1. The main stages of the formation of hematopoiesis and immunocytopoiesis in phylogenesis.

2. Classification of blood-forming organs.

3. Zagalna morphofunctional characteristics of the blood-forming organs. Understanding about the specific micro-flow in the organs of the blood-forming organism.

4. Chervony kistkovy moss: development, budov and functions.

5. Thymus is the central organ of lymphocytopoiesis. Development, budova and functions. Vikova and accidental thymus involvement.

In the process of evolution, there is a change in the topography of the blood-forming organs (OCT), the acceleration of their budding and differentiation of functions.

1. In spineless: there is no clear organ localization of the hematopoietic tissue; Primitive cells of hemolymph (amoebocytes) are diffusely dispersed in tissues of organs.

2. In the lower ridge (cyclothous): there are the first vidokremleni of the middle of the hematopoietic system in the stem of the herbal tube. The basis of the blood-forming ciches is to become reticular tissue, є sinusoidal capillary.

3. In cartilaginous and bony ribs, the order of the blood cells in the stem of the herbal tube is formed by the OCT - spleen and thymus; є Intermediate CT scan and in gonads, interrenal tiltsy and navit in epicardi.

4. In high-organized ribs, in the middle of the CT scan, they appear in the cyst tissue.

5. In earthworms, organ pods are seen for myelopoiesis and lymphopoiesis.

6. Plasuns and ptahs have better organisms for small and lymphoid tissues; the main OCT is the red cystic brain.

7. In ssavts - the main OCT is the red cystic brain, in the other organs - lymphocytopoiesis.

Classification of OCT:

I. Central OCT

1. Chervonia cystkovy moss

II. peripheral OCT

1. Proper lymphatic organizations (in the course of lymphatic vessels - lymphatic universities).

2. Hemolymphoid organisms (along the course of the blood-bearing vessels - spleen, hemolymph nodes).

3. lymphoepithelial organization (lymphoid purchase from epithelium of mucous membranes of herbal, dichal, sechostatic systems).

Signal morphological and functional characteristics of OCT

Unimportant in terms of the value of the OCT, there is a lot of special - in djerels development, in budov and functions:

1. Dzherelo development - all OCTs are laid with mesenchim; a vinyat є thymus - to develop from the diet of 3-4 chickweed.

2. Dormancy in Budovia - the basis of all OCT is to become a complete tissue with special powers - reticular tissue. Vinyatok - thymus: the basis of the whole organ of the warehouse of the part of the epithelium (reticuloepithelial tissue).

3. Blood circulation OCT - well blood supply; may be of sinusoidal hemocapillary type (diameter 20 and more microns; in case of endothelial cells large schilines, pores, basal membrane is not susceptible - by the palms of the day; blood is opposed to the majority).

The role of reticular tissue in OCT

In the memory of the Republic of Tatarstan, it can be stored with clitin (retinal clitini, in a small number of fibroblast-like clitini, macrophages, ogryadny and plasmatic clitini, osteogenous clitinia) and small reticular cells. Reticular tissue in the OCT of the Vicon function:

1. Construction of specific micro-precision, which means a direct differentiation of ripening blood cells.

2. Trofikas ripen blood cells.

3. Phagocytosis and utilization of dead blood cells for crayfish phagocytosis of reticular cells and macrophages.

4. Support-mechanical function - a non-structural framework for ripening blood cells.

CHERVONIY KISTKOVIY BRAIN - central OCT, deyde yak mylopoez, so lymphocytopoiesis. KKM in the embryonic period is laid with mesenchies on the 2nd month, until the 4th month it becomes the center of blood formation. KKM - fabrics on a semi-liquid consistency, dark red color because of the great erythrocytes. A small number of KKM for doslіdzhen can be otrimatyh punching sternum or the comb of the club brush.

The stroma of the CCM becomes reticular tissue, clearly penetrated by hemocapillaries of the sinusoidal type. At the loops of the reticular tissue, they can be stitched with spikes or colonies to ripen cells of blood:

1. Erythrocytic cells in their colonies are grouped with macrophages, nagged with zaliz, which are lost in old erythrocytes. Macrophages in the CCM transmit the erythroid cells to the zalizo cells, which are necessary for the synthesis of hemoglobin by them.

2. Near the sinusoidal hemocapillaries, lymphocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, megakaryocytes grow along with colony spikes. Ostrіvtsі of small steam spaces alternate one by one and create a mosaic picture.

Dose cells of blood penetrate through the walls into sinusoidal gamocapillaries and rush into the bloodstream. The passage of the blood through the walls of the vascular system has increased the penetration of sinusoidal hemocapillaries (fissures, the visibility of the basal membrane), a high hydrostatic grip in the reticular tissue of the organ. A high hydrostatic grip of obstruction with 2 rims:

1. Clients of blood multiply in an enclosed space, surrounded by cyst tissue, which cannot change and create a vice.

2. The total diameter of the vessel is larger than the diameter of the vessel, and it can be used to produce a vice.

Vіkovі special features of KKM: Children of KKM have memorized і epіphіzi and diaphіz of tubular brushes, the spine of flat brushes. In older adults, in the diaphysis of KKM, they are replaced by the cystic marrow (adipose tissue), and in the elder, by the gelatinous cystic marrow.

Regeneration: physiological - for rakhunok klin 4-5 class; reparative - 1-3 classes.

Thymus is the central organ of lymphocytopoiesis and immunogenesis. The thymus is laid on the ear of the 2nd month of the embryonic development from the diet of 3-4 chickweed chickens yak ekzokrinna zaliza. Nadal tyazh z'udnu zalozu from the epithelim of the chickweed chisin of the ma zorotny development. In the second month, the organ is populated with lymphocytes.

Budova thymus is the outermost organ of the cover with a capsule, from where the partitions enter from the fluffy side and divide the organ into small pieces. The basis of the parenchyma of the thymus is to become the part of the epithelium: the epithelial cells are growing out, forming one by one outgrowths and making a looped hem, in the loops that the lymphocytes (timocyti) are expanded. At the central part of the old epithelial cells of the old epithelial cells, they form the sharuvate thymus cells, or the thymus cells of Gassal, concentrically splashed the epithelial cells with vacuoles, granules of keratin and fibrillary fibers. Hassal's taste and size grows up. Functions of the social network:

1. Construction specific micro-precision for ripening lymphocytes.

2. Synthesis of the hormone thymosin, which is necessary in the fetal period for the normal formation and development of peripheral lymphoid organs, and in the postnatal period for the regulation of the function of peripheral lymphoid organs; synthesis of insulin-like bureaucrat, growth factor, klitin, calciton-like factor.

