic images of synchronous breast cancer: a - sonogram of the right side in the mode of energetic dopplerography; b - a sonogram of a girl in B-mode.

Nabryakovo -infiltrative form of breast cancer is carried to the clinical variant of diffuse formation of breast cancer, for which it is characteristic of the recurrence of symptoms in the development of severe hyperthermia and the need for hyperthermia, because of the prognosis of the disease.

Nabryakovo -infiltrative form of breast cancer is primordial or true, if clinically and radiologically approved by the university, and secondarily, if symptoms come up with the university education.

Nabreak obumovaniya іnfіltratsієyu plumpy clitines of the Sudin. Even if the radiological dosage is not detected on the surface of the school, then it does not appear in the case of ultrasound dosage. It is possible to bachit the skin, the thickening of the tissue and the milky skin with the enlargement of the lymphatic cracks (Fig. 5.12 a-e).

Fig. 5.12 a, b, c, d, e, f. Variants of the graphical image of the growth of children and lymphatic lines in the case of an embryonic -infiltrative form of RMZ in B-mode.

And puffy affirmation in case of nabryak -infiltrative form of breast cancer can occur with ultrasound preliminarily seen in a vyglyad, for example, as an infiltration of tissue in the eyes of a strand of incorrect form (Fig. 5.13 a, b).

Fig. 5.13 a, b, c. Options for an ehographic image of milk cancer in B-mode. a - nabryako-infiltrative cancer to the wrong form of infiltration. b - nabryako-infiltrative cancer in the form of infiltration and instillation of the shkiri. c - non-palpated breast cancer.

It is also a clinical form of non-palpable milk prickly cancer, if the thickening of the milky zone is in the daytime, a little bit of a plump university may be small, or the diagnosis will be detected when an X-ray is detected.

In another, a picture of fibrous-cystic mastopathy with dissemination of calcinatamia on the tissue of the milk lobes appears most often during the ultrasound examination in patients (Fig. 5.13 c).

In the given situation, breast cancer is not diagnosed by ultrasound monitoring. There are situations, if, navpaki, during X-ray mammography, a diagnosis of "breast cancer" is diagnosed with a description of the X-ray picture of the university examination, the doctor-mammologist is not sure that the diagnosis is not palpable, when ultrasound is diagnosed in the square, it is known that the description is behind the type of fibrous mastopathy with cysts (Fig. 5.14 a, b).

Small. 5.14 a, b. Variants of an echographic image of fibrous-cystic mastopathy in B-mode.

During the operation of the sectoral resection and the carrying out of the term and planned histological dosages of puffy patients, the morphological picture of fibrocystic mastopathy is not evident.

For the identification of ultrasonic semiotics of histological forms of breast cancer, the development of histological options has been developed. The most common form of breast cancer is ductal cancer - up to 70% (Fig. 5.15 a-d, Fig. 5.16 a, b, c), lobular cancer develops in 12% of cases (Fig. 5.17 a, b); such as mucous (Fig.5.18 a, b), papillary (Fig.5.19), cerebral (Fig.5.20) and tubular, store 8%.

Fig. 5.15 a, b, c, d. Variation of an echographic image of an infiltrating ductal carcinoma in B-mode.

Fig. 5.16 a, b, c. Options for the echographic image to filter ductal carcinoma in the unit mode.

Fig. 5.17 a, b. Variants of the echographic image of the infiltrating ductal carcinoma in B-mode (a) and in the AU mode (b).

Small. 5.18 a, b. Variants of the graphical image of mucous cancer in B-mode (a) and in power Doppler mode (b).

Small. 5.19. Options for the echographic image of papillary cancer in the cyst in the ED mode.

Fig. 5.20. Options for an echographic image of medullary cancer in B-mode.

Combined forms are partly stocked - 6% (Fig.5.21 a, b, c), or even more form - 4% (Fig.5.22 a, b).

Fig. 5.21 a, b, c. Variants of the echographic image of the combined infiltrating ductal cancer in B-mode.

Fig. 5.22 a, b. Variants of echographic images of cancerous forms of cancer in the regime of energetic dopplerography: a - cancer with chondroid metaplasia: b - internal ductal cancer.

You can see it from the tomograms, most often ultrasound signs of breast cancer are detected - unclear, irregular contours, an irregular form of the device, a heterogeneous structure - powering all histological forms without any characteristic features.

The winyat will become deprived of papillary cancer, as it develops in the cyst. Ridinny inclusions, as it is possible to be ochikuvati in the universities of mucky Budov and did not appear, protects the old dilyankas in some cases are promoted in the established histological forms, as a rule, the great razmіrіv.

At the connection with the cym, it is possible to measure, but the data of ultrasonic dosage does not allow the establishment of signs characteristic of the singing morphological variants of pukhlin. Forgetting ahead, it is firmly given that the results are obtained with the help of Doppler techniques.

Ultrasound DOPPLEROGRAPHIC Criteria for breast cancer

The microcirculatory bed of the chubby grows into chaotic growth and organization, which is linked to the numerous vascularization branches in the chubby fabric. The special feature of plump vessels is also the unevenness of their rosters in plump fabrics. Oscillations of the growth of the sudin to the center of the pukhlin often nudge on the zones of necrosis, to prevent the appearance of the great non-judicial zones, which have grown in the wake of the good vascularized ones.

The newly-made vessels have a smooth ball, and the walls of such vessels are stony. They are characterized by the chaotic rosetting, the multiplicity and versatility of arteriovenous shunts, which are used by the Doppler method (Schor A.M. et al., 1983; Folkman J. et al., 1992).

A predictive analysis of the swollen tissues of the milk layer, allowing a direct correlation between the intensive vascularization of the swollen tissues and the level of evilness.

In connection with time, development of modern methods of diagnostics and the way of non-invasiveness and safety for a sick person, it is of great interest to present descriptions of methods that allow one hour to correct the images, to determine the structure of the judgment data about this stasis in diagnostic purposes (Heilenkotter U. et al., 1993; Delorme S. et al., 1998; Smirnova HA, 1993).

I think that the key role of Doppler is not yet assigned, so it’s not a matter of hopefully assessing the blood flow in the swelling through insensitivity to the capillary blood flow. At the same time, we will set it to the flow parameters, we will deny it with Doppler, and the verdict index, we will evaluate the immune system. KDK and ED visnachayut only MACROSUDINNYH hem. Correlations of the intensity of the moon-signal and more (strong) angiogenesis did not appear (Buadu L.D. et al., 1997; Huber S., 1998).

The very fact was the presence of the accumulation of blood flow from the size of the pudding. Pukhlinny universities with a size of less than 1.5 cm are more often than the Avascular Buli, and the author explained the shape of the vessel with a chain around the puffin. However, the visibility of the blood flow in the university does not allow one to unambiguously enlighten the evil nature, as well as in good decisions there can also be a judge.

Birdwell R.L. і spіvavt. (1997) in their own prelude to stand, but 27% of the evil and 22% of the good-hearted assertions of the bully unjudged, and 75% of the good-natured and evil-minded ones showed the same vascular.

When there is an increase in the number of doppler coloreds, a symptom of hypervascularization appears (Cosgrove D. et al., 1993). A Fiedler V. і spіvavt. (1996) in their robots they came to visnovka, so the information content of the CDC will be taken care of when there is swelling, but the diameter is 1-2 cm. vipadk_v.

