Luskata chastina, pars squamosa The shape of the plate and the shape of the plate can be molded into a sagittal straight line. The name is skroneva to the surface, facies temporalis The luskato part of the trocha is short and slightly swollen. At the rear end, pass at the vertical straight line of the middle skroone artery, sulcus arteriae temporalis mediae

At the rear end of the lusky part, pass an arc-like line, which is trivial to the lower edge of the line, linea temporalis inferior, Tim'yanoi kistki.

From the lusky part, from the front to the front of the outer auditory opening, to go horizontally right into the willow outgrowth, processus zygomaticus... Win and nibi for the advancement of the supra-nipple comb, crista supramastoidea, Roztashovany horizontally along the lower edge of the last surface of the lusky part (div. Fig.). Fixing with a wide root, the willowy sprout then sounds. There is one inner and outer surface and two edges - the upper one and the lower one, more short. Anterior end of the zygomatic ridge of the serrations. The willowy sprout of the early brush and the early sprout, processus temporalis, Vilichnaya kisstki, sutura temporozygomatica, Fastening the zygomatic arch, arcus zygomaticus.

On the lower surface of the root of the zygomatic outgrowth there is a transverse-oval form of the lower slit fossa, fossa mandibularis... The anterior half of the fossa, up to the stony-lusky fissure, is the tse of the suglob surface, facies articularis, Skronevo-lower slit slope. In front, the mandibular fossa is surrounded by a hump, tuberculum articulare, (Div. Fig.,).

The name of the surface of the lusky part take care of the fate in the established skrone hole, fossa temporalis, (Here the beams of the skinny m'yazi are repaired, m. temporalis).

Internal brain surface, facies cerebralis, Slightly dodged. On nii є finger-like impressions, impressiones digitatae, And also the arterial boron, sulcus arteriosus, (In nіy zalyagє middle meningeal artery, a. meningea media).

Luskata part of the curtain brush has two willow edges - wedge-shaped and tim'yanoi.

Anterior-lower wedge-shaped edge, margo sphenoidalis, Wide, jagged, z'є sutura sphenosquamosa... Upper-back tim'yanoy region, margo parietalis, The fire, which brought behind the front, z'є

Piramida of the Skronevoy Kistka

pіramіda, kam'yanista chastina - pars petrosa, Skronevoy kistki are stored from the posterolateral and antero-medial viddiliv.

In the posterolateral view of the rocky part of the skin of the nipple-like outgrowth, processus mastoideus, Yaky roztashovuєtsya backwards from the external auditory opening. On the new development of the call and the inner surface. The name of the surface is opukla, shorstka and To the bottom of the nipple-like protrusion, go into a cone-like whistle, as if it is good to feel through the skir,

On the inner side, the sprout is surrounded by the side of the nipple-like one, incisura mastoidea, (From her take the ear of the back of the digastric ointment, venter posterior m. digastrici). At the same time, the furrowed artery grows along the back and back, sulcus arteriae occipitalis, (Slide adhere to the same artery).

On the internal, cerebral, surface of the nipple-like appendage, pass a wide S-shaped furrow of the sigmoid sinus, sulcus sinus sigmoidei To cross the acne in the same furrow of the cyst and distal into the furrow of the transverse sinus of the cyst (in the latter, the venous sinus, sinus transversa). To the bottom, the sigmoid sinus bears are trivial, which is the same as the sigmoid sinus bears.

Behind the cordon of the nipple-like outgrowth margo occipitalis, Yaky, connecting from the nipple-like edge of the tilting brush, I will fix the tilting-nipple-like suture, sutura occipitomastoidea... In the middle of the seam, there is a nipple-like opening in the capital, foramen mastoideum, (Inodi їkh decilka), yake є mіscem of lagging of the nipple veins, vv. emissariae mastoidea, How to remove the pediatric veins of the head from the sigmoid venous sinuses, as well as the nipple-like venous artery ramus mastoideus a. occipitalis.

At the top of the nipple-like outgrowth of the encirclement of the tim'yan edges, which on the cordon, at the same edge of the lusky part of the skrone brush, is made to the tim'yanu virizka, incisura parietalis; it includes the nipple-like kut of the thyme brush, fixing the thyme-nipple-like suture, sutura parietomastoidea.

At the point of transition of the last surface of the nipple-like outgrowth into the last surface of the lusk-like part, it is possible to see the overlays of the scaly-nipple-like suture, sutura squamosomastoidea, Yaky good turns on the skulls of children.

On the razor of the nipple-like outgrowth, one can see that there are in the middle of the nipple loose leaves - the nipple-like midges, cellulae mastoideae, (Small.). At the same time, one end of one end of the nipple stems (paries mastoideus). empty emptyє nipple-like stove, antrum mastoideum, In the central part of the sprout; in it there are nipple-shaped midsections, you will find yourself in the empty drum, cavitas tympanica... The nipple-like midsection of the nipple-like furnace is covered with a mucous membrane.

The anterior-medial views of the rocky part lie before the middle of the lusky part and the nipple-like outgrowth. It has the form of a trigonal pyramid, which is curled upward and backward and medially. Pіdstavа kam'yanistіy part is brutally named і vіntsі; top pirady, apex partis petrosae, Straightened to the middle and forward.

The rocky part has three surfaces: front, back and bottom, and three edges: top, back and front.

The front surface of the pіramidi, facies anterior partis petrosae, (Div. Fig.) Smooth і wide, turned into an empty skull, heading obliquely from top to bottom і in front і pass into the cerebral surface of the lusky part. From the rest of the day to the Kremlin of the stony-luskat shchilina, fissura petrosquamosa... Mayzhe in the middle of the front surface є arched underneath, eminentia arcuata, Yake approve of a zalyagє before him in front of a round channel to a labyrinth. A small majdanchik grows up between the days and the rocky-lusky crack, tegmen tympani, For what is the empty drum, cavum tympani... On the front surface, near the top of the rocky part, there is a small three-part depression, impressio trigemini, (Mісce adhere to the three-part university, ganglion trigeminale).

Laterally, from the depression, the gorge grows into the canal of the great stone nerve, , From which to medially go vuz'ka bore the great camy nerve, sulcus n. petrosi majoris... In front of the small gorge laterally to the designated opening, there is a small gorge to the canal of the small camy nerve, hiatus canalis n. petrosi minoris, From where the furrow of the small lamellar nerve rises, sulcus n. petrosi minoris.