3. Trophic - the harboring of lymphocytes.

4. Support-mechanical function - non-structural framework for thymocytes.

Lymphocytes (timocyti) grow in the loops of the cobweb, especially along the periphery of the patch, which is why the part of the patch is darker and is called the cortical part. The center of the part is to take revenge on less lymphocytes, to which the part is light and is called the cerebral part. At the turn of the thymus, T-lymphocytes "start to grow", so that the stench swells the state of mind, "its own" or "stranger". What is the essence of this navchannya? In the thymus, lymphocytes are strictly specific (which can be strictly complementary receptors) for all possible A-genes, to find against their own cells and tissues, but in the process of "starting" all the lymphocytes are lost to their receptors. against foreign antigens. The axis of this is in the order of the crimson speech, we will make it possible for the multiplication of Bachimo and the mass destruction of lymphocytes. This rank in the thymus from the middle of the T-lymphocytes is established by the subpopulation of T-lymphocytes, which in general consume in the peripheral lymphoid organisms, mature and function.

The first 3 years of age to grow older and older until the age of maturity, 20 years of thymus parenchyma repairs to replace adipose tissue, ale of small bones

Accidental thymus evolution (RTA): The cause of accidental thymus evolution can be overwhelmingly strong cases (trauma, infection, toxicity, severe stress, etc.). Morfologіchno AIT suprovodzhuєtsya Masov mіgratsієyu lіmfotsitіv of thymus krovotіk, Masov zagibellyu lіmfotsitіv in timusі i phagocytosis zagiblih klіtin macrophages (іnodі phagocytosis i Normally, chi not zagiblih lіmfotsitіv) rozrostannyam epіtelіalnoї Fundamentals thymus i posilennyam synthesis of thymosin, erasing mezhі mіzh cortical i Mozkovy Chastain chastochok ... Biological value of АІТ:

1. dying lymphocytes є by DNA donors, yak are transported by macrophages in the midst of the lesion and become there proliferating cells to the organ.

2. Massive loss of lymphocytes in the thymus due to the selection and elimination of T-lymphocytes, which may cause receptors against moisture tissues in the midst of a reduction and is directed to the potential for autoaggression.

3. Growth of the epithelial tissue base of the thymus, enhancing the synthesis of thymosin and the other hormone-like words, directing to the adjustment of the functional activity of peripheral lymphoid organs, strengthening the processes of regeneration of the regenerative organs.

hipophiz(Hypothalamus) at the same time with the hypothalamus to become the hypothalamic-hypophyseal neurosecretory system. Vin is a cerebral appendage. In the hypophysis, there is adenohypophysis (anterior part, intermediate and tuberous parts) and neurohypophysis (posterior part, funnel).

branch... Adenohypophysis to develop from the Dakhu epithelium mouthwash... At the 4th stage of embryogenesis, the epithelial vipinnya is established at the viglyadi of the hypophyseal gut (Ratko's gut); As the proximal growth of the intestine decreases, and the adenomerism grows into the endocrine lobe. Neurophysiopathies establish themselves with the material of the infundibular part of the bottom of the third lid to the brain and can be neutralized. Tsі dvі rіznі for the campaigns of the part come into contact, approving gіpophіz.

budova... Adenohypophysis is stored from epithelial strands - trabeculae. Sinusoidal capillaries pass between them. Clitini are presented as chromophilic and chromophobic endocrinocytamis. Among the chromophilic endocrinocytes develop acidophilic and basophilic endocrinocytes.

acidophilic endocrine- a chain of medium sized cells, rounded or oval shapes, with good granular endoplasmic hems. The nuclei are located in the center of the cells. The stench is to take revenge on great granules, which are farmed by sour barvniks. To lie on the periphery of the trabeculae and store 30-35% of the backward adenocytes in the anterior lobe of the hypophysis. Є two types of acidophilic endocrinocytes: somatotropy, which is responsible for the growth hormone (somatotropin); Growth hormone stimulates the growth of all tissues and organs.

With hyperfunction of somatotropy Acromegaly and hygantism can develop, and in the minds of hypofunction - the growth of mind, which can lead to hypophyseal dwarfism. Lactotropic hormone stimulates milk secretion in lactic acidosis and progesterone in zhovtom tili ovary.

basic endocrinology- a lot of big cells, in the cytoplasm of such є granules, which are farmed by the main barvniks (anilinovy ​​blue). Stinks store 4-10% of the number of cells in the anterior lobe of the hypophysis. The granules take revenge on glucoprotein. Basophilic endocrine disorders develop on trotropocytes and gonadotropes.

trotropocyti- a chain of cells with a large number of solid granules stained with aldehyde fuchsin. The stench is viroblyayut thyroid-stimulating hormone. When there is a lack of thyroid hormones in the organisms, the thyroid hormones are transformed into cells of thyroid dectomy with a large number of vacuoles. At the same time, the products of titrotropin will be accepted.

gonadotropy- round cells, in which the core is mixed to the periphery. In the cytoplasm and maculi, there is the light of the beach, and the Golgi complex is de-embossed. Other secretory granules to avenge gonadotropic hormones. In case of instability in the organisms of the state hormones in the adenohypophysis, there are cells of castration, for which the cytoplasmic form is characteristic through the appearance of a great vacuole in the cytoplasm. This transformation of gonadotropic cells is associated with hyperfunction. Two groups of gonadotropy are developed, which are violated either follicle stimulating or luteinizing hormone.

Corticotropocyti- the cell line is wrong, one of the process forms. The stench is spread over the entire anterior lobe of the hypophysis. In the cytoplasm, secretory granules begin to appear in the viglyadi of the bulb with a scapular core, soaked by the membrane. Between the membrane and the heart є the luminescence of the lumps. Corticotropocytes circulate ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), or corticotropin, which activates the corticosteroids and the cystic zones of measles in the supranniral hallux.

chromophobic endokrіnotsіti store 50-60% of the number of clitin ade-nogipofiza. The stench grows in the middle of the trabeculae, it may be small, the granules cannot be revenged, the cytoplasm is poorly bloated. A whole group of cells, the middle of which are young chromophilic cells, have not yet accumulated secretion granules, mature chromophilic cells, have also seen secretory granules, and reserve cambial cells.

In such a rank, in adenohypophysis a system of interoperable cells differs appears, epithelial tissue tsієї part of zalozi.

The middle (industrial) share of the hypophysis among people, it is poorly developed, storage capacity is 2% of zalny obsyagu gipofiza. The epithelium in the whole part is one-sided, the cells are rich in flour. Misciami є coloide. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone and lipotropic hormone are violated in the industrial part of endocrine cells. The first adaptation of the eye to the dawn in the days, as well as activating the bark of the supra-nirkovy vines. Lipotropic hormone stimulates fat metabolism.

Infusion of neuropeptides into the hypothalamus on endocrіnotsіti zdіysnyuєut for an auxiliary system and hypothalamic-adenohypophyseal blood circulation (portal).

