The child's nervous system is one of the most important components of the whole organism. With the help of the nervous system, not only control over the activity of the whole organism as a whole is carried out, but also the relationship of this organism with the external environment. This relationship is carried out using the senses, receptors on the surface of the child's skin.

The nervous system is a very complex formation in a child's body. Any violation in her well-coordinated activity can lead to the development of rather serious diseases.

The development of the nervous system is uneven. The bookmark of the brain occurs in the early stages of pregnancy (1st week of intrauterine development of the child). But even after childbirth, the process of division and the formation of new nerve cells is not completed. The most intense period of the formation of the child's nervous system occurs in the first 4 years of life. It is during this period that the child receives more than 50% of the information that helps him in later life. Unfavorable environmental influences, infectious diseases, trauma during this period lead to the formation of the largest number of neurological diseases.

The physical activity of the child is also important, which is also controlled by the nervous system. While inside the uterus, the baby assumes a certain posture that allows him to occupy less volume. After birth, the baby can show various reflexes. The presence of these reflexes, on the one hand, are associated with the immaturity of the nervous system, and on the other hand, they help the child to survive in the environment. Gradually, during the maturation of the nervous system, many of the reflexes disappear, but some, such as swallowing, remain with us for life.

Sensory organs (sight, smell, touch, hearing) are very important in the child's life. These organs help the child navigate the environment, form an idea of \u200b\u200bobjects and phenomena, communicate and learn about the world. Any violations of these sense organs lead to the fact that it becomes very difficult for a child to perceive the world, to communicate with his peers. Speech plays an important role in the formation of communication, which will also be controlled by the nervous system. Speech impairment can be both a consequence of brain damage and organic diseases of the organs involved in the formation of speech. It is necessary to timely identify various speech disorders and treat these conditions, since speech is necessary not only for communication, but also for the correct assimilation of the acquired knowledge.

In some cases, it is quite difficult to recognize neurological diseases in children in the early stages, since they can hide behind the functional immaturity of the nervous system. In this case, only parents are able to provide all possible assistance to medical workers, since they are close to the child almost 24 hours a day, and can immediately determine whether the child's behavior has changed. A feature of neurological disorders in children is also the fact that many of them disappear almost completely in case of injury, timely, correct, although long-term treatment.

Having studied the articles collected in this section, you will be able to learn how to identify various conditions in children that may indicate the presence of a pathology of the nervous system in a child and draw the doctor's attention to this in time.

The list of neurological diseases is quite wide and does not depend on age and gender; these diseases are recognized as the most common. Functional disorders in this type of pathology can form anywhere in the body.

Causes provoking disorders of the nervous system

Diseases of a neurological nature are acquired and congenital. Provocative factors leading to violations are:

• Trauma... Traumatic brain injury leads to the development of all kinds of neurological disorders.
• Diseases of the internal organs in the chronic stage.
• Hereditary predisposition. In this case, the manifestation of disorders begins at an early age: these are tics, epileptic seizures, impaired motor function, complete or partial loss of sensitivity.
• Circulatory disorders of the vessels of the brain. Disorders are manifested by dizziness, disorientation, migraine, and
• Exhaustion of the body due to nervousness. Diseases caused by this cause are characterized by psychosomatic symptoms.

Encephalitis, meningitis

They are diagnosed with brain damage, and they are included in the list of neurological diseases to establish a disability. The soft membranes of the brain are exposed to harmful agents, bacterial or viral in nature.

Unfortunately, no one can be insured against these diseases. Such diagnoses are also made for newborns, and the reason in this case is an infection transferred during pregnancy. The danger of brain damage lies in complications: this is a progressive dementia and conditions leading to a person's disability. Untimely started treatment leads to cerebral edema and death.

Vegetovascular dystonia

This pathology is recognized as one of the most common neurological disorders. The condition is characterized by a chronic course. Symptoms: surges in blood pressure, frequent dizziness, pain in the heart. Correctly selected therapy leads to a complete cure.

Migraine

This disease is recognized as a leader among neurological disorders. The symptoms of the disease are manifested by bouts of severe excruciating headache. The therapy is selected individually over a long period. Getting rid of pain is difficult.

Age-related neurological pathologies

The list of neurological diseases in people over 60 years old that are incurable: senile dementia, multiple sclerosis (now found in the younger generation of citizens), parkinsonism, Alzheimer's disease, impaired cognitive functions. The cause of their development is considered to be long-term arterial hypertension, not compensated by drug therapy, metabolic failure and insufficient blood supply to the brain. Below is an incomplete list of neurological diseases (in the table) associated with memory impairment in the elderly.

Timely seeking medical help will improve the patient's quality of life, and will allow for some time to postpone the progression of the disease.