The back surface of the pіramidi, facies posterior partis petrosae, (Div. Fig.) So the yak itself і front, turned into an empty skull, a little straight up the hill і vіntsі, de pass into a nipple-like growth. Mayzhe in the middle there is a round form of internal hearing openings, porus acusticus internus, Yake vede at the internal auditory passage, meatus acusticus internus (in the new pass the face, industrial, in front of the door-ultkovy nerves, nn. facialis, intermedius, vestibulocochlearis, And also, artery and vein to the labyrinth, a. et v. labirinthi). Trochi vische і laterally from the internal auditory opening є is kindly rotated in newborns, a small glibini subarc fossa, fossa subarcuata, (In it, a spine of the dura mater enters the brain). Even lateral to the slit, the slit-like opening is the aperture to the water supply system of the front, apertura externa aqueductus vestibuli, Which is connected to the water supply of the front, aqueductus vestibuli... Through the aperture from the emptying of the internal wuh, enter the Endolymphatic duct.

The lower surface of the pіramidi, facies inferior partis petrosae, (Div. Fig.), Shorstka is nervous, to become a significant part of the lower surface of the base of the skull. On them, the jugular fossa is rounded or oval, fossa jugularis, (Mice adhered to the upper cybulin of the internal jugular vein).

At the bottom of the fossa there is a small beard (in the bottom of the hole there is a head of the bloating nerve). Boroza vede in the opening of the nipple-like tubule, canaliculus mastoideus, Yaky see in the drum-nipple-like cracks, fissura tympanomastoidea.

The posterior edge of the jugular fossa is enclosed by the jugular virizkoy, incisura jugularis, Yaku small internal harness, processus intrajugularis, Rozdilya on two parts - anteromedial and posterolateral. In front of the jugular fossa, rounded openings; Wono Veda into the sleepy canal, calalis caroticus, You will see on the top of the rocky part.

Between the anterior circumference of the jugular fossa and the last opening of the carotid canal є the small size of the kamyanist dimple, fossula petrosa, (Mice adherence of the lower node of the oticopharyngeal nerve). In the dimples there is an opening - go to the drum tubule, canaliculus tympanies(In the new, the tympanic nerve and the lower tympanic artery pass through). Drum duct veda in mid-vuho, auris media, Abo drum empty, cavum lympani), cavitas tympanies).

Laterally from the jugular fossa in the form of straightening to the bottom and anteriorly an awl-like protuberance, processus styloideus, What kind of connection is being repaired. Before the call to the appendix, go down the cyst in the drum part - the tip of the subulate appendix, vagina processus styloidei... Behind the appendix є styloid opening, foramen stytomastoideum, Yake є vichіdnim opening of the face to the channel, canalis facialis.

Upper edge of the piracy, marge superior partis petrosae, (Div. Fig.,), Vidokremlyuє її the front surface from the rear. The bridle of the edge is borne by the upper stone sinus, sulcus sinus petrosi superioris, - the cue of the upper stony venous sinus lying here and attachment to the outline of the corns - a part of the dura mater of the brain. Qia is boring to move back into the furrow of the sigmoid sinus of the nipple-like outgrowth of the parasitic cyst.

The rear edge of the piracy, margo posterior partis petrosae, (Div. Fig.), Vidokremlyuє rear її surface from the lower. A bridle, on the cerebral surface, pass the furrow of the lower stone sinus, sulcus sinus petrosi inferioris, (Div. Fig.) (Slid adherence of the inferior kamyany venous sinus). Mayzhe in the middle of the rear edge, close to the jugular viral, there is a triangular funnel-shaped sinking, in which lies the aperture of the ravlik's canalicus, apertura externa canaliculi cochleae, In nіy end the tubule of ravliki, canaliculus cochleae.

The anterior edge of the rocky part, the lacerations from the lateral side and the anterior surface, shorter than the upper and posterior; from the lusky part of the curtain brush of the rocky-luskat shchilina, fissura petrosquamosa... On a new, lateral to the inner opening of the sleepy canal, open the opening of the myazo-pipe canal, which leads to the empty drum.

1. Sleepy channel, canalis caroticus, (Div. Fig. -), to repair in the middle parts of the lower surface of the stone part with a callous opening. Whenever the channel goes straight up, it’s out of the way here in front of the empty middle wuh; sleepy artery, Yaki supervodzhuyut її veni і gossip of pretty nerve fibers).
2. Sleepy drum tubules, canaliculi caroticotympanici, There are two small canaliculi that are visible through the sleepy canal and leading into the empty drum (sleepy-drum nerves pass through them).
3. Special channel, canalis facialis, (Div. Fig. ,,), To repair at the bottom of the internal auditory canal, meatus acusticus internus, (In the area of ​​the field of the facial nerve, area n. facialis). The channel goes horizontally and goes straight down to the axis of the stony part, goes to the front surface, to the middle of the canal of the great stony nerve, hiatus canalis n. petrosi majoris... Here, turning down a straight cuff, I fix the ring of the face to the channel, geniculum canalis facialis, І go to the rear view of the media stage of the drum empty prominentia canalis facialis). There was a canal, straight back, down the axis of the rocky part to the paramidal end, eminentia pyramidalis; go vertically downward and emerge from the styloid opening, foramen stylomastoideum, (In the canals pass the facial and industrial nerves, arteries and veni).
4. Drum string channel, canaliculus chordae tympani, Beginning at the end of the facial canal, on the small milemetre of the styloid opening. Straight forward and uphill, the tubule enters the empty drum and goes up to the back wall (the drum of the intermediate nerve passes through the tubule - the drum string, chorda tympani, Yaka, having gone through the canal into the empty drum, go from her through the stone-drum crack, fissura petrotympanica).
5. Drum tubule, canaliculus tympanicus, Repair on the lower surface of the stone part, in the clay of the stone dimple. Let the wine go straight to the bottom of the empty drum and, punching through the empty drum, go through the media and roast in the forest, sulcus promontorii... The distance from the winery goes to the upper stage of the drum emptying, deceiving the gorge canal of the lesser stone nerve (hiatus canalis n. Petrosi minoris).
6. Myazovo-pipe channel, canalis musculotubarius, (Div. Fig. ,,), Є the extension of the anterior upper part of the empty drum. The known opening of the canal is located at the viral edge of the rocky and luscious parts of the early cascade, the front end of the stony-lusky slit. The canal of the lateral and trochal seams backward from the horizontal part of the carotid canal, along the lateral axis of the stone part. The partition wall of the pipe-and-pipe channel is horizontally welded, septum canalis musculotubarii, Dilute the channel to the upper, smaller half-drop of the meat, which will force the drum overflow, semicanals m. tensoris tympani, І lower palukanal of the auditory tube, semicanals lubae auditivae, (In the first one lay the mu'az, scho to load the drum overflow, the other one to the bottom of the drum empty from the empty throat.
7. Teat tubule, canaliculus mastoideus, (Div. Fig.), To repair in the jugular fossa, to pass across the lower part of the facial canal and to emerge into the drum-nipple-like slot (in the canaliculi there is an ear of the bloody nerve).
8. The drum is empty cavum tympani, (Div. Rice ,,). - podovzhena, squeezed from the sides empty, whipped with a mucous membrane. All the middle empties fill three rumors and brush: a hammer, malleus, Kovadlo, incus, І stirrups (stapes), which are connected with themselves, fix the lance of the auditory cells (reports on the attachment of the significant channels, drum emptying, auditory cells and the labyrinth.