Dixon J.M. і spіvavt. (1992) found that if the university approved less than 1.3 cm in diameter, then in the case of fibroadenoma of colorectal Doppler cardiovascular disease, blood flow in 100% of the ailments did not occur, but in the case of PMZ, the blood flow appeared in 71% of patients. Rosemary of avascular pukhlin, on the thought of Chao T.S. і spіvavt. (1999), store 1.9 ± 0.1 cm in diameter and the stench is significantly less, less chubby with vascularization - 2.7 ± 0.1 cm in diameter.

Doppler imaging is a method that allows you to change the number of biopsies (Wilkens T.N. et al., 1998), as well as differentiate the brush from solid universities (Nightingale K.R. et al., 1995).

Energetic Doppler imaging in the assessment of vascularization, N. et al., 1998, N. et al.

Table 5.2. diagnostic valuecolor Doppler cardіenergy dopplerographyat viyavlenna milk cancer

In our opinion, to characterize the blood flow in the swollen past, the vikorists use the mode of energy Doppler imaging, which is able to modify the mode of the colore Doppler imaging and allow the visualization of the intensity of the blood flow, the ability to reach the same time as possible. (Fig.5.23 a, b, Fig.5.24 a, b).

Fig. 5.23 a, b. Option of the echographic image of the RMZ: the number of visualized internal swellings is greater in the power Doppler mode (b), lower in the color Doppler mode (a).

Fig. 5.24 a, b. Option of the echographic image of the RMZ: the number of visualized internal swellings is greater in the ED mode (b), lower in the CDC mode (a).

Vikoristovuyuchi kolorove vіdrazhennya sudin, іх їх appearance in general coverage, the number, withers and the nature of the blood flow. The results of our tests showed that blood flow in the swollen was visible in 96% of the ailments, and when the size of the swollen university was up to 1 cm - in 50% of the cases.

Three types of intra-swelling blood flow were seen in the last-to-last series of transverse and late ultrasound tomograms, which were performed during the interpretation of the results of ultrasound pre-examination.

The first type is characterized by the presence of a lonely judge in all of the ridiculous crossings (Fig. 5.25 a, b).

Pіc. 5.25 a, b. Variants of the echographic image of breast cancer: 1st type of blood flow with a single vessel in the mode of energetic dopplerography.

To another type, the image is referred to the local blood flow, if on the edges of the chubby university there is a dilenka with an extended cluster of sudins (Fig. 5.26 a-d, Fig. 5.27 a, b).

Fig. 5.26 a, b, c, d. Options of the echographic image of the RMZ: type 2 blood flow with local blood flow in the mode of ED.

Small. 5.27 a, b. Variants of the echographic image of the RMZ: the 2nd type of blood flow with local strength in the mode of energetic dopplerography.

The third type includes images with diffuse rosters throughout the entire university (Fig. 5.28 a-d).

Fig. 5.28 a, b. Variants of the echographic image of the RMZ: the 3rd type of blood flow with diffuse rosacea of ​​sudin in the unit mode.

For the increase in size of the chubby university, the number of growth for the growth (p
Puffs less than 1 cm in 67% may cause the first type of blood flow with a single internal swelling dish (Fig. 5.29 a, b).

Fig. 5.29. Variants of the echographic image of breast cancer: cancer of small size with single dish (a) and free of disease (b) in unit mode.

In the literature, it also means a change in some parameters of spectral Doppler in PMZ. Get involved scho maximum systolic rate (MSS) vishche in evil new solutions, lower in good ones (Table 5.3).

Table 5.3. Values ​​of MSS in vessels with fibroaden imilk cancer

On the thought of Kutschker S. i spivavt. (1996), MCC vische at T3-4, lower at T1-2. Tsyomu supervise the data of Schild R. and spivavt. (1991) і Chao T.C. і spіvavt. (1999), yaki stverjuut, scho MSS, resistivity index (IP), Truly positive results (ІП) do not lie in the size of the chickens and do not get accurate diagnostics of cancer of the dairy plant, however, the average value of the cich indications is quite true in the malignancy.

Such indicators as IP, IP, SD were also assessed as criteria of RMZ. Grischke E.M. і spіvavt. (1996) і Hollerweger A. і spіvavt. (1997) in their robots went to work, but the index of resistivity in evil universities is expensive or more than 0.80, and in fibroadenomas, typically the IP value is less than 0.80. The rise in the value of the index of resistivity is more than 0.20 in the middle of the susceptibility of the same chickpea, the indicator of malignancy with the even higher specificity - 97.5%, and even in the low sensitivity - 39%.

The boundary value of IP in the diagnosis of breast cancer is equal to 0.79, having installed Peters-Engl S. i spivavt. (1999) with sensitivity 84% and specificity 80%.

High rates of truly positive results are also characteristic of the judges of malignant new conditions with a sensitivity of 84-100% and a specificity of 85-87% (Table 5.4).

Table 5.4. MSS values ​​in vessels fibroaden and RMZ

The value of systolic-diastolic growth and pulsation index in vessels is set from 2 to 5 cm in size in small groups - 6.8 and 1.9, apparently, ).

Small. 5.30 a, b, c, d, e, f, g. Variants of echographic images of breast cancer: spectrograms of intra-swelling blood flow with high values ​​of indicators. Іpulse-hvilovoy mode.

The index of resistivity is the lesser of the fallow form of the growth of the chickens, and in the approved form of 1.1 to 2.0 cm, and also from 2.1 to 5.0 cm, the same is the high value - 0.78, with the lowest value of the index of the resistivity in universities up to 1.0 cm (Fig.5.31 a, b, c, Fig.5.32 a, b, c).

Fig.5.31. Variants of the echographic image of the RMZ: spectrograms of the intra-swelling blood flow with high values ​​of the resistivity index. Іpulse-hvilovoy mode.

Fig.5.32. Variants of the echographic image of the PMZ: spectrograms of the intra-swelling blood flow with low values ​​of the resistivity index. Іpulse-hvilovoy mode.

It means, well, that it is unimportant to get rid of the high MCC numbers, which are characteristic of the cancer of the milky gall, when it is still unimportant. The price can be explained by the offensive.

The method of preliminaries, which is carried out on the basis of the summation of all indicators of spectral parameters in all vessels of chubby, accessible to the population, with the calculated mean values. Timing for an hour, the intervals between the recognized meanings have become quite different: at the maximum systolic fluidity - from 13.0 cm / s and up to 264.0 cm / s; Resistivity index - from 0.5 to 0.98 (Fig.5.33 a-d - Fig.5.38 a-d).

Fig. 5.33. a B C D. Variants of an echographic image of breast cancer: spestrograms of intra-swelling blood flow with significant values ​​in plump vessels. Іmulno-hvilovoy mode.

Fig. 5.34 a, b, c. Variants of the echographic image of the RMZ: spectrograms of the intra-swelling blood flow with the mean values ​​in the chubby vessels. Іmulno-hvilovoy mode.

Fig. 5.35 a, b, c. Variants of echographic images of RMZ: spectrograms of intratumoral blood flow with different values ​​in chubby vessels. Іmulno-hvilovoy mode.

Fig. 5.36 a, b, c. Variants of an ehographic image of milk cancer. a - breast cancer with internal tumor vessels in the mode of energetic dopplerography. b, c - spectrograms of intra-swelling blood flow with significant values ​​in plump vessels. Іpulse-hvilovoy mode.