Conditions for which you should consult a doctor

The syndromes and symptoms in neurological diseases indicating functional problems are as follows:

• constant fatigue;
• disorientation;
• sleep problems;
• memory impairment;
• weakening of attention;
• failure in muscle activity;
• the formation of spots in the field of vision;
• hallucinations;
• dizziness;
• confusion of consciousness;
• tremor;
• pain that occurs suddenly and affects different parts of the body;
• panic attacks;
• feeling of numbness in the lower and upper extremities;
• paresis or paralysis.

The detection of the above signs requires medical attention, since they can be harbingers of serious neurological diseases, the list of which is subdivided into disorders in the work of both the central and peripheral nervous systems.

Research types

The neurologist, if necessary, will refer the patient for additional examinations:

• magnetic resonance imaging is prescribed for impaired consciousness, hallucinations, pain syndrome;
• doppler ultrasound is indicated for migraine, dizziness;
• electroneuromyography - with paralysis or paresis, as well as sudden pain.
• computed tomography helps to determine the location and nature of the pathology;
• ultrasound examination of various organs, depending on the patient's complaints;
• positron emission tomography, with its help they diagnose injuries and consequences of diseases;
• echoencephalography is used to detect brain pathologies;
• neurosonography is used to study the brain of newborns;
• craniography reveals bone fractures in the skull and birth defects.

What specific type of examination to appoint is determined by the attending doctor, depending on the presence of symptoms. Treatment of neurological diseases and their prevention is his prerogative. Independent decision-making about treatment or research is not recommended.

Treatment methods

There are four types of therapy that have been successfully used to treat neurological diseases (listed above):

Medication or medicinal. Includes a wide range of drugs that, in accordance with the instructions for medical use, are used to treat these conditions.

Physiotherapy... Includes various physical therapy classes aimed at different organs and muscles, as well as magnetic and laser therapy, electrophoresis and other types of physiotherapeutic effects.

Surgical... This method is used with the progression of the disease and the complete lack of effect from other methods of therapy. Surgical interventions are carried out on nerve fibers, spinal cord and brain.

Non-drug... This includes diet therapy, herbal medicine, acupuncture, massage, manual and reflexology, osteopathy.

Children's neurological diseases: list and description

The main causes of neurological stress or breakdown are recognized:

• psychological trauma;
• uncomfortable and aggressive environment in which the child is;
• uncontrolled physical and mental stress;
• the inability to cope with strong emotions (fear, resentment).

The undeveloped nervous system of a child does not have time to respond in a timely manner to various stressful situations, so children cannot quickly adapt to difficult life conditions. According to medical statistics, the list of childhood neurological diseases is growing steadily. The most defenseless inhabitants of the world are affected by diseases such as:

• Enuresis or urinary incontinence. It is very common in young boys and manifests itself in the weakening of control at night. Children's neurologists call the reasons for this condition: stress, constant punishment of the child.
• Various neuroses which occupy a leading place among all neurological disorders: fear of heights, darkness, loneliness, and others;
• stuttering. Most common in boys. The reason is a strong shock in the form of fright or trauma, that is, something that the child could not cope with on his own and there was a failure in the speech process.
• Tiki... Distinguish between motor, they are expressed in twitching, blinking or shrugging the shoulders; vocal - humming, coughing; ritual - all actions performed in a certain sequence are repeated; generalized, which combine several types. The cause of tics lies in attention, as well as excessive care, stress.
• Sleep disorders of a neurotic nature. The prerequisites for the development of this condition are considered regular overwork in additional sections, at school and chronic stress.
• Headaches. The presence of this symptom indicates the presence of a pathological process of a neurological orientation in the child's body.
• Attention deficit disorder. Especially often it manifests itself during schooling and can go on into adulthood. The manifestations of the syndrome are anxiety, aggressiveness, negativism, emotional lability.

The list and description of neurological diseases in childhood is endless. In order to effectively treat pathologies of the nervous system, you should seek medical help in a timely manner. Finding a common language with the child, support and faith in his own strength, indulgence and patience, a psychologically favorable climate in the family will partially help to avoid these violations. The main thing in such situations is not to look for the guilty, but to find the right way out together with specialists (neurologists, psychologists), thinking first of all about the younger generation.

Neurological diseases in newborns

The list of these pathologies is headed by the most common, such as:

• Hypertonicity and hypotonia. A sign of the first is the tension in the muscle tissue, which does not pass after the first week of the baby's life. Symptoms of the second - the upper and lower limbs are unbent, with passive extension there is no resistance. Treatment consists of regular exercises and massage courses.
• Central nervous system disorder syndrome. It is assumed that this condition is observed in a large number of newborns. The reasons for its appearance lie in the adverse effects of external conditions on the nervous system during the period of gestation, delivery and in the first days of the baby's life. At the first signs of illness, treatment should be started immediately using physiotherapy methods. Untimely therapy will subsequently result in brain dysfunction.
• Intracranial pressure. It can be unstable or increase and lead to hypertensive-hydrocephalic syndrome. Symptoms that should alert a young mother are manifested in the form of frequent crying, regurgitation, especially when the atmospheric pressure changes, irritability, or, conversely, drowsiness, lethargy, and lack of appetite are noted. On the bridge of the nose, temples and skull of the baby, a pattern of veins appears, which is visible to the naked eye. By the beginning of the second month of age, an increase in the size of the baby's head is possible.
• Perinatal cerebral hypoexcitability. It occurs periodically or can be constant, has a different intensity. The baby shows passivity, lethargy, he does not show curiosity, muscle activity is reduced, the main reflexes - swallowing and sucking - are reduced, low motor activity. This type of pathology is typical for premature babies, as well as those who have undergone hypoxia or birth trauma.