Drum part of a skronevoy brush

Drum chastina, pars tympanlca, (Div. Fig.), - the one who has seen the quickest brush. Vaughn is a triple curved ring-shaped plate and fixing the anterior, lower wall and part of the posterior wall of the ear canal, meatus acusticus extenus... Immediately you can see the near-cordon of the drum-luskat shilina, fissura tympanosquamosa (div. Fig.,), The Yaka, at the same time, with a rocky-lusky slit, the drum part forms the lower slit pits of the luskate part. The famous edge of the drum part, closed at the top of the lazy skroney brush, intertwining the ringing of the rumors, porus acusticus externus... At the posterior-upper end of the opening є the supra-anus, spina suprameatica... From her, the supraanthus dimple is shattered, foveola suprameatica... On the cordon, large, internal, and minor, lasting, parts of the outer ear canal, the drum is broken, sulcus tympanicus, (Mice attaching the drum overflow). In the fire, flank the two vignutih whistles: in the front is the great drumstick, spina tympanica major, And behind - the drumstick spine, spina tympanica minor... There is a drumming (incisura tympanica) in a drumbeat, recessus epitympanicus.

Between the medial part of the drum part and the lusque part of the edge of the brush, the lower spine of the empty drum is wedged in. In front of the whole sprout, pass the stony-luskate chilin, fissura petrosquamosa, And behind - the stone-drum chilin, fissura petrotympanica, (The last nerve goes out - the drum string and other judgments). Offended furrows are called in a drum-luskat schilin, fissura tympanosquamosa.

The lateral view of the drum part transforms into a rocky ridge, a part of which is formed by a subulate ridge is twisted, vagina processus styloidei... In the newly born new auditory passage through the day and the drum part is represented by the drum ring, anulus tympanicus (div. Fig.), Yake grows slowly, I mean the part of the external auditory canal.

On the inner surface of the great drum spine, there is a well-worn spinous crest, on the tips of the anterior and posterior drumheads, and on the back of the drum, there is a boron malleus.

scull the possession of the new infusion into the brain and the organization of the sentiment and support of the individual, of the cob in the form of herbal and dichotomous systems. The bud's skull is cleverly subdivided into the cerebral and facial forms. The cranial viddil of the skull є in the place of the brain. The first (individual) type is the cyst basis of the individual and cob species of the herbal and dyhlnyh shlachiv.

budova skull

1. tim'yana kistka;
2. screw suture;
3. frontal tubercle;
4. skrone surface of the great krill wedge-like brush;
6. sl_zna k_stka;
7. nasal box;
8. skronevaya fossa;
9. anterior nasal spine;
10. thickness of the upper slit brush;
11. Bottom slot;
12. wilichna cistka;
13. forged arc;
14. awl-like growth;
15. mycicle outgrowth of the lower slit;
16. nipple-like growth;
17. callous rumors of the passage;
18. lambda suture;
19. lusa of the tilting brush;
20. upper flank line;
21. luskata is a part of a skronevoy brush.

1. screw suture;
2. tim'yana kistka;
4. orbital surface of the great krill wedge-like cyst;
5. wilichna cistka;
6. inferior nasal concha;
7. maxillary cyst;
8. pіdborіddya in the appearance of the lower slit;
9. empty nose;
10. opener;
11. perpendicular to the plate of the grating brush;
12. orbital surface of the upper slit brush;
13. lower orbital cleft;
14. sl_zna k_stka;
15. orbital plate of a grated brush;
16. upper orbital cleft;
18. the willow outgrowth of the frontal brush;
19. healthy channel;
20. nasal box;
21. frontal tubercle.

Budova skulls of the cerebral viddilu people develop near the growing brain with mesenchymia, yak give an ear with good fabrics(Peretinkova stadia); cartilage grows at the base of the skull. On the ear of the 3rd month of the intrauterine life, the base of the skull and capsule (vstylischa) organs in the sense of smell, vision and hearing of the cartilage. Bichni stinki and crypt of the cerebral viddle of the skull, minus the cartilaginous stage of development, repair the bones already in the end of the 2nd month of the intrauterine life. Outside of a part of the kistka in a given place to be combined into a single kistka; so, for example, to be molded from chotiroh parts. With the mesenchias, I drain the head end of the primary intestine, between the chick-chickens, the cartilaginous chick-gut arches develop. They are tied to the shape of the facial shape of the skull.

Budova skull: widdili

The skull of a man is stored in 23 hands: 8 guys and 7 unpaired. Cranial bones may have a singing craniosacral rhythm. You can learn more about this. The cranks of the skull are flat, they are stored with a large number of new and thin internal plates of the schilo speech. Between them there is a spinal cord (diploe), in the middle of which there is a cystic brain and blood-bearing judgment. The bud's skull is also located on the inner surface of the cysts, there are dimples, and the fingers are depressed. The pits form the brains, and the pits between them are the scars. In addition, on the inner surface of the cranial cysts, one can see vidbits of blood-bearing vessels - arterial and venous furrows.

The mossy shape of the skull in the under-stratum of people is used to create such kissts: unpaired - lobova, pylichna, wedge-like, reshitchasta and paarni - time and skronevі. A special view of the skull of the assertions of a child with paired cysts: upper slit, pidnebin, willy, nasal, lacrimal, lower nasal conchas, as well as unpaired: opener and lower slit. To the visceral (special) skull, lay the і pіd'yazikova cyst.

Cranial shape of the skull

enter to the back of the storey and to the front of the cerebral side of the skull. Vaughn is stored from chotirhoh parts, rostasovanih near the great (potilichny) opening: the basilar part in front, two lateral and lusky behind.