Fig. 5.37 a, b, c. Options for the graphical image of RMZ. a - breast cancer with internal tumor vessels in the unit mode. b, c - spectrograms of intra-swelling blood flow with different meanings in plump vessels. Іpulse-hvilovoy mode.

Fig.5.38 A.B, c, Varianty of an echographic image of breast cancer: a - breast cancer with internal tumor in the ED mode; b, c, d - spectrograms of intra-neoplastic blood flow with different values ​​in chubby vessels in pulse-wave mode.

In addition, when it is diagnosed in one tumor vessel, there is a risk of growth on susceptible ones, but it is also impossible not to fit into the middle value of the parameters (Fig. 5.39 a, b).

Small. 5.39 a, b. Variants of echographic images of RMZ: spectrograms of intra-swelling blood flow with different values ​​in one vessel. Іpulse-hvilovoy mode.

Already, as soon as an hour is over in a chubby vessel, there will be a low blood flow rate or a low value of the index of resistivity, which will bring the good nature of chubby fluff. In general, the spectral dopplerography itself can be recognized by the most sub-active methodology in the midst of the stasis.

Colored Doppler, power Doppler and spectral Doppler allow you to correct additional information before the given ultrasound in B-mode in diagnostics of milk powder. If we look at the special features that appear behind the help of Doppler techniques in the presence of advanced morphological forms of breast cancer, then we will see that another type of blood flow prevails in all types, and the spectral characteristics of all types are few in all.

In such a rank, we can talk about the visibility of any characteristic Doppler signs, luring morphological forms of cancer of the lactic acidosis.

G.T. Sinyukova, G.P. Korzhenkova, T.Yu. Danzanova

Burmistrov SYU. TOV KVM "YUNIOR"

Fakhivtsy, who are working in the field of ultrasonic diagnostics, need to remember about a great number of artifacts that are created every hour of scanning.

Punishments and difficult ones during the expiration are mainly due to the advancing factors:

Principles of interconnection of diagnostic capabilities to the method;
small acoustic effects for an hour passing ultrasonic medicine through the tissues of the body;
methodical misbehavior in the process of preliminaries;
the wrong interpretation of the Rimanian tributes.

Acoustic tin

Between the tissue a good image of ultrasound, as a result, the passage of the exchange can be more re-privatized, and the distal end-to-end.

To extinguish the ultrasonic exchange, the size of the change is guilty of being equal to the width of the ultrasonic exchange or more. If the object is less than the width of the ultrasonic exchange, then the fabrics are designed on the screen, which is located distal.

Acoustic tin, it is not only formed from calculi, cyst fabrics and bulbs, but from the most common ones, most often from semi-fabricated ones. It is important to note that the visibility of the acoustic type does not lead to the diagnosis of other concretions, or the concretions can be seen as an intermittent development of echogenicity.

The ultrasonic focusing area reduces the width. When advancing, it is important that you are in the middle of the zone. There is a great chance of getting a few distal concrements and a guarantor, so that the region can be accessed with the smallest possible scanner design.

Artifact of a wide exchange abo krayovі efekti

In the case of a line scan, the edges of the disease are detected, the wikklicks are taken to the screen of a pre-juvenile object (for example, a cheekbone, naphtha) and an intestinal tract. At the same time, in the emptied statements, there is a “siege”, grave partitions, and a sub-contour appears.

There are a few shortcomings of ultrasonic transducers with their technical attachments and, for everything, the size of a p'zoelectric crystal. The ultrasound beam has a constant width, and when the image is formed, it is transmitted, but it is absolutely flat. There can be a lot of vicissitudes, if there is a feeling of being in the middle of the ultrasonic exchange at once.

To change the number of pardons, until the guilt is carried out not less than at two projections, optimally at 90 °; and it is also possible to reduce the position of the patient, when the position of the internal organs is changed, one Drut can be seen.

Tsey priyom can vyavitsya even more valuable, as a winnieg pidozra on an artifact of a wide exchange.
Similar to the artifact of a wide exchange, the contours of the summaries of organs can be curved and displayed as well. This is how the intestine is reminded, it can be removed from the cuttings, and the changes of its contours. In order to turn on the pardons of this kind, all regions may be admitted in decile areas, and the patient is guilty of being in new positions.
Artifact "the tail of a comet".

When ultrasonic waves are passed through the illumination, the curved surfaces strongly drive the phenomenon of the "comet tail", which is less critical. diagnostic value... Wine manifests itself in the vigilance of epozitivnoy line or cone-like smog and in the course of ultrasonic exchange.

The main reason for this is the convergence of acoustic beams and the summation of the energy going through small after the size of the object when the ultrasonic problems are displayed in one direction.

The most common phenomenon is spontaneous when scanned small calcifications, other gum stones, bulbs to gas, metal bodies (other), when it is carried out through the ribs, the presence of an overwhelming surplus between the sensor and the small

shvidk_sniy artifact

When imaging the image, it is imperative that the sound is smooth in the middle of the fabric, as long as 1540 m / s. It is necessary to start the process in order to turn the signal for an hour before re-registering the signal before the object.

The increase in the degree of expansion of ultrasonic impulses in the depths and in the tissues should be made up to the shape of the curved image of the objects, for example, up to 5% or more.
Mirror view.

Bagatorazovye imaging of ultrasonic needles when passing through the objects with fissile surfaces (diaphragm, capsule of the stove, stinks of the vessels) to form the pompous "structures" or "approved", disassembled distal or proximal. For soft fabrics, the acoustic impedance in the larger world is to be found in the form of collagen and other fabrics.
As a result, a mirror image of an object is more dorsal than a true concretion, for example, in a furnace and a selenium.

As a rule, many images appear when scanned through the middle with insignificant changes in the energy of ultrasonic chills (for example, the tips of the cuttings, the stove), behind some rosettes, the lines are bent over; as well as with advanced organs that have grown on great glybin (with ascites).

Artifact of Bichy Pelusts

The width of the ultrasonic exchange is not the same, when the input sounds sound, it stays open in the focus zone, then, it penetrates faster, expands. Deyakі sound іvіlіyayutsya from the main way (їх are called sound peels). The stench is less intense, but only some of the strong ones in the middle of the dwarfs give a view of the mirror, which can be taken over. The scanner is able to scan through the main exchange and display the residual image as an artifact. Largely focused exchanges of mensh graves to artifacts of bicar tails and a wide exchange.

Zovnishn electro-magnetic injection

Artefacts, wikipedia, electromagnetical dyes, are stored from loose lines and echogenic smogs, which will start to rotate along the axis of changing ultrasound.

Artefacts in the vigilance of unclear images of the contours of the organs and of the derangements, the inconsistency of the technical structure is detected when the scanned importantly accessible children are scanned, in the patients with an overwhelming mass of women. In many cases, there is a secondary replacement of line sensors on the sector, which can be used as a larger spaced building for a minimum contact surface and the appearance of a sector beam of ultrasonic needles. When the contours of small organs are implanted, it is necessary to vibrate the correct focus and conduct a polyproject follow-up.