In the first place, capillary fringe In the middle uzvishsh, hypothalamic neuropeptides are secreted, which are sent along the portal veins to the adenohypophysis and into the second capillary hem. Sinusoidal capillaries of endocrine cells. So the neuropeptides of the hypothalamus are injected onto the target cells of the adenohypophysis.

neurohypophysis there is a neuroglial nature, not a hormone-producing zalose, but the role of neurohemal illumination, in which hormones accumulate in the neurosecretory nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus. At the posterior part of the hypophysis, the numerical nerve fibers of the hypothalamic hypophysis tract are inflated. Nerves of neurosecretory cells of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus. The jitter of nuclei is built up to neurosecretory. The neurosecretory (transducer) is transported along the nerve outgrowths to the back part of the hypophysis, then it appears at the eyes of Herring's children. The axons of neurosecretory cells end in the neurohypophys of neurovascular synapses, for the help of which neurosecretory comes into the roof.

neurosecret to take revenge on two hormones: antidiuretic (ADH), or vasopresin (vin din on nephroni, regulating vortex vodi, and also sounding judgment, causing blood pressure); oxytocin, which stimulates the speed of smooth uterine ointments. Lykarskiy zasib, Otrimanium from the back lobes of the hypophysis, called pituitrin and vicorisation for the treatment of non-blotchy urination. In neurogipophys and neuroglial cells, called pituitsitami.

Reactivity of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal system... Fighting injuries and supernatant stresses can lead to collapse of neuroendocrine regulation of homeostasis. With a wide range of neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus, neurohormones are violated. In the adenohypophysis, the number of chromophobic endocrinocytes decreases, which will weaken the reparative processes in the whole organ. The number of basophilic endocrinocytes grows, and in acidophilic endocrinocytes there are great vacuoles, which indicates a stressed function. With a trivial exchange rate in the lobes of the internal secretion, destructive changes in the secretory cells and their functions are detected.

Specimen 1. Hypophysis of people (loaded with hematoxylin-eosin). For the greats, look at the front, middle and rear parts. Consider the fibrous structure of the capsule, navkolishny hipophys, in the anterior lobe - chromophobic adenocytes, acidophilic and basophilic adenocytes. Sinusoidal capillaries can be seen between the strands of golden cells in thin balls of the resulting fibrous tissue. At the industrial part of the plant there is a variety of other epithelial cells and pseudofolliculitis, stored with coloids. At the back of the body there are glial cells of the hypothalamus (tiltsya Herringa).

Specimen for preparation 2. Gipophilus of the gut (preservative with hematoxylin - eosin). Three parts are visible on the preparation: anterior, intermediate and posterior. The industrial part of the front is bordered by a sickle-shaped hypophyseal slit. Behind the help of the hypophyseal lymphomas of the dressings with the hypothalamus.

hypophysis (hypophysis, glandula pituitaria; syn.: cerebral appendage, peritoneal hallux) - zalosis of the internal secretion, tied to the hypothalamic region of the brain in one of the hypothalamic pituitary system, viroblyaє a number of peptide hormones, which regulate the function of endocrine glands.

History

The first riddles about G. are to be found in the writings of K. Galen and A. Vesalii. The author was respected, how through G. see the vision to be installed in the brain slime. T.Villiziy vvazhav, that in G. to establish cerebrospinal birth, and F.Mazhandi vvazhav, scho G, glaze in the birth and vidilyaє її in the roof. Perche morfol, description of Budovi G. bulo zrobleno in 1867 P. І. Interspersed. Vin showing that in R. є cortical ball (anterior part), empty cerebral appendage and bilium cerebral ball (posterior part). Piznish A. Dostoevsky (1884, 1886) and Flash (Flesch, 1884), who had a microscopic vivchennya G., knew chromophobic and chromophilic cells in the front lobe. Forward, P. Mari (1886) brushed my respect for the sound of acromegaly with chubby hypochondria. Vin, however, having established the role of G. in the regulation of the growth of body. However, in 1921 the Evans (H. M. Evans) is deprived of the growth hormone in G. Frohlich (A. Frohlich, 1901) and Simmonds (M. Simmonds, 1914) showed the importance of G. in the regulation of exchange processes. Experimental studies by B. Tsondek (1926, 1931) and Smith (R. Ye. Smith, 1926) demonstrated the role of G. in the regulation of the function of statovyphs. Years from the anterior lobe of R. buli saw gonadotropic hormones, as well as hormones that control the function of the thyroid gland, - thyrotropic and supra-nirkoval galls - adrenocorticotropic [Loeb (L. Loeb), 1929; Chi (C. H. Li), 1942; Sayer (G. Sayers) і spіvr., 1943]. In the middle, industrial, part of G. boules, melanotropin (melanocyte-stimulating hormone) and lipotropin are revealed. Oliver and Schafer (G. Oliver, E. A. Schafer, 1894) were installed, that extracts of the back lobes of G. produce a vasopressor effect. In the absence of blood cells, the hormones vasopressin and oxytocin are shown.

In the 40s rr. 20th century to repair the morphology of the anterior lobe of R. at the link with the function of peripheral valleys, and also to try to test the hormonal activity of G., develop the preparative biochemistry of the hypophyseal hormones. Zavadovskiy (1941) formulated the principle of plus-minus interaction (the law of regulation by the type of negative ringing), which made it possible to explain the mechanism of regulation of internal functions. ). In the more recent preliminaries of regulatory mechanisms of the activity of endocrine vines, the role of c was revealed. n. with., the seedling of the hypothalamus, in the control of the tropical functions of G.

embrology

G. develops from 2 embryonic primordia: ectoderm of the mouth bay by the path of the pharyngeal (pituitary) intestine (Ratko's intestine) and the neuroglial funnel-like viper of the brain at the bottom of the bottom of the third slurry. Hypophyseal infestation is formed in humans on the 4th stage. Embryonic development and growth right up to the intermediate brain, which apparently needs to be established at the viglyadi of the funnel (infundibulum). The close contact of the funnel to the brain and the pituitary gland is the right moment for differentiation of parts of the germinal gland. The ventral wall of the pituitary gland serves as a dzherel for illumination of the anterior lobe of R., and the dorsal - for the intermediate (middle) part. The porosity of the intestine is obliterated, or it can be acquired at the viglyadi of the hypochondrium between the anterior lobe and the intermediate part. From the completion of the process of opening the pituitary gland from the primordial mouth emptying, the overgrowth of the lower duct is seen, and at the moment of the clotted part of G., the root of the internal secretion forms. In some cases, in the adult population, there is a reduction of the membranous hypochondrium in the vascularized vascularized cord, which extends directly from the pharynx to the base of the skull. In some cases, a surplus of pituitary gut in the growth of a person has become obsolete with the mucous membrane of the nasopharynx so it is. pharynx G.

At the early stages of embryonic development (7-8th grade), there is a process of differentiation between the cells from the baseline, and from the acidophilic range. In the later (9-20th period), the formation of the processes of the synthesis of hormones in the anterior lobe of G.

anatomy

R. є chervonuvato-sire cover the bean-shaped form, cover with a fibrous capsule. In the middle, 0.5 0.6 g, size 1x1, 3 X 0.6 cm. The women have a better connection with cyclical changes gonadotropic function. In the summer, there is a tendency to a change in the front lobe.