The lusca of the capillary cyst sets the vigin in the same place, de the base of the skull go backwards into the yogo dakh. Here there is a ringing sound, to which a ringing sound is attached. To the right and in the middle from a dark forest on the surface of the wedge there is a short cut of the upper shiina line; From the middle of the last long line down to the great (large) opening, pass an inexpensive long line ridge, from the sides of a small short line, the lower line line. On the inner surface of the side of the tilting brush, you can see several large pits, which emerge one from the same ridges, which make a cross-like appearance. There is an internal power line at the mismatch. Tsey vistup go over at the inner top of the ridge, which is trivial down to the great (top) opening. Upward from the inner capillary vistup, the furrow of the superior sagital sinus is directed. Go to the right and to the left to enter the boron of the transverse sinus.

Potilichna cistka, rear view

1. zovnishn_y potilichny vistup;
2. upper shiina line;
3. lower viynaya line;
5. Myseloid fossa;
6. jugular outgrowth;
7. capillary mycelium;
8. internal harness;
9. basilar part;
10. pharyngeal hump;
11. yaremna virizka;
12. mycicle canal;
13. zovnishn_y toplichny comb;
14. potilichna luska.

Potilichna cistka, front view

2. lambda edge;
3. potilichna luska;
5. internal polygon comb;
6. nipple edge;
7. great potilichny opening;
8. furrowed sigmoid sinus;
9. mycicle canal;
10. yaremna virizka;
12. stingray;
13. basilar part;
14. lateral part;
15. jugular hump;
16. jugular outgrowth;
17. lower cavernous fossa;
18. bordered transverse sinus;
19. chrestopod_bne p_dnesennya;
20. upper cavernous fossa.

small, from which to go laterally (laterally) large krill, uphill and laterally - small krill, downward hanging crylo-like outgrowths. On the upper side of the body there is a gully, called a Turkish seat, in the center of it there is a pituitary fossa, in which there is a hypophysis - one of the internal secretions. The hypophyseal fossa is enclosed in the back by the back of the seat, in the front - by the hump of the seat. The middle part of the wedge-like cyst is airy empty - the wedge-like sinus, which comes from the empty nose through the aperture of the wedge-like sinus, which is located on the anterior surface of the wedge-like sinus.

From the front-upper surface of the basket, two small krills enter on the side. There is a large opening of the canal at the bottom of the skin, and the optic nerve passes through the new fossa. From the lower-lateral surfaces of the body, the large krill laterally enter, so that they lie more near the frontal area and may be the surface. The back, the moss surface is turned away by the empty skull. The flat orbital surface of the chotiricut form is turned into a small fossa. Lump of the skrone surface of the great krill fixes the medial wall of the skrone fossa. The frontal crest extends to the crest of the crestal surface from the upper slit surface of the tricot form, the rostered one from the deep-pitched surface and to the back of the cryopodic outgrowth. Between malimi and great krillas, the upper orbital fissure is wide, yak leading from the empty skull to the very fossa. At the front of the great krill, open the opening: anterior (medial) - a round opening (through the new one in the cryopodibne-pidnebinnu fossa to pass the upper slit nerve); lateral and і вінці - a larger oval opening (through the ny to the pіdskronovoy fossa pass the lower slotted nerve); more lateral - the awns of the openings (through the new into the empty of the skull, the middle meningeal artery should enter). From the base of the great krill down from the dermal flank, enter the cryopodic outgrowth, in the base of which is in front of the back and the cryopod canal. The skin crylo-like growth grows into two plates - medial, which ends with a slack, and laterally. Between them, on the back side, there is a crylopoid fossa.

Wedge-shaped brush, front view

1. aperture of the cuneiform sinus;
2. seat back;
3. wedge-like shell;
4. small krilo;
5. upper orbital cleft;
6. willow region;
7. pidskronovoy comb;
8. wedge-like brush;
9. krylopidnebyno borozy of krylopodibnogo outgrowth;
11. krylopod_bniy slack;
13. vaginal growth;
14. wedge-shaped dzhobe (wedge-shaped comb);
15. krylopodibna virizka;
16. crylopod_bny channel;
17. round opening;
18. pidskronovoy comb;
19. orbital surface of great krill;
20. the edge of the great krill.

Wedge-shaped brush, rear view

1. healthy channel;
2. seat back;
3. back heaps of growth;
4. front heaps of growth;
5. small krilo;
6. upper orbital cleft;
7. tim'ya region;
8. great krilo;
9. round opening;
10. crylopod_bny channel;
11. scaphoid fossa;
12. crylopoid fossa;
13. krylopodibna virizka;
14. boron krylopodіbnogo whip;
15. vaginal growth;
16. wedge-shaped dziobe;
17. wedge-like brush;
18. med_yna plate of a crylo-like outgrowth;
19. krylopod_bniy slack;
20. lateral plate of the cryopodic appendix;
21. sleepy is boring.

It consists of three parts: luskatoy, drum and piramidi (kam'yanisty), roztasovanyh near the ear canal, which is enclosed by the drum part of the ear canal. Skronev k_stka enter to the warehouse of the bone and the base of the skull. In front of it, it is connected to the wedge-like one, to the back - to the tilting brush. Skroneva kistka serve as a stylist for the organ of hearing and іvnovagi, like a bed in the empty spaces of the її pіramіdi.

The Kamyanist part has the shape of a trigonal pyramid, the top of which is straightened to the Turkish side of the wedge-like brush, and the bottom is turned back and laterally, passing into the nipple-like outgrowth. In the first place, there are three surfaces: front and back, turning into the empty of the skull, and the bottom, so take care of the fate in the established final base of the skull. On the anterior surface, at the top of the pyramid, there is a triple depression, in which lies the vuzole of the tripartite nerve, behind the new one - arcuate during the day, it is not established to be in the vertex of the upper organ of the vertebral canal with a circular channel Laterally, from a dark forest, a flat surface is visible - there are two small openings here - the gorges of the great canals and the small stony nerves. Along the upper edge of the pyramid, where the anterior and posterior surfaces are distributed, there is a furrow of the upper stony sinus.

Skroneva kistka, view of the call, sideways

1. chastin luskata;
2. skroneva surface;
3. wedge-shaped edge;
4. willow vine;
5. swamp hump;
6. stony luskata shchilina;
7. stony-drum slit;
8. drum part;
9. awl-like growth;
10. call of hearing openings;
11. nipple-like growth;
12. nipple-like virizka;
13. drum-nipple-like slit;
14. nipple-like opening;
15. supraspinous spine;
16. tim'yana virizka;
17. boring middle skronevoy artery;
18. tim'yanoi edge.