Artifact of echogenicity zone and focus

In addition, if the ultrasound is in the focal zone, the intensity of the sound in one area is greater, but less in the middle. Signals coming from the whole area may be of great intensity, but not from similar tissue surfaces in the middle of the ultrasonic exchange.

more acoustically

When passing the ultrasonic exchange through the tissue, it is possible to be on the same level, it can be weakened in the different step, and the intensity of the exchange, which can reach the distal tissue, can change. The image will be yaskravіshim at the moment of passing through the back structures through the weakness, in porous with soft fabrics, fading. There is a great intensity of the exchange behind the backward structures of the wicklik, and it is more pronounced than the effect of ultrasound in tissues that are spread distally. In addition, the signals that appear behind such structures can be better or more manageable in proportion to susceptible echo signals on the glybin. Also acoustically feasible can be spared to the back of one-sided fabrics.

The surface of the scanner, the screen, the gel, set up an acoustic cord from the sensor in the room, and the signal generated by the signal can be generated by the baggage ring. Sounds are generated as well as new pulses to ultrasound. As soon as the signal is given to finish the pressure for detection by the scanner, then the effect of reverberation is detected. Wines are manifested in repetitive swarthy swans, lingering in the near field of the screen at 90 ° to the axis of the exchange. The reverbation can be promoted distally from the surface with a strong building, which, for example, is visualized behind the back wall of the mikhur, memorized by the origin.

In order to guarantee the accuracy of the preliminaries, it is necessary to know how to control the scanner and its sensors, to respect the beast for the hardened image, to see the method of observance, to remember about the past physical artifacts. I, nareshty, persh not singing those in the known pathological changes, the doctor from ultrasound diagnostics is guilty of being overcontained in himself.

Vikoristan Literature:

1. R.A.L.Bisset; A.N. Khan. Differential Diagnosis in Abdominal Ultrasound.
2. A.I.Dergachev. Ultrasound diagnostics ailment of internal organs. Moscow. 1995 r

Ultrasound dosage - one of the most progressive, reliable and quick methods visualization of the organs of the human body, which is, until then, financially available practically to the skin of people. The very principle of ultrasonic scanning is the difference in the stages of visualization of sound implications of objects from the development of more than a hundred years to be stuck in the fleet, industry, in the case of a medical doctor.

Over the last fifty years, the walls have become wide, but nowadays obstetrics, cardiology, gynecology, urology, surgery, and even even more richly a hall of medicine, it’s hard to detect without a victorious indispensable method of the human body’s perception.

After an hour, the patient is provided with an ultrasound diagnostic car for the additional sensor, it is directed to the child's mind, insensible to the sound of a sound high frequency On the other hand, a signal is received by the sensor for the organ and the sensor, which can be deciphered and deciphered by a straining computer and displayed on the screen at the black-white two-trivial image.

• echogenicity

  More dark ultrasound images are called. It is practical to pass through ultrasound, it is not possible to penetrate - bristles, judges, adipose tissue. Bigger lights reproduce the sound more strongly, they call them high acoustic performance or overheated ones. Most often the price of stone, calcification or cystic approval and structure.

  In large cases, the ultrasound picture of the surrounding organs and structures is larger, so the appearance of non-elastic organs in the case of hypo- or hyperechogenic inclusion is often more likely to involve pathology and the need for a special analysis.

  Incorporation of augmentation in the developmental organs

  We will try to get back to you, with the most hyperechogenic inclusions, it is most often possible to be able to use ultrasonic diagnostics. Most of the time, there are high acoustic levels of performance, mattresses, prostates, selets, nirkahs, chewing and chaffing.

  

  M'yak_ fabrics

  At the sight of a bright and healthy illumination in the products of soft fabrics, old hematomas are most often seen, as they did not reject the name, but sclerosed and became a misplaced application of calcium salts. It is not uncommon to see cephalohematomas and newborns in this way. In the main part of the statement, you can be a vipadkovyu znachіdkoy and not wickedly be in peace. In case of development of calcinate, it is necessary to turn to a surgeon for caution, and in some cases it is a sign of destructive therapy.

  uterus

  You can find calcifications, which are formed by abortions, viskoblyuvannya, vikidniv, the introduction of contraceptive spirals, as well as the result of a number of chronic illnesses. For internal surgical operations and manipulation and during the period of hyperechogenic blood clots it is possible to develop. Do not go to waste, but to poli, miomi and see you can see at the sight of the energy density of the universities and the inclusion. To that, in times of failure, it is not a good idea to go to a gynecologist.

  

  prostate

  Light, brightly incorporated into the prostate and stone organ, which are formed from calcium and phosphorus salts. Such coverage does not depend on the same size (from 2 mm to 20 mm) and shape. Most frequent prostate stones chronic prostatitis For adenomy, ala inodі stench can become a vipadkovuyu sorcerer. In a larger world, prostate calcification occurs in 75% of men in the last 50 years. Take the diagnosis of prostate calcifications in a sedentary way of life, dynamism and triviality in the life of the article's life. By itself, calcification does not lead to discomfort and does not require treatment (as it does not lead to symptoms of prostatitis). Let us share the contraindications for the application of calcium salts in the prostate є її massage through the great risk of traumatization.

  

  Zhovchny i ​​sechovy mikhur

  І sectional mikhura There may be not only stones, but also some and only polys. Polyp is extremely less efficient, and it is 8-10 mm in size in small droplets. The stones of the zhovchny mikhura seem to be very efficient, and they sound acoustic tinny behind me. Oh, you can smudge through the ice until you can see the empty rusks' mikhur. for differential diagnostics, The patient should be asked to remember his camp. The stones scramble down, and drift away to the colossal mischief.

  

  spleen

  Дрібні, sludge up to 3 mm - calcification. Most often they start out, like a vipadkova sorcerer. Large inclusion with clear contours, zvichy tricut forms - signs of old injuries and splenic infarctions. No, no special treatment is not possible. Especially respect will require the energy density of the spleen, there may be unclear boundaries, a heterogeneous structure, or it seems to be acoustic. So they can see abscesses of the spleen and metastases of malignant fluffs.

  

  nirki

  Hyperechogenic are of particular interest, which can be used as signs to complete wide range get sick.

  

  Ultrasound nirok

  Teepee of exhilarating nyrcish apparitions

  Rozdilimo efficiency of coverage on three main types:

  Great efficiency of illumination, which gives an acoustic tone

  In overgrowths, there are large concretions of nirok (stones, macrocalcifications). I would like a picture, I can give sclerosed, for example ignition process, lymphatic university. Old nirkovy hematomas can also be calcified and imituvati ultrasound signs of sechoamy ailments. nirkovokam'yana hvoroba use nephrologists and urologists. Most often there is a special day, a number of medicinal preparations for rozchinennya stones, sanatoriums and health resorts. Periodic ultrasonic testing is carried out, which shows the dynamism of the mill of hyperechogenic inclusions in the test tubes. Hirurgic operation It is recognized only in extreme cases - with the obstruction of the secular paths, when more pains occur, due to infections.

  Great equitable and efficient coverage without acoustic technology

  Most often, this is how they see the good approval of nirok - fibroma, hemangiomy, Oncocytoma. For the purpose of making a patient and making a number of laboratory analyzes, it is seen as a surgical method of resection, or a partial visualization with a subordinate basic biopsy material.

  Yaskravі dotsіtnye inclusion in nirkah, but not to lose the acoustic tіnі

  In this vipadku there are two options. The first - many non-small calcifikati, other stone nirok, nirkovy "pisok". Another option - other inclusions, sizes up to 3 mm, even higher density - psamoznі tіla, for which you want to add more details.