Here PNA and LNH, G. are divided into two parts (Fig. 1 and 2), but there may be small growths, buds and functions: anterior, distal, or adenohypophysis (lobus anterior, pars distalis, adenohypophysis), neurohypophysis. Adenogipophiz, how to become bl. 70% of the posterior vagi are covered, cleverly placed on the distal (pars distalis), Voronkov (pars infundibularis) and intermediate (pars intermedia) parts, and the neurohypophysis - on the posterior part, chi part, and the pituitary lower limb.

G. rostasovaniye in the gipofizarnoy yamtsi of the Turkish seat of the wedge-like brush. The Turkish seat is covered with a diaphragm from above - with a strong solid cerebral membrane with the opening, through which pass G.'s nizhka, tying the yak with a brain. Laterally, along the sides of the offense, there is a sinus fusion. In front and back, small venous lobes fit near the funnel of G. kіlce - circular sinus (Ridley). The price of venous education of the city from the internal sleepy arteries. The upper part of the anterior lobe of R. is covered by a green cross and healthy tracts.

The blood posture of G. work with internal sleepy arteries (upper and lower hypophyseal arteries), as well as with arterial cola of the great brain (Fig. 3). The upper hypophyseal arteries take part in the blood circulation of the adenohypophysis, and the lower - the neurohypophysis, which are in contact here with the neurosecretory ends of the axons of the large nuclei of the hypothalamus (div.). The upper hypophyseal artery enters the middle of the hypothalamus, develops into the capillary net (primary capillary gossip) heat of the capillaries (from to-rims contact the thermal axons of the other neurosecretory cells of the medio-basal hypothalamus) climb into the portal veins, so that they go down into the parenchyma of the adenohypophysis, depressions That. the roof is consumed before adenohypophysis, having passed through the middle of the hypothalamus before the mid-middens, depressing hypothalamic adenohypophysotropic hormones (releasing hormones).

From the blood, filled with adenohypophyseal hormones, from the number of capillaries of the secondary gossip go behind the vein system, as it flows into the venous sinus of the dura mater (fired and inter-cavernous). Thus, the portal system of G. with the lower direct blood flow from the hypothalamus є a morphofunctional component folding mechanism neurohumoral control of the tropic functions of adenohypophysis (div. hypothalamic-hypophysis system).

інnervatsіya zd_ysnyuєtsya mostly nice fibers, scho to enter the hall at the same time with hypophyseal arteries. Dzherelom sympathetic innervations of the adenohypophysis є post-ganglionic fibers that go through the internal sleep gossip without being tied with the upper nodes. It was established that the injection of nice impulses on the adenohypophysis is not interrupted only by a vasomotor effect. At the same time, the ultrastructure and secretory activity of the waxy cells is changing. The admission about direct innervation of the anterior lobe from the hypothalamus was not confirmed. In the posterior part there are nerves and fibers of the neurosecretory of the nuclei of the hypothalamus.

Histology

The distal part of the anterior lobe of the R. is composed of numerous epithelial beams (trabeculae epitheliales), in the vastness between which there are a large number of sinusoidal capillaries and elements of fluffy and reticular tissue. Trabeculae develop two types of hairy cell adenocytes - chromophobic and chromophilic. Chromophobic adenocytes develop in 50-60% and grow in the center of the zone. The cytoplasm of the cich clitin is weakly bloated and avenged small number organel. Chromophobic adenocy, mabut, can be used with dzherelnye approval of the other types of clitin. Another type is chromophilic adenocytes, which grow along the periphery of trabeculae and place a large number of secretory granules in the cytoplasm. Often adenocyti contact with capillaries. Behind the building, the vibrating blooms are acidic or the main barvniks, chromophilic cells are subdivided into acidophilic and basophilic. Acidophilic (abo eosinophilic) cells may be oval in shape, in the cytoplasm of a lot of great secretory granules, staining with azan in horny colir... On the basis of some of the anterior lobe cells, in the cytoplasm of acidophilic cells there is a large number of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups, as well as phospholipids. In acidophilic cells, the system of endoplasmic tubules is well-developed and a lot of ribosomes are found, high rivn synthesis of protein in cich cells. Acidophilous cells store 30-35% of the number of secretory cells of the anterior lobe, in the same hour Zagalna number basophilic clitins do not overtake 10%. Growth and form remain even narrower and lie in the form of hormone formation in the hall. Basophilic cells grow in larger sizes in proportion to acidophilic ones, they can be rounded or polygonal in shape. In the cytoplasm of basophilic cells, secretory granules are found in the viglyadi of blakite kolor grains (in case of farbuvanny azan according to Mallory). On the basis of acidophilic cells, in the basophilic cells there are good discoloration of the plate parts (Goldzhi), secretory granules may be significantly smaller in size.

The basis of the functional classification is the clitin of the anterior lobe of the histology., Ultrastructural and immunogistol. peculiarities of Klin G. and their reaction to changes in the function of the singing chamber of the internal secretion.

In the functional type of acidophilic cells, they divide into two subtypes (Fig. 4, a): 1) cells, growing in the center of the zone and revealing large (up to 600 nm) secretory granules; the cells are functionally linked to the secretory lactogenic hormone (prolactin) and are called lactotropocytamis; 2) cells, roztashovani udovzh sudin, filled with Orange G, which can produce secretory granules up to 350 nm; functionally linked to the secretory somatotropic hormone (growth hormone) and called somatotropy.

In its own house, the basophilic cells can be divided into three categories. Until the first type, the cells of small size, rounded shape, can be grown around the capillaries on the periphery of the part. In the cytoplasm of the rich glycoproteins, the diameter of the secretory granules is approx. 200 nm. Cyclinic mate with the statements of follicle-stimulating hormone and call follicle-stimulating gonadotropy.

To another type, there are delta-basophilic adenocytes (delta cells) - cells of larger sizes, which grow closer to the center of the zone and do not contact the capillaries. Klitini revenge the illumination of a rounded form of a dark crimson color - maculi (mabut, plate-parts complex). In the cytoplasm of cytoplasm, the glycoprotein cells are significantly less significant than in cells of the first subtype. Electronically, the stench is generated by the type of cytoplasmic matrix and the shape of the nucleus. At the same hour, the stench may have some more granules. Cyclinia, who are responsible for the education of luteinizing hormone, call luteinizing gonadotropy. For castration, a number of cells of the first and other types of cells grow, and their hypertrophy is supervised to accumulate in the cytoplasm of high-protein granularity and with the appearance of a great variety of “molds” in the middle. The introduction of estrogens in castrated creatures wiklikє anti-worms in cells.

The third type is beta-basophilic adenocytes (beta-clitini) - great polygonal forms of clitini, barbecued with aldehyde-fuchsin, with the lowest versatile glycoprotein, far away from the center of the clitine The cytoplasm beta-clitin is found to have secretory granules with a size of 150 nm. Functionally, the stench is tied to thyroid-stimulating hormone statements and is called thyrotropotomy (Fig. 4, b). For the visualization of blockade of the function of the thyroid gland in the cych cells, gastrointestinal and ultrastructural changes (cells of thyroid dectomy) are promoted.