On the back surface of the pyramid there is an internal auditory opening, which goes over to the internal auditory passage, which ends with a payment with openings. Naybіlshe otvіr veda in the lyce channel. Dribnі open to serve for the passage of the front of the door-ultkovy nerve. On the back surface of the front there is an open opening to the water supply of the front, and on the lower edge there is an ultkovy canal. The offense of the channel leads to the cyst labyrinth in front of the door-ultkovy organ. At the rear of the posterior surface of the pyramid, there is a furrow of the sigmoid sinus.

On the lower surface of the pyramid, at the jugular opening, which is surrounded by viral low and longitudinal cysts, there is a jugular fossa. Laterally, a long awl-like outgrowth is visible.

Skroneva kistka, view from the middle (from the medial side)

1. tim'ya region;
2. arc-like pidnesennya;
3. drum-luskat shchilina;
4. tim'yana virizka;
5. furrowed upper stone sinus;
6. nipple-like opening;
7. tilted edge;
8. furrowed sigmoid sinus;
9. the back surface of the pіramidi;
10. yaremna virizka;
11. zovnishn_y open the front water supply;
12. subarc pit;
13. zovnishn_y otv_r canaliculi ravlik;
15. furrowed lower stone sinus;
16. three-part impression;
17. top of pirady;
18. willow vine;
19. wedge-shaped edge;
20. mozkov surface.

is a chotirikutnu plate, the name of the surface of the opukla, in the center you can see the hillock. The inner surface of the brush is bent, on niy є arterial furrows. Chotiri the edge of the temporary brush is to meet with the other tastes, confirming the appearance of the sewing machine. Behind the frontal and frontal seam, the forehead and longest seam are established, from the protideny temporal seam - the sagittal seam, and from the lacquered fringe - luskatie. The first three edges of the brush are serrated, take a part in the set of toothed seams, the rest of the fires - the seam is made of lusca. Machotiri kuti bone: pillary, wedge-like, nipple-like and forehead.

Tim'yana kistka, zovnishnya surface

1. tim'yanoi hillock;
2. sagittal edge;
3. forehead kut;
4. upper flank line;
5. frontal edge;
6. lower skroneva line;
7. wedge-shaped kut;
8. luskato edge;
9. nipple-like kut;
10. tilted edge;
11. potilichny kut;
12. tim'yanoi openings.

to fold from the vertical frontal flaps and horizontal intra-well parts, which, passing one into one, fix the over-well edge; the nasal part is roasted from the Ochnoyamkovu part.

The lobova's luska is swollen, on which one can see the foreheads of the hump. There are above-bottom edges of the arch, like, converging in a medial straight line, to set up a platform above the root of the nose - glabelli. Laterally, the ochnoyamkovy edge is trivial in the willow outgrowth, which is close to the willow cyst. The inner surface of the frontal brush has been removed and moved into the inside of the box. On them one can see a sagittally oriented furrow of the superior sagittal sinus.

The orbital part - right and left - tse horizontally rotated cyst plates, burnt the lower surface empty, and the upper - empty of the skull. One piece of one plate is very often viral. On the nasal part є the nasal spine, whereby take care of the fate of the shaped nasal septum, from the sides of it - open (apertures), lead into the frontal sinus - air-filled emptying, which is to be found in the frontal folds on the other sides.

The face of the cranium є the cyst base of the individual and the cob species of grass and dikhalnyh nobles, Before the bones of the facial cranium are attached to the jugular muffs.

Lobova kistka, front view

1. forehead luska;
2. frontal tubercle;
3. tim'ya region;
4. frontal seam;
5. glabella;
6. willow vine;
7. supra-pitched edge;
8. nasal part;
9. nasal box;
10. lobova virizka;
11. nadochnyamkovy opening;
12. skroneva surface;
13. overhead arc;
14. skroneva line.

1. tim'ya region;
2. furrow of the superior sagital sinus;
3. mozkov surface;
4. frontal comb;
5. willow vine;
6. fingers and depression;
7. slipe openings;
8. nasal box;
9. ґratchasta virizka;
10. orbital part.

approved by the lower surface of the cerebral cavity of the skull and part of the facial cavity. The bud of the skull of the anterior shape is formed by cystic infants and alveolar arch, fixed by the upper slit cysts. In the middle seam of a solid underside and in the back-side joints, other openings are visible, through which thin arteries and nerves pass. The middle view of the statements is of the skinny and wedge-like bristles, of the front border of the hoani, the back is of the front edge of the great (capillary) opening. In front of the great (potilichny) opening of the pharyngeal hump.

Budova skull. Zovnishnє the base of the skull

1. an infantile sprout of the upper slit brush;
2. cut openings;
3. mid-side seam;
4. transverse frontal seam;
5. Joana;
6. lower orbital cleft;
7. forged arc;
8. coulter crunch;
9. crylopoid fossa;
10. lateral plate of the cryopodic appendix;
11. krylopodіbny shoot;
12. oval hole;
13. lower slit fossa;
14. awl-like growth;
15. callous rumors of the passage;
16. nipple-like growth;
17. nipple-like virizka;
18. capillary mycelium;
19. Myseloid fossa;
21. lower viynaya line;
22. zovnishn_y potilichny vistup;
23. pharyngeal hump;
24. mycicle canal;
25. jugular opening;
26. capillary-nipple-like suture;
27. zovnishnє sleep otvir;
28. styloid opening;
29. tearing openings;
30. stony-drum slit;
31. spines of openings;
32. swamp hump;
33. wedge-shaped lusk seam;
34. krylopod_bniy slack;
35. great pіdnebіnnі openings;
36. zygomatic-maxillary suture.

relief inner base of the skull obumovaniya budova lower surface of the brain. There are three cranial fossae on the inner side of the skull: anterior, middle and posterior. The anterior cranial fossa, in the frontal part of the great brain, is fixed to the Ochnoyamkov part of the frontal brush, the gratuitous gratuitous brush, partly and the small crill of the wedge-like cyst. The posterior margin of the malikh krill extends into the anterior cranial fossa from the middle cranial fossa, in which it is expanded curtain parts pivkul great brain. At the gipofizarnoy yamtsi of the Turkish saddle there is gipofiz. Here the Bud's skull has its own specialness. The middle cranial fossa is established by the thin and great krill of the wedge-like cyst, the anterior surface of the pyramid and the lusky part of the wedge-like cyst. In front of the hypophyseal fossa, pass the pre-crossed furrow, hang the back of the seat behind. On the bichn_surface of the body of the wedge-like brush, one can see the sleepy borozy, yak vede to the inner opening of the sleepy canal, at the top of the pyramid there are tears of the openings. Between the malimi, the great krill and the thin wedge-like cyst from the cutaneous flank, the upper orbital fissure is sounded in the lateral right, through the yak pass the okoruchial, block and tripartite cranial nerves and the third nerve (main nerve). Back and from the bottom of the line, the description is round, oval and open. On the front surface of the pancake, near the top, you can see a threefold depression.