  

  Isoechogenic education

  Psamoznі (abo psammoznie) tila

  Psamoznі (abo psammoznie) tіla represent many hyperechogenic inclusions in nirkakh rounded form, sizes most often from 0.5 mm to 3 mm. The structure is thin sharuvat, the stench is composed of a bilkovo-lipid component, encrusted with calcium and phosphorus salts. At normi, you can start this education in cerebral membranes In some cases, the protesting of them in the nirk fabric can (do not be expected) to lead to the manifestation of a malignant affirmation, most often - papillary carcinoma. Caution and treatment of this pathology is a physician-nephrologist and an urologist.

  On ultrasound, psamoznі tіla represent the growth of yaskravikh point structures of a dawn size, but it doesn’t obscure the acoustic tіnі (a symptom of a dawning sky). Dani to illuminate the most acoustical proficiency in the middle of all fabrics of human organism, which is clearly visible on the smallest organ. Psamoznі tіltsya roztasovuyutsya not only in the fabric of chubby (I want їх concentration in nіy significant vishche), ala і along the periphery from it and in lіmphatic universities, but to be found close.

  

  The value of a great number of other points of echostructure in a nirk tissue is one of the most reliable ultrasound signs of an oncological neoplasm. At times of visualization, it is necessary to especially retract the visualization of non-woven fabrics and adjacent structures.

  Differential diagnostics of psamoznі time is carried out with exosignals for the type of "comet tail".

  When hyperechogenic inclusions are detected in nirkah, consultations of such faculty members are shown, such as a urologist, a nephrologist. Only the doctor, the medical history of the disease, the data of ultrasound and other methods before the diagnosis, as well as the laboratory data, can put the best diagnosis and indicate an adequate diagnosis. Ultrasonic diagnostic test should be done with ultrasound scan, but not with diagnostics!

  At the end, though it would be obvious, what if a pathology was revealed with ultrasound, or what was it about? not є broadly. It’s sooner a clue to you, I’ll respect you for a powerful way of life and putting it to a pathfinder and a difficult-to-renew resource, which we have - vlasny health.

Stone yak start echogenic structures, I will follow me with an acoustic tone. Acoustic tin is an artifact that is a result of significant development in the acoustic power of stone and navkolishnyy yogo. It is not necessary to create a sound from a stone before the sound does not widen behind it, and it looks like a tin. Sonographically, the criteria of calculus are: a) echogenicity, and b) retrospectively, acoustic tone. The stone stones can be moved to zhovchny mikhury when changing the position of the patient.

it is necessary to be unique plutanini mіzh such appearances, as dorsal to the strength of ultrasound that is acoustic tіn. Dorsalnaya posilennya viglyadaє yak yaskrava region, scho vinikє with cystic illumination. Navpaki, the acoustic tin is an anechogenic zone, and the establishment of a viclikano in the presence of stones. Guess what your tilo is on a dream come true. At the real svitі tіnі chornі; ton of ultrasound is also black.

When ultrasound organs black empty Acoustic tinnitus is associated with such structures as calcifications and ribs. Two-fingered guts The slider can also be acoustically behind itself, due to the presence of empty gas. Pereshkoja gas extended to ultrasound. The aim is to rotate in the significant difference in the acoustic power of the gas and soft fabrics, so that it can be brought into its own accord until the acoustic power is approved. Malicious statements of milky zolozi often give an acoustic tone, unaffected by those who do not smell calcifications.

solid news organs of worms with an ultrasound scan are fired in the very development of the dead. Such puffs, like hemangiomi, can start as echogenic education. The majority of metastatic fluffs appear as hypoechoic or hyperechogenic illnesses. Great hepatomas are seen as heterogeneous illumination. The land of solid apparatuses can be slicked, unsettled, kind of disgusting.

Ultrasound imaging of the ruminant

Evidence from a sonographer with ultrasound, It is carried out on the heart, without practical visualization in the majority of patients, in the minds of a young man. Call for more beautiful 3.5-MHz convex or sectoral sensors, which allow you to scan the organ with the most beautiful rank in the middle or through the mid-ribs. Artists have a 5.0 MHz sensor in case of surface shaving.

yaksho patient the heart, the cheeky michur appears as an anechogenic fine structure of the oval shape, sounds in a straight line. The diameter of a normal chewing mikhur of the warehouse is 3-4 cm, and it can be up to 10 cm. To prepare until the end of the day, the child should be able to think about it for 8 hours. Since the 8th year of hunger, the child's mischief does not appear because of the lack of prompts, because of the 96%

In 70% of vipadkіv it is possible to beat the main plot furrow ovens, which begin with late scanned at the sight of the echogenicity of the linear structure, which can be passed through the right wing gateway veni to the chewing mikhur. Linear echostructure can be used as vikoristan yak orintir for the joke of a ruminant mikhura, which is especially cinnamon when trying to find calculus in a quick ruminant mikhura.

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The procedure of ultrasound diagnosis allows for the importance of the particular function of the given organ, the integrity of its structure and the appearance of any possible pathologies in the eyes of evil or good-hearted ones. The plates in the normal stanch may have a rounded shape, they are symmetrical and do not represent ultrasonic waves. With the appearance of the appearance, there can be a change in the size and shape of the shape, asymmetric growth, and also the development of illumination, as well as the display of ultrasound.

Hyperechogenic inclusions in nirkah - prices of new education abo side room, I do not take revenge on the ground, I may have a low sound conductivity and high acoustic performance. Oscillations of the strength of foreign structures are greater for the thickness of the nirk tissue, ultrasound damage during the previous session is seen from them and leads to the phenomenon of hyperactivity.

Also hyperechogenicity and acoustic tin

"Echogenicity" is the essence of solid and hard physical skills to evoke sounds. all internal organizations In fact, the ultrasound scan would be simply uncomfortable. "Hyper" - means for something, something, in our kind - for a zvychaynu ekhogennosti fabrics nirok. The hyperecho-signal means that in the middle of the nirk it has appeared, it is necessary to display the ultrasound pressure.

Likar on the screen viznachaє included in the light, mayzhe biliy plum, First and foremost, I respect you, if you see the included acoustic tone, so that a bunch of ultrasonic failures that have not passed the crisis. Ultrasound is a tough one, well, you can't miss it.

Hyperechogenic inclusion is not self-reliant, but a signal about the development of pathology in the middle of the world.

Klinichna picture: symptoms and signs

Without an ultrasound scan, the manifestation of a new affair is practically uncomfortable, however, as a rule, the stench is supravodzhuyutsya such symptoms:

• The temperature has been adjusted for a few more lower view back;
• changes of the color of the slash (it is old brown, yaskravo-abo dark-red);
• coli (single and paroxysmal) in the Nirkov region;
• post_in_ boli (state і / abo niyuchі) in the groin;
• lock it up, cheer up on sneaks;
• tediousness and bloating.

See the inclusion and the possibility of getting sick

Even in the empty nirkas, and often both, there is a gaping of the great obsyagu (0.5-1.5 cm3), it seems to be an acoustic tin, the stench will smell on the stone in the middle of the nirkas. You can add lymfovuzol to sclerosed lymfovuzol, which is approved by the fiery-ignition process, or in the course of chronic ignition ailment.