Producers of adrenocorticotropic hormone є process of cellini chromophobic to a series - Corticotropocytes, which can replace weakly staining cytoplasm, build up glucoproteins. Electronically, the stench is generated from the cells of the cytoplasm for the form, low density matrix. The size of the secretory granules is 200 nm. Granules may appear in the peripheral zone of enlightenment and often appear close to cell membranes. Secretory granules are synthesized in the elements of the lamellar complex, seen as a path of exocytosis in the small space in G.

At the same time in nutrition about morphol, substrates of hormone approval in the adenohypophysis, the point of view is that all guesses of basophilic and acidophilic cells do not develop as standard functions. In the process of hormone formation in G., the morphofunctional interaction between the three types of secretory cells has gone, and the synthesis of hypophyseal hormones in the other functional types of cells is clearly balanced.

Voronkov's part of the front valley is located above the diaphragm of the Turkish seat. Okhopyuyuchi nіzhku hіpophіza, vona contactє sіrim hillock. Voronkov's part is stored from the epithelial cells, it is clear that it will be supplied with blood. When gistokhі, prelіzhennі in її cells, hormonal activity is promoted.

The industrial (middle) part of G. is prompted by the decal balls of the great basophilic cells, which are secretory activity. Often spontaneous here follicular bones s great vimist. In the cells of the industrial part, melanocyte-stimulating hormone (intermedia), dressings with pigment exchange are circulating.

The posterior part of T. is approved for neuroglia of the endimous type and is stored in the cells of the spindle-like form - the pituitary, axons and terminals of the homopositive neurosecretory cells of the anterior hypothalamus (div. Neurosecretory). At the back of the body, there are numerous hyaline breasts - accumulative neurosecretory tiltsya (Herringa), which represent the expansion of axons and their terminals, filled with great neurosecretory granules, included in the mitochondria. Neurosecretory granules є morfol. neurohormone substrate - oxytocin and vasopressin. Differentiation of some types of varicose cells, which can enter the parenchyma of the adenohypophysis, it will be explained by the first for all that, as the hormones found by them develop for chemistry. nature, and the fine structure of the cells, which are secreted, is responsible for the peculiarities of the biosynthesis of the skin hormone. However, sometimes it is possible to promote the transition of waxy cells from one species to another. So, in the gonadotrophocytes, aldehyde ofuxinophilic granulation can occur, which is characteristic of thyrotrophocytes. In addition, one of the same types of cells in the presence of localization can produce both adrenocorticotropic hormone and melanocyte stimulating hormone. Mabut, type of lily cell adenohypophysis can be not genetically determined forms, but deprived of the growth of physiology, basophilic cells or acidophilia.

physiology

G., being an endocrine organ, volodynomnomanitny funktsii, such as to go for additional hormones in the front and rear parts, as well as the industrial part. A number of hormones in the anterior lobe are called third ones (for example, thyroid stimulating hormone). In the anterior lobe of G., hormones circulate: thyroid-stimulating hormone (div.), Adrenocorticotropic hormone (div.), Growth hormone (div. Somatotropic hormone), Prolactin (div.), Foliculostimulating hormone (div.), Luteinizing hormone (div.) , as well as the hypophysis factor (div.). The industrial part has a melanocyte-stimulating hormone (div.), And in the back part vasopressin (div.) And oxytocin (div.) Accumulate.

Tightly dressing through the hypothalamus with effort nervous system, G. is united in a functional endocrine system, so that it will take part in the unhealthy steel of the inner middle of the organism. The understanding of "steel" includes not only the process of adjusting the basic constants of the internal middle, but it is most adequate, optimal vegetatively healthy, functional to the body, permanently safe to readiness before the day. Oscillations change from the midst of the midst dictate the need for children in terms of biol, values ​​and motor manifestations of behavioral reactions, then the parameters of the inner midst of guilt are also adequately changing. Vіdomі dobovі (circadian), monthly, seasonal and іnіhі bіrhythmic parametersіv of the internal middle, sprouting of hormone concentration. You can talk about homeostatic growth of hormones in the blood and about homeokinetic mechanisms of changes in concentration (div. Homeostasis). The middle endocrine system and homeostatic regulation work on the basis of the principle of a universal negative ringing sound. The fact of such a connection between the anterior lobe of the G. and "zalozami-targets" (thyroid zloza, bark of supra-nirkoval zalozas, gonads) is firmly established by numerical predictions. An oversupply of the hormone "zalozi-mishheni" is a galmo, and it is not enough to stimulate the secretion and vision of a specific throne hormone. The hypothalamus is not unmistakably switched on at the ring of the vocal ring: it itself is sensitive to the concentration of hormones in the blood of the receptor zones. Including the release of hormone concentrations from the necessary level, the receptor of the hypothalamus is active. Increasing the production of hormones in the pathways, increasing the improvement of the function "zalozi-misheni". The main power of regulation for the release of polygons is in the fact that the very fact of the release of the concentration of hormones "zalosis-targets" is a stimulus for turning the concentration of hormones to a predetermined level. He has his own “tasks of rivn” not є of a permanent size, stretching for a trivial hour. Winning, for an hour, for the rakhunok homeokinetic mechanisms, such as transferring it to new tasks of the level, in which it is so suvoro adaptations of the regulation "according to the view". Homeokinetic over-nutrition can be explained by seasonal changes in the concentration of hormones in the blood, ovarian-menstrual cycle, circadian colony of oxyketosteroids, etc.

The basis of homeokinesis is the regulation "according to the stump". It is not possible to directly affect the hormone concentration, but the storm factor (temperature of the midst of the day, the triviality of the light day, stress situation, etc.) hypothalamus, as they operate the front lobes of the R. Same in them and see "overwhelm the ryvnya", adequately responding to the potential for performance. In the process of homeostatic regulation "according to the vision" and in the process of homeokinetic regulation "according to the reduction" of the hypothalamohypophysis complex appears as if it were not healthy.

Oskilki G. is the most important lanka in the system of somatovegetative integration, the impairment of its function leads to discoordination of the vegetative and somatic spheres.

pathology

In case of impaired hormone-forming function of G., there are developmental syndromes. However, some of the production of more strength, or the secretion of one of the hormones, does not lead to rapid functional damage. Nadlichkova production of somatotropic hormone (zokrem, with acidophilic adenomas) to produce hygantism (div.) Abo acromegaly (div.). Lack of this hormone leads to hypophyseal dwarfism (div.). Disruption of the production of follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones is the cause of the state of the lack of and the loss of state functions. In one period of damage to G., the regulation of statutory functions will go back to the loss of fat metabolism (div, Adipose-genetic dystrophy). In the last cases of disorganization of the hypothalamic regulation of adenohypophysic hormone production, it is manifested in the early status of dosages (div.).