Budova skull. Internal cranium

1. orbital part of the frontal brush;
2. pivnyachy comb;
3. sieve plate;
4. healthy channel;
5. pituitary fossa;
6. seat back;
7. round opening;
8. oval hole;
9. tearing openings;
10. bone openings;
11. internal auditory holes;
12. jugular opening;
13. pidyazikovy channel;
14. lambda suture;
15. stingray;
16. bordered transverse sinus;
17. internal power supply;
18. great (strong) openings;
19. potilichna luska;
20. furrowed sigmoid sinus;
21. pyramida (kam'yanist part) of the curtain brush;
22. luskata part of a skronevoy brush;
23. great crunch of wedge-like brush;
24. small wedge-like brush.

For materials site telegra.ph

The skin of human organism є by the best "guintic" in the majestic mechanism. Heads of kistkovi elements show the functions. Prior to such elements, a skrone brush is introduced.

Skroneva kistka: description

An important part of the cranial box is to become a skeletal cyst, the yak is removed from the two sides of the skull, and then a pair. If you say more accurately, then you have to lay down to one of the warehouse skulls, which will cover the brain. Refine її wedge-like, tim'yana and talented kistki.

Tsei kistkovy element in the complex with the lower slit fixes a crumbly slope. And in tandem zі stinks, fold the zygomatic arch.

The skinny element itself is an inoperable brush: there are several parts of the representations that are created.

The skroneva brush grows with a path of ossification from six points. At the end of the 8th embryonic development, the luskati parts ossify with pearls. On the 3rd month, it is hardened into the drum part. With the arrival of the 5th month, the development of the fetus in the cartilaginous dilyantsi of the pyramid appears to be a dough of ossified dylyans.

Before the period, before the people, the skrone of the basket is also stored in the lusky part, the drum and the stone part, and in the middle of the parts of the gorge, the gorge is laid out with the full fabric.

budova kistki

Anatomy of the early wiggle's brush They see a piracy, a drum part and a lusk.

Piracy is still called the stone part. And for good reason, even the element is stored behind a hard brush element. For its form as a Kam'yanist, the part is even more similar to a trigran piramida (stars and names). Pіdstava pіramіdi vivoditsya in a nipple-like growth.

Warehouse pіramіda from the offensive parts: top; frontal, posterior and lower surfaces; apical, posterior and lower edge.

Frontal is straight, pivoting forward and uphill. On the side of the piramida, go to the lusche of the early rung. Between the two elements of the curtain brush, the stony-luskata of the openings can be grown. At its central part, the front surface of the frame has a small arc-like appearance. At the entrance, through the middle of the day, at the viglyadi of the lusky openings, open the flat plate, which is the function of the drum emptying.

The back surface pіramіdi prilyagє to the center. Practically, in the central part of the surface of the pyramid, there are not many auditory openings, as it overflows at the internal auditory canal. On the side of the auditory opening, a suction fossa was fastened. And on the lower bots є open the front water supply.

The lower surface of the pіramidi is equipped with an uneasy surface relief. The lower surface flows into the nipple-like outgrowth.

The upper edge of the pirudin is a near-cord line, which is scraped from the front and back surfaces. Behind the yogo basis, the furrow of the kamy sinus is grown.

The rear edge of the rear and the lower surface is spaced. The groove of the lower stone sinus lies on the bridle of the surface. Close to the side of the furrow there is a dimple from the opening of the rabbit's canaliculi.

On the inner side of the process of organizing the hearing and balancing.

The diagram shows:

functions

Skroneva kistka vison has three functions:

1. Zakhisna. Skroneva cyst in the vicinity of the small cysts of the skull protects the brain of the common genus of pooch.
2. Oporna. The cranial cyst forms the brain, being its support.
3. Skroneva kistka is a place of attachment of head muzzles.

In addition, there is a queue of revenge on the organisation's channels hearing aid, Rivnovagi, as well as in nіy prolyagayut іznі tubules і judgment.

Їх functions will increase to lay down in the anatomy of the skinny brush. In addition, the roasting of pre-set bottles is also infused into the functionality.

Channels of the early list

Skroneva kisstka is covered with small wounds, depressions and tubules. Channels and empty skirts serve for carrying out vessels, nerve pains, arteries. The channels are empty pipe parts of the heavy, intertwined parts of the curtain brush.

Below is a table of channels in a skronevoy kistka.

Facial nerve canal

The face channel of the skronevoy kistka is visible. Win a cob on the lower side of the hearing device, roasted in the middle of the ear. Yogo straightness is twisted laterally - forward to the root of the canal of the stone nerve fiber. At the end of the day, I set up a turn, which is called the ring of the face channel. I prodovzhu svіy path the lycovіy channel of the skronevoy kistki from the line directly to the side and back, along the traktorії of the straight cut parallel to the axis of the paramіdy. Then it becomes straightforward and ends with the nipple-like opening at the tilting side of the empty drum.

sleepy canal

The sleepy canal of the skronevoy kistka has started its own way on the lower boat at the gateway (aperture). Yogo straightness - right uphill, or even closer to the surface of the mountain. The channel is to rob the vigin pid cut 90 and to move with the opening opening on the apex of the piradi. Sleep artery pass through the canal.

M'yazovo-pipe channel

M'yazovo-trumpet canal of the skronevoy kistka is a fragment of the auditory trumpet and the apparatus of the internal vuh. To repair the canal at the top of the piracy, but also: to expand it between the frontal edges and the thin flap brush.

Drum string channel

The tsei tubule is repaired towards the canal of the facial nerve, the scarlet ear has grown out of the styloid opening, and ends in the stone-drum section. In place of the pre-cut channel channel, a larger report was shown in the table.

nipple tubule

The small ear of the cob is kept in the jugular yamts, peretina lower widdil the facial canal and end in the nipple-like-drum section. The nipple canal through its empty space to carry out the outgrowth of the bloating nerve.

drum tubule

The tympanic tubule shores its ear from the bottom of the stone dimple. Svіy shlyakh prodovzhu straight up the hill and straight. The rewind from the bottom of the empty drum dilenk and straighten up to the misu hill, even at the viglyadi groove. You can go to the edge of the rocky nerve, which is spread on the anterior side of the paniculate brush.