Sclerotherapy - the whole pathological replacement of healthy functional elements of any organ with a good tissue for the onset of damage to its functions and deaths.

As all the middle nirkas appear alone, they do not look like an acoustic type, but it can be a signal:

• cystic emptyings, filled with a generation or empty;
• sclerotherapy of sudin nirki;
• dry, not yet hardened stones (stones);
• piska;
• ignition process: carbuncle or abscess;
• fatty gorge in nirkovo fabric;
• hemorrhage with the appearance of hematomas;
• development of pukhlin, the nature of which needs to be specified.

As well as hyperechogenic illumination of others (0.05-0.5 cm3), it appears on the screen as bright blinks, and the acoustic signal of the day, the moon-signals of psychotic illumination or calcifications, which often do not appear at all

Psamoznі (psammoznie) tіltsya - sharuvati osvіti rounded forms of bilkovo-fatty store, incrustated with calcium salts. To be seen in the days of the Sudin, the cerebral sheaths, and some types of puffins.

Calcification - calcium salt, which is used in m'yak_ fabric, Urazhenі chronic zapalennyam.

Afterwards, you can find out more types of hyperechogenic inclusions with the manifestation of this or without it.

Before the warehouse of malignant fluffs, 30% of the types include calcifications, 50% of the types - psamosti, and 70% of the types include sclerosed areas.

There is a high degree of immunity to hyperechogenic inclusion in nirkahs with the presence of secular ailments, infectious diseases, chronic or recurrent igneous illnesses: glomerulonephritis, hydronephrosis, perinephrosis.

Setting up an accurate diagnosis and preliminary procedure

From the basic doctor, which analyzes the classical picture of your discomfiture, you must go through further details, clarifying the nature of the statement.

Whenever there is a suspicion of stones, pies, hematomas in nyrkas, it is recognized that the external and advanced analysis of the slaughter is recognized, which is the storage of mineral salts in them, as well as the analysis of blood for the purpose of weak lanks, the exchange of speech to the organisms.

As soon as the Nirka Bula is injured, it has become hemorrhagic, fatty tissue has become established, or the cyst, sclerosed judgment and surgery is required, - to carry out an MRI scan with the purpose of a precise method of turning on.

They also started oncology, the necessary blood analysis for tumor markers and tissue biopsy in the organ. If the quality of the chickens has been successful, then the sonoelastography (ultrasonic test) has been carried out, so that cancers of the cob stages are detected, which is why the localization and size of the chickens are microscopic. Specialist of high quality can visually differentiate the quality of the new solution.

Evidence of hyperechogenic bodies is not a ghost for panic, for lack of indifference, it is necessary to be in good stead, to establish a diagnosis and resolution.

Prevention and treatment

professional come in As a rule, they include victorious folk methods of love. So for the production of a piste or stones of a small size, it is efficiently stagnant. grass zbori and lykarski zasobi, as recognized as a lykar. stone big size(More than 5 mm) either see, or carry out crushing with a laser or ultrasonic viprominuvanny with further vivedenny by the method of lithotripsy. fired up nirok to be elated by the nobility of antibiotics.

In case of malignant and kindly puffy pathologies, carry out promptly. goodness new and the brush is visible by the method of resection or partial visualization. With evil assertions, the whole nirka is seen in whole with the vicarious chemotherapy and the new exchange methods.

Accurate setting of the diagnosis and treatment program is possible only in case of malignancy to a qualified and pre-approved problem: a nephrologist or a urologist.

moipochki.ru

hyperechoic inclusions

Type and structure

On the UZD apparatus, the vivcha nirki dana new solution shows how other lines are shown, points or general structures high indicator echogenicity. Їx can be poured in the boundaries of nirk fabric.

In the practice of medicine it is noted that it is given hyperechoic inclusions by calcifications They see dots of particles without an acoustic conduit, which are called microcalcifications. If microcalcifications are evident in the university education, then we can declare about the ear of the development of evil chickens.

So, as the overheating illumination is repaired, it is clearly manifested only in the evil puffs, in the puddles of the evil straightforwardness, they see these types of structures:

• Half of the economic knowledge is stored by the psamoznі.
• Calcification is introduced as much as 30%.
• Sclerosed dilyanka - 70%.

At ultrasonic examination, good-natured pukhlin nirka was revealed, that is, it’s not a good thing, it’s a little sickly, calcifications are also very sensitive. Most often, sclerotherapy is indicated.

Types of hyperechogenic inclusions in diagnostics

The date included in the nirkah of the building is tilki fahіvets before the hour of the procedure for diagnostics. You can talk about the stones in the heart and the appearance of the squeak. On the current day, you see a few types of these inclusions:

With the help of ultrasound, it is possible to find out more precisely the hyperechogenic inclusion in nirkakh. In addition, it is possible to detect their presence for a number of symptoms. These can be:

• Adjusted temperature.
• Zmіna koloru sechі.
• Parts of the ring in the area of ​​nirok.
• strong pain in the belly or at the bottom of the belt or at the end pain syndrome in the groin.
• Bluish and boring.

Symptoms are universal and are similar to the manifestation of ailments, which are similar to those with age on stones in nirkas. it is necessary to immediately turn to the license at. The process of uniqueness of the progress of the disease on the skin goes through and on the outside diagnostics of the analysis of the blood, slaughter, and feces. With such a rank, it is possible to prevent the development of ailments and uniqueness of ailments.

Prophylaxis of stones in the chute є often implanting ridini at the viglyadi vodi, Infusion of sipshini, tea with herbs (gorobina, motherboard, peppermint and іnshі). The managers of the їy organism are cleansed from slags and salts, so that the skin is released before the hour.

Lіkuvannya hyperechogenic illumination nirok

Hyperechogenic inclusions, as a rule, are manifested in the viglyad:

Yakshcho at ultrasonic scanning it was revealed at the dawn of a lapse, todi likar to make the patients more complex coverage of MRI scanning... In some cases, with important problems, the biopsy of the nirka can be known.

Hyperechogenic switching is possible, however difficult it will be. Kamenі vivodyat decіlkoma methods. The basis of the first method is є often sechovipuskannya, yak wiklikuat іznіy sechogіnnnyh grasses abo lykarskiy zasobami, Assigned a likarem. We give the method a small coverage up to 5 mm.

Porozhninna operation is shown when finishing the great stones. Alternative option є vivedennya stones behind the laser, Yakim carried out crushing, and then vivedennya. You can also add stones for an additional ultrasound.

Poor pathology of evil or good-natured snake is seen by an operative way. Hyperechogenic illumination and brushing are tidied up by the method of partial hanging (resection). As soon as the malady ailment is neglected, the plump is seen at once with nirkoy, and then it is recognized that it is treated with chemotherapy. Such a radical vipad needs a long time to see children.

Remember, you can make an accurate diagnosis only if you can qualify fahivets. Likuvannya is recognized on the basis of ultrasound and analysis results. Engaging in self-destruction is not a matter of course, as it is often possible to bring the situation to the end.

pechen.guru

With ultrasound dosage hyperechoic inclusions vizualizuyutsya like points, lines or general structures of high efficiency, as they start in the boundaries of the fabric of illumination; a part of hyperechogenic structures can be supravodzhuvatysya acoustically (div. fig. 120).