When the glucocorticoid function of measles of supra-nirkoval zalosis is strengthened, basophilic adenoma does not appear frequently in G. Wide ruin of parenchymal anterior lobes of R. can lead to hypophyseal coryza (div.) It should lead to metabolic degradation and to the development of progressive thinning, cyst atrophy, reduction of body functions and atrophy of body organs.

Ruinuvannya back lobe G. to produce to the development of non-bloody urine loss (div. Diabetes non-fertile). The disease can also be diagnosed in case of intact posterior part of G. in cases of an increase in the supervisory nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus or interrupt the hypophysis.

The impairment of blood circulation is manifested in significant enlargement of the sudin and hyperaemia. In some cases with infectious diseases (typhoid fever, sepsis, and in.), And also in case of craniocerebral injuries, other hemorrhages are more likely to occur in the tissue. Ischemic infarctions of the anterior lobe of R. with further substitutions of necrotic parenchymal tissue are most often diagnosed with embolism, before the thrombosis of sudin. Growth of infarctions can be very useful, from micro to macroscopic. Innocent infarction will swallow the entire front part of G. For a wedge, show the effect of a general deterioration of the function of G., on the thought of B.P. 3/4 of the front lobe. Necrosy in G. may be also a common atherosclerotic lesion of the Sudin. Described 'vipodilves with further development of necrosis in the adenohypophysis of the adhesion.

Firing hypophysis (hypophysis) and detoxifying tissue (perihypophysis) is susceptible to occur during gnid processes in wedge-like abnormalities pre-order, And also with gnіynyh menіngіtah. The ignition process, hostile to the capsule, go over to the parenchyma, viciously in the new necrotic-necrotic changes from the ruinous cells. Inodі at septic embolism in G. abscesses are established.

Syphilis and tuberculosis oppose G. Ridko. In case of disseminated tuberculosis in the parenchyma of the disease, there are miliarny humps, greater caseous vomiting, and in the capsule - infiltration. With natural syphilis in G., there is a growth of industrial fabrics from the establishment of gum. He wants to get rid of it in case of full syphilis, in case of syphilic lesion of the brain membrane, the capsule is inflamed with lymphocytes and plasma cells. Wedge, show G.'s zeal to lie down on the step of yogo pozhkozhennya. Pull all the front lobes to the point of hypophyseal cachexia.

Hypoplasia and atrophy of G. develops in the old age, changes in the age and growth. At the same time, there is a decrease in the number of acidophilic cells, the development of specific oxyphilic granularity in the cytoplasm, and growth in the widest world of tissue. At the same hour, a number of authors are uniquely increasing the number of basophilic cells, explaining the possibility of hypertension in people in the summer. Describes the symptoms of congenital hypoplasia of G. with a wedge, manifestations of hypophyseal deficiency (div. Hypopituitarism).

Hypoplasia and atrophy of G. can occur in case of malignancies of the structures of the medico-basal hypothalamus, as well as in case of damaged anatomical problems of G. puffs on the base of the brain. The destruction of the protein and carbohydrate metabolism in the secretory cells of G. is to be produced in a small amount of fatty degeneration of the parenchyma. In the literature, there have been single descriptions of atrophy of sallow tissue as a result of severe sclerosis and hyalinosis.

During the hour of vaginal secretory function of G. it is significant to activate and develop his hyperplasia. At the same time, at the same time, it grows in the middle of 0.6 - 0.7 g to 0.8 - 1 m. ... Mabut, the appearance of hypertrophic acidophilic cells in the series is the result of the transformation of the head cells of the anterior lobe. Podіbnі by morfol, signs of cellini appear in R. with chorionepithelioma. The stiffness of the functional impairment of the visualization of the other endocrine loses of the vicious compensatory-adherent reaction of G. For example, in ailments that were given to a localized gonadal overgrowth, in G. the growth of the number of chromophobic elements and a slight increase in the number of basophilic cells. Hypocorticism (div. Addison's ailment) to produce, as a rule, to hypertrophy of chromophobic cells and to partial degranulation of basophils. A change in the therapy of glucocorticoid normalization of the morphofunctional state of chromophilic cells and a decrease in the number of head cells in the anterior lobe. Trivially injected with cortisone, or ACTH in case of intact supra-nirkovykh, to produce hyperplasia of basophilic cells, in the cytoplasm of which there is a particular graininess, which appears when barbed according to Schiff on the glucose. Tsі klіtiny nagaduyut krіtiny Kruk. In case of endogenous hypercorticism (div. Isenko - Cushing's ailment) in R., hyperplasia of basophilic elements appears with the appearance of amorphous homogeneous speech in their cytoplasm. Tsey phenomenon, for the first time described by Kruk (A.S. Crooke) in 1946, with the names "Krukovska hyalinization of basophils". Some changes in the basophilic cells are spared from the ailments, who have lost their way from the others. Diffuse, or even vognischeva, hyperplasia of acidophilic cells of the anterior lobe of R. is promoted in acromegaly, hygantism, and produces in some cases until the development of adenoma G.

Shock G. rіznі ailing... Clinical-diagnostic characteristics of people who are ill and who are diagnosed with suffering from G. are given in the table.

chubby

Pukhlini G. form 7.7-17.8% of all internal-cranial neoplasms. Most often (bl. 80%) there are good adenomas, earlier anaplastic (or de-differentiated) and adenocarcinomas, and in some cases (1.2%) swelling of the back part of G.

Adenomy of the frontal lobe of R. is a part of the internal skull fluff and is often the cause of hypo- or hypertension and the delay of healthy overbaptism. At the same time, G.'s adenomy is neridko є vipadkovyu znakhіdkoyu with rosette. Reference adenomas are seen as hyperplastic dalyans in the hall with great sizes (Fig. 5). There is a transitional form of a small adenomatous tumor without a capsule and a typical adenoma of great growths. Singing difficult to differentiate pathomorphol. diagnostics of adenoma and cancer G. About the malignancy of Pukhlin G. to judge by the structural atypism, earlier by the infiltrative growth and the duration of the capsule. Intensive migration of beta-cells from the industrial part to the back part, which can be prevented in case of hyperplastic reactions, can be used for infiltrating cancer cells.