The drum canal is to take revenge at its empty drum nerve.

Sleepy-drum tubules

In total there are two sleepy-drum tubules. The stench from the sleepy canal is repaired, the sounds are far away from the empty drum. The function of the cich canals is carrying out.

The channels of the skinny brush are schematically displayed. The stench shows the complexity of the processes that run through the brush.

SKRONEVA KISTKA

Skroneva kistka, os tempordle, Parna kistka, I can fold Budova, so as a vison of all 3 functions of the skeleton, and not only of setting the part of the biconline and the base of the skull, but of revealing to the organisation's hearing and equipoise. Vaughn is a product of zlittya decilkokh kistok (zmіshana kistka), which are self-contained in some twins, and in addition, they are stored in three parts: 1) luskate chastin, pars squamosa (in twarins - os squamosum); 2) drum chastina, pars tympanica (in Tvarins - tympanicum), і 3) Kam'yanist chastina, pars petrosa (in Tvarins - petrosum).

By stretching out the first fate of life, the stinks get angry into one basket, the ringing rumors pass through, meatus acusticus externus, such a rank, when the luskata part lies over it, the rocky part is to the middle to the bottom, and the drum is to the back from the bottom. Follow the evil around the outer parts of the early wedge, to be taken over all life by the eyes of the industrial seams, and by the cracks, and by itself: on the cordon pars squamosa and pars petrosa, on the antero-upper surface of the remaining fissura petrosquamosa, in the clay-fissura petrosquamosa; a part of the fissura petrosquamosa and fissura petrotympanica (through which the chorda tympani nerve enters).

Luskata chastina, pars squamosa, take care of the fate in the established biches of the skull. You should be able to stand up to the curved bins, that is, Kostenin on the ground with good fabrics and it’s easy to just stand upright at the viewer with rounded edges, put on the top edge of the thighs, squiggles, name.

On the brain surface, facies cerebralis, on the brain, on the finger, impressiones digitatae, and on the side of the furrow from a. meningea media. The name of the surface of the luska is smooth, take care of the fate in the established early fossa, and this is called facies temporalis. From it to enter the willow sprout, processus zygomaticus, which goes forward into the wilderness cist. Its cob has two roots: the anterior and the posterior, where there is a fossa for articulation from the lower slit, fossa mandibularis. On the lower surface of the anterior root, there is a hump, tuberculum articulare, where the head of the lower slit is crossed forward with a significant open mouth.

The drum part, pars tympanica, of the frontal cyst fixes the anterior, lower and part of the posterior edge of the ear canal, bone endesmally, as all the curved cysts, small plates, only small.

The famous rumor passage, meatus acusticus extern us, is a short channel that goes straight in the middle and troch forward and leads into the drum empty. The upper edge of the last opening, porus acusticus echternus, and the part of the rear edge is made up of a lanky edge brush, and on the sieve - a drum part.

In a newly born callous rumor, it has not yet been formed, so that the drum part is not just a ring (anulus tympanicus), tighten it with a drum ring. As a result of such a close rozstashuvannya drum rewind is called among the new women and children of the early age, most often are encouraged to get rid of drum emptying.

An important part of the rim of the kam'yanist part, pars petrosa, is so named after the miraculousness of its kistkovy speech, informed by the fact that the part of the cyst at once and take part in the appearance of the skull, and in the body of hearing Demand the mitsnoї zahist from poshkojen. It grows out on the basis of cartilage. The other name of the central part is the pyramida, given according to the first form of the trigonal pyramid, the base of which is terribly named, and the top is forward and in the middle to the wedge-like cyst.

Piramida has three surfaces: front, back and bottom. The anterior surface to enter to the bottom of the bottom with middle cranial holes; the posterior surface is turned backwards і medially і fixing a part of the anterior wall with the posterior cranial holes; the lower surface is turned down and only visible on the outer surface of the skull base. The famous relay of the foldable and of the building of the budovy and the interior for the middle (empty drum) and the internal vuh (cystic labyrinth, which is stored up from the peers and the passage of such nerves). On the anterior surface of the pyramid, near the top, there is a slight depression, impressio trigimini, from the node of the tripartite nerve (n. Trigeminus). Namely, two thin furrows pass through, medial - sulcus n. petrosi majoris, і lateral-sulcus n. petrosi minoris. The stench leads to two identical openings: medial, hiatus canalis n. petrosi majoris, і lateral, hiatus canalis n. pe trosi minoris. Names of these openings are slightly arc-like underneath, eteineptia arcuata, where the vypynenny grows burrily to the labyrinth, the top of the semicircular canal. The top of the brush mіzh eminentia arcuata і squama temporalis set the drum empty, tegmen tympani.

Approximately in the middle of the back surface of the pyramid, there is an internal auditory opening, porus acusticus internus, as well as an internal auditory passage, meatus acdsticus internus, to pass through the facial and auditory nerves, as well as the internal auditory nerves.

From the lower surface of the pyramid, the beast on the base of the skull, there is a thin stinging of the styloid sprout, processus styloideus, the service provider with the small attachment of the muses of the "anatomical bouquet" (mm. stylohyoideum i stylomandibulare. The shilopodibnyy sprout is a part of the withers of the finch wandering. At once z lig. stylohyoideum vin є too different visceral arc, pid'yazic (hyoid).

Between the awl-like and nipple-like outgrowths there is an awl-nipple-like opening, foramen stylomastoideum, through the yak pass n. facialis and enter one artery. Medially, from the styloid appendage, the gliba jugular pit, fossa jugularis, is removed. In front of fossa jugularis, aside from it, we go with a comb, there is the first opening of the sleepy canal, foramen caroticum externum.

The pyramid has three edges: front, back and top. The short front edge is made up of the gostry kut with a lining. At the end of the codend there is a hole in the bead-tube canal, canalis musculotubarius, leading to the empty drum. The channel with a partition extends into two sections: upper and lower. The upper, smaller, semicanal, semicanalis T. Tensoris tympani, contains muscles in itself, and the lower, larger, semicatialis tiibae auditvae, is a cyst part of the auditory tube, which serves to carry out the drum inside the throat.

Along the upper boundary between the pirudin and the front and back surfaces, there is a well-lit sulcus, sulcus sinus petrosi superioris, - the trace of the same venous sinus.

The posterior edge of the front of the fossa jugularis is located at the main part of the cortical cyst and at the same time is closed with a cyst siilcus sinus petrosi inferioris - next to the lower camyanous venous sinus.