Tradition of treating hyperechogenic inclusions - " calcification" microcalcifications ", Similar to point hyperactive particles without acoustic type, і " macrocalcati»- hyperechogenic dilenks, which may have a characteristic acoustic tone. The presence of the "microcalcifications" at the university has a large number of pre-existing ones, as one of the most important signs of this evil.

Hyperechogenic inclusions were most often sponsored by us in the evil pukhlins (75%), below the good (5%) universities. At the same time, three types of structures appeared in the evil puffins morphologically: 1) psamoznі tіltsya (50%), 2) calcification(30%) i, most often, 3) dilyanka sclerosis(Close to 70%). At the beginning of the evil new-foundations, in the good universities the psychology of the children did not start morphologically, in the small schools it was obvious calcifications(5.13%). Nybilsh often also appeared dilyanka sclerosis(More than 60%).

Otrimanі results and usgozhuyutsya with the data of Garretti L. z spіvavt. і Leung C. S. s spivavt. about the manifestation of psychoactive tissue in 25 - 50% of papillary carcinomas, and also by robots Kuma K. zi spivavt. , Zaccheroni V. s spivavt. і Bruneton J. In some nodules, scho, krym evil poohlin, calcifications morphologically appear with nodular goiter and follicular adenomas.

Based on ultrasonic characteristics and morphological changes, hyperechogenic structures of the thyroid gland can be divided into three types:

1) yaskravі points ;

2) room without acoustic type;

3) about an acoustic tone.

Yaskrav_ points_ hyperechogenic є We will examine the ultrasound familiarity of the psyche, earlier than other calcifications (Fig. 171). With the presence of ultrasound signs, the morphological ratio of the number of elements becomes approximately 4: 1.

Small. 171. Papillary carcinoma (pathogistological preparation): А- psamoznі tіltsya (pathogіstologіchny preparation - cit. For Bogdanova T. I., fragment); V- calcification (pathological preparation - cit. For Rubin E., fragment).

psamoznі tіltsya(Fig. 172) are a special type of calcifications. The structure may be highly important in ultrasound diagnostics of papillary carcinomas. " Vidminnoy special papillary carcinoma є presence psamoznі tіlets You can see the sprout of a tree's stem with its characteristic rings, increasing from the center to the periphery. Psalmosis can be found in the stroma of the swelling and navkolishny tissue of the thyroid gland, in the lymph capillaries, especially with diffuse-sclerosing variants of papillary carcinoma, as well as in the metastases of papillary vascular carcinoma. On the thought of a large number of glimpses, the stench settles on the scene of papillae ruining, due to which they are often called “tombstones” of papillas that have died. Psalms are not traced to calcifications, which are susceptible to thyroid pathology, and not only to papillary carcinoma "(cited for T. I. Bogdanova,).

Psychology and calcification may cause the greatest acoustic gap from the structures of the thyroid gland and thyroid neoplasms. Such a special feature allows the visualization of the elements even at sizes, so that they can become more than half of the first half at a frequency of 7.5 MHz (from 100 microns). The size of the psychosis is variable, but it does not overtake the amount of ultrasound (200 microns). Echographic meaning (visualization) є okremi structure with a size of 100 - 150 microns, as well as purchase dlibnіshh tіletsh 30 - 50 elements ("grape grono"), the zagalny size of which can reach 500 - 600 microns.

Small. 172.(Pathogistological preparation) [cit. by Yamashita S., 1996].

With ultrasound pre-detection of psalmology, it is possible to visualize yak many, even more pronounced, dots, transient structures without acoustic type(Fig. 173). Descriptions of ultrasonic signs are related to structures. The stage of hyperechogenicity of psychogenicity of finding from the most hyperechogenic structures; stink clearly on the fabric, or be echogenic. In some cases, the specialty is of primary importance in ultrasound diagnostics and isoechogenic carcinomas.

Small. 173. High points... Osvita with a size of 39 mm, wrong form, without clear boundaries, unevenly reduced echogenicity. At the fabric of the university, many different points of hyperechogenic structures without acoustic type begin. Point hyperechogenic inclusion of localization is important in iso-echogenic puffin dairy products. PTGI - non-encapsulated papillary carcinoma of papillary-solid buds with the appearance of numerous psamodencies.

In most cases of malignant microcalcifications with papillary carcinoma, they develop earlier, less psychoactively. The stench is perceived as lonely sound signals without acoustic signals (Fig. 174). The same ultrasonic sign can be used if there are certain groups of psychotherapies.

Small. 174. Dots of hyperechogenic inclusion... Osvita with a size of 13 mm, wrong form, without clear boundaries, unevenly reduced echogenicity. Near the fabric of the university, there are some hyperechogenic structures without an acoustic type. PTHI - non-encapsulated papillary carcinoma of a typical papillary bud with the appearance of single calcifications.

Yaskravі dotsі, hyperechogenic inclusions began only with papillary carcinoma (65%). With the presence of ultrasound signs, morphological morphology in the structure of the tissue was most often psamoznі tіltsya (80%), later - other calcifications (20%) and dіlyanka sclerosis (6.5%).

The greatest turnover (number) of point hyperechogenic inclusions is more susceptible to papillary-solid buds of papillary carcinomas, especially in diffuse-sclerosing variants of swelling. In a large number of small points, echo signals start not only in the gaps of the tissue, but also practically in the whole volume of the thyroid gland, as well as in the smaller regional lymph universities. Appointed ultrasound specificity of using the results of morphological dosages of Bogdanovo T. І. s sp_vavt. , Yakimy admit, how psamoznі tіletsya on the muscular tissue of papillae in malignant papillary tissue, metastasis of swelling in lymphatic nodes, as well as lymphous capillaries of papillae of thyroid glandular tissue

Thus, the visualization of many different point echo signals in one of the most significant independent ultrasonic signals evil papillary fabric... Differentiation of dots, hyperechoic switching is necessary for the echo signal "comet tail".

Ob'mni hyperechogenic switching on without acoustic type It starts in both good and bad statements, in the childish sleep ratio 1: 7. Smell є the important ultrasound familiarity of fibrous-sclerotic women, as in case of pathological diagnosis of 80% of diseases

Have sick people kindly take off Confirmed by the definitions of the hyperechogenic switching-ons without an acoustic type of visualization alone structures and spostering in all types of good university pathology (Fig. 175).

Small. 175. Amount of hyperechogenic structure without acoustic type... Isoechogenic illumination of the correct form, with a hydrophilic cordon, to avenge other empty spaces. At the fabric of the university, there is a large hyperechogenic structure without an acoustic type. PTHI is an adenoma of heterogeneous bud with the appearance of sclerotic and cystic changes.

Frequently, as "fibrous signals" are interpreted linear hyperechogenic signals, they appear in the fabric of good universities, and to replace many other small empty spaces (Fig. 176). These signals are indicative of a severe acoustic effect on the back wall of hydrophilic light (cystic, sudin) and morphologically fibrous structures not є.

Small. 176. Pseudophibrosis... Isoechogenic vuzol of the correct form, with an intermittent hydrophilic cordon, revenge many other thin-walled cystic emptyings, on the rear surfaces of which it is meant hyperechoic strength of the ecosignal.

for papillary carcinomas characteristic rotations of fibrosclerotic wrinkles from the side of the stroma (Fig. 177).