Adenoma G. is often seen in grown up in both articles. In the world of growing adenoma, it is possible to store the empty Turkish saddle, to press on the top of the diaphragm and pour it in at the height of the crossover (Fig. 6) and the bottom of the third slurry to the brain, which can produce symptoms before the onset of acute neurolysis. Adenoma may be right up to the wedge-like groove (Fig. 7). When looking at the fabric of the pulp of myak, greyish-red color, one of the dylyankas of the ducks of other types, or cystic degeneration. Adenomas are characterized by the appearance of hemorrhages in the tissue of the fluff. For g_stol, signs of G.'s adenoma, they are susceptible to chromophobic, acidophilic and basophilic (Fig. 8-10). There are changes in adenomas, which are stored from chromophobic and chromophilic cells. Most often, chromophobic adenomas are susceptible to, along with acidophilus and earlier basophilia. Chromophobic adenomas are formed from polygonal cells with hyperchromic nuclei and even more bloody cytoplasm. Often, the stench roztashovuyutsya at viglyadі ostіvtsіv with unclear boundaries. They see the membranous type of budov and chromophobic adenomas, which are characterized by the presence of chromophobic cells of the cylindrical form. Such cells are expanded perivascularly, their length is straightened perpendicularly to the opening of the capillaries and the shape of the loose rosette (Fig. 8). Chromophobic adenomas can reach great razmіrіv and clinically contradict, as a rule, with the symptoms of suppression of the suspicious nervous system. Acidophilic (eosinophilic) adenomas develop. With microscopic dosage in the tissue of G., hypertrophies of oval shape cells are observed (Fig. 9), in the cytoplasm of specific granularity it is barbed with eosin or Orange into a purple-rusky color. Nuclei of cytin bagati with chromatin, nucleus with figs of mitose. Hormone-active adenomas, especially in acromegaly, are often accumulated in cells with a large amount of eosinophilic granularity and chromophobic elements. Basophilic adenomas (Fig. 10) are formed from great cells with intensively hardened granular cytoplasm in dark-red coloration when reacting to glucoprotein with Schiff's reagent or anilinovym blakitnym. Basophilic adenomas grow in larger sizes and sometimes in small sizes. Among endocrine ailments, a basophilic adenoma is often seen with ailments of Isenko-Cushing.

V a special group see anaplastic adenomas and adenocarcinomas, such as evil puffins D. Anaplastic adenomas are characterized by significant clinical polymorphism (Fig. 11), greater growth of blood cells, in the presence of necrosis, numerical figuria mitosis and rotations, and infiltrative growth. Adenocarcinoma is one of the most common forms of malignant hypophyseal adenomas. The most dramatic signs of malignancy: infiltrative growth with early metastases and emerging wedges, openings, capsule visibility, blood-thinning. Pukhlina is stored from polymorphic, smoothly roasted clitins. To be encouraged to indulge, gigantic nuclear weapons. In a number of vipadki in the chickpea in the back of the day wavy structure.

To a group of chills of the hypophyseal region, the chuck of the surplus pituitary intestine is brought in, as to avenge the cystic emptyings (Fig. 12) - craniopharyngoma (div.).

Klinika Pukhlin G. is based on the nature and localization, as well as the quality of development. In large chickens, three groups of syndromes are manifested (Girsha's troad): 1) a symptom complex of endocrine-communicable disorders (adiposogenital dystrophy, acromegaly, state function disorders, etc.); 2) rentgenol, symptom complex, characterized by hl. arr. to increase the size of the Turkish saddle; 3) a symptom complex of neuroophthalmol. porcine (primary atrophy healthy nervesі change the field according to the type of bitemporal hemianopsia). In the randomly different stages of illness with a swollen growth over the Turkish saddle in a wedge, the picture also shows symptoms of a brain damage, as in the main lie in the size, directly in the growth rate.

Pukhlina G. in the early stage of becoming ill in the empty Turkish saddle and not often being deprived of endocrine damage; on the roentgenograms one can see the enlargement of the Turkish saddle. Progressively zbіlshuyuchis, the chubby can be widened down, zapovnyuchi empty wedge-like sinus. Wandering up the hill, the pukhlina pidnima the diaphragm of the Turkish seat, expanding, penetrating through the infundibular opening in the diaphragm, melting intrasellarly. At this stage of growth, it is necessary to adhere to the level of growth, steps which lie in the form of individual peculiarities of growth and blood supply of healthy nerves and crossing over.

With a further development, a part of chubby, which grows uphill, shrinking and deforming, crossing over, healthy paths, symptoms of symptoms. Great puffs, which widen beyond the boundaries of the Turkish Sidla, pour into the cisterns the brain, the lining system, the basal protrusions of the fronto-diencephalic-skrone structures, the stovbur, the cranial nerves, the cranial bones of the brain, the brain However, do not depend on anatomical worms or chubby wikis.

Diagnostics of Pukhlin G., including the identification of the type of adenoma, the size and straight growth, the analysis of the wedge, the pictures in the dynamism and danikh additional methods Doslidzhen, in the main craniography (div.), tomography (div.) and X-ray contrast methods of doslidzhennya (div. Encephalography).

Typical craniographic signs of intrasellar pukhlin G. є the change of the Turkish saddle: the change in the size of the turkish saddle: the change in size, the change in the form, the sinking of the bottom, rupture, vitrification, and the straightening of the back of the seat (Fig. 13). Often Pukhlina G. go beyond the boundaries of the Turkish saddle. In such cases, in fallowness due to the growth of swelling, additional symptoms appear. Growing fluff in front of it thinns the front healed growths, often one of them, which will add to the widening of the chubby in the bik of the most changed healed growths. Growing up in іntraselyarna pukhlina wіklіkі destruction, аnd inіdі and outside the backrest of the turkish saddle. Destruction can extend to the area of ​​the slope of the tilting brush. To the bottom of the growth-resistant adenomas of G., the bottom of the Turkish saddle is quickly bunched, and the sound of the wedge-like sinus is heard. In such drops, the contours of the sharply lowered bottom of the Turkish saddle get angry at the bottom of the wedge-like sinus, and it enlightens, or you can see a low-intensity thinness of the chubby protruding into the empty space. Especially the appearance of two or more contouring of the bottom of the Turkish saddle with widened puffiness behind the border. Greater overconfidence in case of widened swelling, the pose of the Turkish saddle can be corrected on normal tomograms from the middle-sagittal and paracentral (on the off-side of the middle line) by images. As a rule, when there are narrower great G.'s adenomas, there are secondary signs of pressure of the cysts of the crypt of the skull. It allows differentiation of adenomas of G. with the same puffs of the area of ​​the Turkish side (craniopharyngoma, dermoid, puffs of the bottom of the third shlunochka), which is supervised by the signs of internal cranial hypertension.

With craniopharyngoma and dermoid on cranio- and tomograms, vaping is included in the education of the Turkish saddle and far beyond its boundaries in the fabric of the chick itself, as well as in the walls of the capsule.

When G.'s adenomas are included, as a rule, it does not occur, it is only possible to deprive them of some of them in ailments who were given X-ray therapy. To clarify the sizes, directly over the growth of the G.'s fluff and the other fluffs in the brain, it is necessary to use the contrasting methods of supplementation.

Stereotactic methods of cryo- and radiohirurgical involvement on G. stasis is also used with hypophisectomy, i.e. evil new creatures(Milk cancer, cancer of the pre-fungal infection and in.), And also in case of good endocrine discomforts (important forms of sugar diabetes and in.).