The name of the surface is supposed to serve as a place of attachment of the music, which is the reason for the development of the її zvnіshnіy relєf (wadrostok, virizki, shorstkostі). To the bottom of it, you can find yourself in a nipple-like growth, processus mastoideus. Until a new sternocleidomastoid nipple-like meat is attached, I will put my head in a pouch, which is necessary for vertical position tila. That nipple-like growth is seen in chotirinoids and it grows in people-like maws and grows only in humans in conjunction with this upright walk. On the medial side of the nipple-like outgrowth є the side of the nipple-like virizka, incisura mastoidea, is the attachment point of m. digastricus; even more to the middle - small bearded, sulcus a. occipitalis, is the name of the same artery.

On the last surface of the nipple-like outgrowth, there is a smooth tricycle, which is a shortcut for quick access to the middle of the nipple-like outgrowth when the gnomes are stored.

In the middle of the nipple-like outgrowth and to take place in the middle of the middle of the cellulae mastoideae. On the cerebral surface of the base of the pyramid, there is a glibka boron, sulcus sinus sigmoidei, and the venous sinus is the same.

The channels of the early list. With the great canal є canalis caroticus, through which the inner sleep artery passes. Feeling like my own name, foramen caroticum externum, on the lower surface of the fire, I think it’s possible to go down, then go straight and see my internal carotic door, foracute The canal of the facial nerve (Fig. 27), canalis facialis, repair in the glybin porus acusticus internus; at the cychs, the canal opening, becoming horizontal, is turned towards a straight kut laterally and backwards, the vigin is set up - the canal, geniculum canalis facialis, and then go down and end up behind the additional foramen stylomastoideum, rosted on top of

1. The front surface of the pіramidi, fades anterior partis petrosae. Small. A, B.
2. Dah drum empty, tegmen rympani. Thin cystkova plate anteriorly and laterally to the arcuate underneath. Small. V.
3. Dugopodibne pidnesennya, eminentia arcuaia. Lie on the front surface of the piracy. Vidpovidaє of the front canals. Small. A, B.
4. A crevice to the canal of the great kamyany nerve, hiatus canalis n. Petrosi majoris. Opening on the anterior surface of the pyramid, in which one nerve passes. Small. A, B.
5. The crevice to the canal of the small kamyany nerve, hiatus canalis n. petrosi minoris. Opening on the anterior surface of the pyramid, below the gorge, to the canal of the great stony nerve. Small. A, B.
6. Boroza of the great stone nerve, sulcus n. petrosi majoris. Directly from the sloping gorge forward and medially to the ragged opening. Small. V.
7. Boroza of the small stone nerve, sulcus n.petrosi minoris. Directly from the sloping gorge to the oval opening. Small. V.
8. Threefold depression, impresio trigeminalis. Loss of death on the anterior surface of the pyramid at the top for the university of the tripartite nerve. Small. V.
9. Upper edge of the piramidi, margo superior partis petrosae. Small. A, B.
10. Boroza of the upper stone sinus, sulcus sinus petrosi superioris. Walk along the upper edge of the pіramіdi. Small. A, B.
11. The posterior surface of the pіramidi, fades posterior partis petrosae. Small. A.
12. Internal auditory otvir, porus acusticus internus. Lie on the back surface of the piracy. Small. A.
13. Internal auditory passage, meatus acusticus internus. To revenge VII, VIII cranial nerves and judges. Small. A.
14. Subarc fossa, fossa subarcuata. Loss of death over the internal auditory passage. Inserted with a small lobe. Small. A.
15. Front water supply, aqueductus vestibuli. Vuzkiy canal in the back station of the pirida, z'ednana with the endolimfatic spaciousness of the inner vuh.
16. The name is the aperture of the water supply system of the front, apertura externa aqueductus vestibuli. Small. A.
17. The back edge of the piridi, margo posterior partis petrosae. Small. A, B.
18. Boroza of the lower stone sinus, sulcus sinus petrosi inferioris. Small. A.
19. Yaremna virizka, incisura jugularis. Open the front edge of the jugular opening. Small. A, B.
20. Intraspinous outgrowth, processus intrajugularis. Rozdilya jugular opening on two sides: in the posterolateral jugular vein, in the anteromedial - IX, X, XI cranial nerves. Small. A, B.
21. Ravliki's canaliculus, canaliculus cochleae. Reveal the peri-lymph duct.
22. The name of the aperture of the canaliculi of the ravlik, apertura externa canaliculi cochleae. Shaped in front and medially from the jugular fossa. Small. B.
23. The lower surface of the pіramidi, fades inferior partis petrosae. Small. B.
24. Jugular fossa, fossa jugularis. To lie down for a jugular virizka. Revenge the upper cybulin of the internal jugular vein. Small. B.
25. Teat tubule, canaliculus mastoideus. I took the ear in the jugular pit. To take revenge on the throat of the blukayuyu nerve. Small. B.
26. A styloid bud, processus styloideus. Lateral and anterior retouching of the jugular fossa. Є Let's lose another zyabrovy arch. Small. A, B, G.
27. Styloid opening, foramen stylomastoideum. Roztashovana behind the styloid appendage between the nipple-like appendage and the jugular fossa. Є zovnishnim opening of the facial channel. Small. B.
28. Drum tubule, canaliculus tympanicus. To mend in the stone dimples. Revenge the tympanic nerve and the lower drum artery. Small. B.
29. Kamyanista dimple, fossula petrosa. Roztashovana on the cyst ridge between the zonal opening of the sleepy canal and the jugular fossa. Revenge the drum of the ulcer-pharyngeal nerve. Small. B.
30. Empty drum, cavitas tympanica. Vuzka, how to take revenge on the space between the cyst labyrinth and the drum overflow.
31. Kamyanisto-drum [[Glazer]] schilinu, fissura petrotympanica []. Roztashovana between the drum part and the cyst plate, the rocky part of the skin, dorsomedial from the lower slit fossa. Small. B, G.
32. Kamyanisto-luskata schilina, fissura petrosquamosa. Roztashovana on the side of the skull, in front of the rocky-drum-like cleft, between the cyst plate and the lusque part of the skinny part. Small. B, C.
33. Drum-luskata schilina, fissura tympanosquamosa. To get up in the face of evil, there are two shilines. Small. B, G.
34. Drum-nipple-like cracks, fissura tympanomastoidea. Roztashovana between the drum part and the nipple-like appendage. Misce vyhodu vushnoy gilka blukayuyu nerve. Small. B, G.