Small. 177. Sclerosis(Histological preparation, scheme) ... Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland, diffuse-sclerosing variant. Signs of diffuse puffy growth, swelling with sclerosis(Histological preparation - cit. For Bogdanova T. I.).

With ultrasonic detection of puffins, it is possible to prevent lonely large amounts of hyperechogenic puffins without acoustic type, and more often to visualize multiple structures (Fig. 178).

Small. 178. Ob'mni hyperechogenic structures without acoustic type... Hypoechogenic approval with a size of 24 mm, improperly shaped contour, unclean cordon, vivid vascular structures. The university will take revenge on many hyperechogenic dishes without acoustic solutions. PTGI - encapsulated papillary carcinoma with swollen sclerotic symptoms.

Hyperechogenic inclusions without acoustic type were diagnosed by us with all anaplastic, 35% papillary, 25% cerebral and 10% follicular carcinomas.

O'єmni hyperechoic switching on with acoustic tone The diagnosis of sclerosis and great Calcifications in morphological conditions is approximately 3: 1. A whole range of ultrasound signs can be used in the case of great purchases of psalms.

Ob'mni hyperechogenic inclusion with an acoustical tone begins mainly in the fabric of evil universities (83%) and is significantly older than good ones.

at good high school pathology hyperechogenic switching on with acoustic tonnuyuyuyutsya to endure a little, the stench is from us only in 4% of the ailments, in all cases, in all cases, it is graphically appeared alone structures (fig. 179).

Small. 179. Volume of hyperechogenic structure with acoustic tone... Isoechogenic approval with a size of 46 mm, correct form, with equal hydrophilic cordon, the appearance of multiple small-sized cystic emptyings. The fabric of the university has a single, large hyperechogenic structure with an acoustic tone (s). PTGI - an adenoma of heterogeneous buds with okremia calcifications.

Have sick people mischievous puffs of ultrasonic signs were used in the third many structures (fig. 180). The presence of common hyperechogenic inclusions with an acoustic tone is indicated in four ailments with papillary and a third of ailments with medular carcinomas.

Small. 180. Ob'mni hyperechogenic structures with acoustic tone... Osvita with a size of 25 mm, incorrect form, without clear boundaries, unevenly reduced echogenicity. Many hyperechogenic structures with acoustic tone begin. PTHI - non-encapsulated papillary carcinoma of the follicular-solid buds with severe stromal sclerosis.

More than half of the ailments are indispensable day early hyperechogenic inclusion: in good universities, hyperexogenous structures with acoustic shadows and without them, morphologically indicated the appearance of fibrous-sclerotic diseases and calcifications; sick people evil new creatures The beginning of the development of a combination of yaskravikh points with the memory, which indicated the presence of psychotic symptoms, leading to sclerosis and calcifications (Fig. 181).

Small. 181. Receipt of early hyperechogenic inclusions... Osvita with a size of 47 mm, incorrect form, without clear boundaries, unevenly reduced echogenicity. There are many points and memory (with acoustic tone) hyperechogenic inclusion, as well as developmental twisting of vascular structures. PTGI - non-encapsulated papillary carcinoma, most importantly papillary-solid budov and with swelling of fibrous-sclerotic symptoms, a great number of calcifications and psalmosis.

In such a rank, hyperechogenic inclusion is often more likely to occur in the tissue of carcinomas, below the good universities. frankness many hyperechogenic structures of any types, especially dots, are notable for self-imposed ultrasonic familiarity of malignant puffins of the thyroid gland.

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Does the term itself mean?

The prefix "giper", which can be entered before the warehouse of folding medical terms, in the walnut means "ponad", "increase in the norm".

Another part of the word - "echogenicity" - is to resemble the good of all the familiar word "zho" and means the building of someone else, for what it is to represent the sound of sickness. Oskilki mov about ultrasound dosage, then the word "echogenicity", in this sense, means the health of the device to respond to ultrasound problems.

Now, the meaning of the skin part of the folding medical term, You can ask about the meaning of the whole word.

The word “hyperechogenic illumination in the chewing mikhury” means that in the chewing mishura there is a confirmation of the overworld of ultrasound imaging. On the screen, we will be able to see the light of the day.

Yake tse approved?

Especially not thoughtful, it is possible to say with good luck, but the decision is even more profound. That is why only more advanced visualization of ultrasound with the advancement of retaliation.

Otzhe, in the cheeky mihury є leave the unseen illumination, to finish up, wonderfully imaging ultrasound chvili. More powerful, less navkolishnі th fabrics.

Step on, I respect the doctor of ultrasound diagnostics for the animal, - tse those who are in charge of the decision. Chi yes tse is so called "acoustic tin".

Why is it important?

That is why there is an acoustical appearance behind something to speak of about those who have heard an object that is sickly, and that they do not miss ultrasound for themselves.

How can you be?

Rustic stone stone

It’s a likar to go back to the chiln’s inventions in the chef’s michura, acoustically.

Wait a minute, stone - it’s even stronger, it’s more solid, but ultrasound doesn’t want to penetrate the crying. The very fact behind him is a dark road, or "acoustic tin".

1 - stone

2 - zhovchny mikhur

3 - acoustic tin

4 - oven

It's a pity, Ale, not everything is so simple.

Polipi zhovchny mikhura

With such a high degree of power, the deyaki of the polyp of the zhovchny mikhur. Tse polіpi, "leaked" with cholesterol, so called, cholesterol polіpi.

Polіp for its nature - light up soft tissue, and for that, let us see only a part of ultrasonic hwils. Reshta and hvili pass through the cold.

Such vipadkas are displayed on the screen of the ultrasound apparatus, as an introduction to the average efficiency, tobto, as a sire education. Such polyp nicoli do not give an acoustic tone for themselves.

And only in the same way, if the tissue on the polyp is replaced by cholesterol, the polyp becomes as strong as the stone of the moth moth. In the whole type of drop, the polyp from the stone is folded in a folding manner.

What is the origin of the stone from the polyp?

Foldable, altogether more flexible.

rupture

Adzhe polіp - tse good-natured pukhlina, how to go out of the stink of a minky mikhur, and to that, she is clearly, unreasonably tied with her. Polіp neruhomiy.

Yak bi did not turn around the patient, like b rukhi tilom win not coping bi, polyp from his own mission does not collapse. It’s always on one and the same place. It is not only possible to bachiti on the lower stance of the zhovchny mikhura (yak stone), but on the upper or other walls.

Call the stone on the right! It’s a matter of setting yourself up in the middle of the empty rump of the crock and not being tied up in that wall. Vin is vilny in his oversubscribed.

Vilny comes from the connection with the stinks of the chewing mikhur, but it is not in accordance with the law of all sacred labor. To that, if the patient turns from the side to the side or lie on the back, the stone will move and see if it appears on the lower station. At tiy stіntsі, yak "closer to the ground."

The main reason for this is the appearance of the stone of the ruminant michura from the polyp.

Є, vividly, vipad, since the stone is practically impossible to differentiate from the polynomial of the ruminant. It is so difficult to find out if the stone is even smaller, 1-2 mm. The pads are small and light, so they do not sit on the bottom, but "float" in the gum. Abo "stuck" to the top of the stinzi zhovchnogo michur and trim there for a day due to its own insignificant mass.

If you look at the patient with respectful and non-one-time glance, you can see exactly what kind of stone from the polynomial of the cheekbones.

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