Promeneva therapy Pukhlin G. stays in one hour with surgical methods. When the puffiness is rosted in the middle of the Turkish saddle, if the first plan is to put the endocrine rosters on the side and the stench is not on the side, or the stench progresses more often, the distance exchange therapy is effective in 78 - 85% of cases. In case of growing swelling, the pose of the Turkish seat of distance exchange therapy is indicated for neurosurgical involvement. At the same time, 80% of the ailments with a stretch of five rock and 42% with a stretch of ten rock do not prevent recurrence of poohlin [Jackson (N. Jackson), 1958].

Pukhlin G.'s exchange therapy is more beautifully carried out on gamma devices because of the pendulum optimization at 180 - 270 °. A field of 4x4 cm in size is expanded above the orbit, the area of ​​rotation is arranged at a speed of 25 - 35 ° up to the area of ​​the front, so that the given pedestals can reach the breasts when the sick is put on the back. For the first few days, the dose is small (usually not more than 25 - 50 rad). At every rate of reaction to the optimization one dose in the meantime increase up to 200 glad. The overhead dose for 30 - 35 days of treatment becomes bl. 5000 radium. A good effect is nadaє and interstitial beta-therapy, when there is no middle in the tissue of puffiness G. Implant dzherelo 90Y (div. Ітрій).

As a result of the development of endocrine disruption (especially acromegalic syndrome), as well as headache in case of trivial and easy shell-pain syndrome, change.

Table. Clinical and diagnostic characteristics of people who are ill and who are diagnosed with severe hypophysis

Bibliography: Aloshin B.V. Gistofiziology of the hypothalamic-hypophysis system, M., 1971, bibliogr.; Bukhman A. I. X-ray diagnostics in endocrinology, p. 84, M., 1975; Grollman A. Clinical Endocrinology and Physiological Basics, trans. z English, M., 1969; Kriokhirurgiya, ed. E. I. Kandel, p. 157, M., 1974, bibliogr.; Masson P. Pukhlini people, prov. s French, s. 198, M., 1965; Merkova M.A., L u c-Kerli. S. і Zhavoronkova 3. Е. radіol., no. 1, p. 19, 1967; Bagatomne certificate for internal ailments, ed. E. M. Tareeva, t. 7, L., 1966; Bagatotomne Kerivnitsvo on Neurology, ed. G. N. Davidenkova, vol. 5, p. 310, M., 1961, bibliogr.; Bagatotomne posibnik z pathological anatomy, Pid ed, A. I. Strukov, vol. 1, p. 156, M., 1963, bibliogr.; Pukhlini gipofiza, Bibliografiya vіtchiznyanoi and inozemnoi litteraturi, comp. K. E. Rudyak, Kiev, 1962; Popov N.A. Certification on the pathological diagnostics of pukhlin people, ed. N. A. Kraiv-sky and A. V. Smolyannikova, p. 298, M., 1976, bibliogr.; Endocrinology certificate, ed. B.V. Aloshina and іn., M., 1973, biblіogr.; Tonkikh A. V. hypothalamic-hypophyseal area and regulation of physiological functions of organism, L., 1968, bibliohr.; Yu d a e in N.A. and EvtykhinaZ. F. Suchasnі uyavlennya about hypothalamic releasing factories, in the book: Sovr. pit, endokrіnol., pіd ed. N. A. Yudaeva, V. 4, p. 8, M., 1972, bibliogr.; Brain-endocrine interaction, median eminence, structure and function, ed. by K. M. Knigge a. o., Basel, 1972; Bur g us R. a. GuilleminR. Hypothalamic releasing factors, Ann. Rev. Biochem., V. 39, p. 499, 1970, bibliogr .; Holmes R. L. a. B a 1 + 1 J. N. The pituitary gland - a comparative account, Cambridge, 1974, bibliogr.; Jenkins J. S. Pituitary tumours, L. 1973; M u n-dinger F. u. RiechertT. Hypo-physentumoren, Hypophysektomie, Stuttgart, 1967, Bibliogr .; Pituitary gland, ed. by G. W. Harris a. B. T. Donovan, v. 1-3, L., 1966; Purves H. D. Morphology of the hypophysis related to its function, in: Sex and internal secretions, ed. by W. C. Young, v. 1, p. 161, L., 1961; Stern W. E. a. B a t z d o g f U. Intracranial removal of pituitary adenomas, J. Neurosurg., V. 33, p. 564, 1970; Svien H. J. a. Z about 1 b at M. Y. Treatment for chromophobe adenoma, Springfield, 1967; Szen-tigothai J, a. o. Hypothalamic control of the anterior pituitary, Budapest, 1972.

A. I. Abrikosov, B.V. Aloshin; F. M. Lyass, J. V. Patsko, 3. N. Polyanker, A. P. Popov, A. P. Romodanov (pathology); stacks of the table. F.M. Egarten.

32. Hypophiz

In the hypophysis there are a few parts: adenohypophysis, neurohypophysis.

In the adenohypophysis, the anterior, middle (or intermediate) and tuberous parts are developed. Anterior part of the trabecular budova. Trabekuli, strongly rasping, rally in a narrow mesh. Prospects between them, filled with fluffy tissue, pass along the number of sinusoidal capillaries.

Chromophilic cells are divided into basophilic and acidophilic. Basophilic cells, or basophils, produce glucoprotein hormones, and secretory granules histological preparations farbayutsya with the main headlights.

Among them, there are two main types: gonadotropic and thyrotropic.

Some of the gonadotropic cells are responsible for the follicle-stimulating hormone (follitropin), which are attributed to the production of luteinizing hormone (lutropin).

Thyrotropic hormone (thyrotropin) - develops incorrectly or in a non-grasping form. If there is a lack of thyroid hormone in the organism, the thyrotropin production will begin to grow, and the thyrotropic often transform into the thyroid hormone cells, which are characterized by larger sizes and significant enlargement of the cystatic cystitis. In cich vacuoles, aldehyde-fuchsinophilic granules appear, larger, lower secretory granules of vykhіdny tіrotropocyti.

For acidophilic cells, or acidophilia, characteristic large granules, which are fried on preparations with acidic barvniks. Acidophilic cells can also be divided into two types: somatotropy, or somatotropicity, which is capable of circulating somatotropic hormone (somatotropin), and Mammo-tropnium, or mammotropocy, which is proliferating lac-thotropnium.

A corticotropic cell in the anterior lobe of the hypophysis is violated by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH, or corticotropin), which activates the cortex of the supra-nirkoval lobes.

The tubular part is a form of adenohypophyseal parenchyma, adjoining to the hypophyseal low and partial with the lower surface of the medial hypothalamus.

The posterior part of the hypophysis (neurohypophysis) is approved by the neuroglia. The main cells of the whole area are represented by overly small processous or viri-tenovidny cells - food. The axons of the neurosecretory cells of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus enter the posterior part.

Innervation. Hypophysis, as well as hypothalamus and epiphysis, can recognize the nerve fibers of the upper ganglia (the head rank of the upper ganglia) of the sympathetic stovbur.

Bloodstending. Upper hypophysial arteries enter into medical events, and then fall on the primary capillary network.