Any mother needs to know the signs of neurological diseases in children, the list of which is listed above, and at the slightest suspicion, seek qualified help from doctors at a medical institution.

Summing up

The early age of an individual is especially important for all subsequent life, since it is during this period that the basic foundations for successful physical well-being are laid. Timely elimination of disorders or stabilization of conditions associated with pathological neurological problems will help to be healthy.

Nervous diseases in children alphabetically

Apraxia in a child develops due to various pathologies that affect the brain. The disease is characterized by impaired motor functions ...

According to statistics, insomnia in children occurs in 40% of cases. Insomnia occurs in both schoolchildren and newborns. Sleep disturbances can last ...

Vegetative-vascular dystonia is formed in children as a result of functional changes in internal organs. In this case, all violations occur in the nervous ...

Nervous diseases in children arise at an early age. The reasons are very different, and the consequences can bring serious health problems at a later age. Therefore, it is important to consult a doctor in a timely manner, as soon as the child has the slightest disturbances in speech, movements, facial expressions. Neurological diseases in children, as a rule, directly depend on the surrounding atmosphere: relationships with parents, peers, educators. It is necessary to monitor the emotional state of the child, regularly undergo medical examinations with him, since diseases of the nervous system in children are easier to treat at the initial stage. A separate area of \u200b\u200bmedicine is aimed at this - pediatric neurology.

Causes and consequences

Among the causes that cause nervous diseases in children, two groups can be distinguished.

1. External factors. This is what the child encounters in their daily life:
   • family relationships;
   • communication with peers;
   • atmosphere in kindergarten, school, circles;
   • ecological situation.
2. Internal factors. These include thought processes, things that affect the child:
   • stress, depression, depression;
   • genetic predisposition;
   • character warehouse: excessive emotionality;
   • diseases of the brain, internal organs, trauma, infections, low immunity.

Symptoms

Diseases of the nervous system in children may not manifest themselves immediately. They also arise under the influence of several factors. The reasons overlap and manifest themselves as a result. The consequences are already felt in adulthood. Children's diseases of the nervous system develop into serious neuroses, which are much more difficult to cure. For example, all kinds of disturbances in the work of the psychomotor apparatus.

The symptoms of disorders are expressed in different ways. They can manifest themselves in the child's periodic twitching, blinking, and shrugging. Such contractions affect the muscles of the legs, arms, face. Repetitive actions are typical symptoms that characterize neurological diseases in children: tapping, walking from one side to another, shifting an object. Among the symptoms, various smacking, coughing, snoring are also distinguished.

The main symptoms that indicate nervous diseases in children include:

1. fainting,
2. insomnia,
3. enuresis,
4. poor appetite
5. hypochondria,
6. headache.

Types of diseases

Children's neurological diseases are classified into several types. They differ depending on what caused the disorder in the body.

Neurological diseases in children are diagnosed in several stages. First of all, the doctor conducts a survey of the child and his parents, recording not only data about the child's health, but also about how the pregnancy went and what the patient's lifestyle is. All this allows us to draw up a complete picture of violations and choose an effective treatment.

Nervous diseases in children of the central and peripheral nervous system can only be cured by qualified specialists. Self-medication is dangerous. After the examination, the pediatric neurologist draws up an individually selected treatment plan, which includes the use of drugs and the passage of medical procedures. If necessary, a dispensary is appointed, where medical rehabilitation of children is carried out. Treatment methods depend on the age of the patient.

Children's neurological diseases may not reveal themselves in any way, so you should regularly undergo examinations by specialists. In children under one year old, pathologies such as perinatal encephalopathy, increased intracranial pressure, muscle hypertension and hypotension are diagnosed. For preschool age, problems associated with adaptation in society are characteristic. The child may develop fears, depression, hypoexcitability. The doctor will help to cope with all deviations. Children's diseases of the nervous system in adolescents are manifested in attention deficit disorder, hyperactivity, epilepsy and other disorders arising from problems in school, communication with others.

Prevention

"Neurology" in children is preventable. To reduce the risk of violations, the following rules must be followed:

1. balanced diet,
2. correct daily routine,
3. being in the fresh air,
4. reasonable physical activity.

You can choose a pediatric neurologist for consultation or treatment on our website yourself, or call the help desk (the service is free).

This material is posted for informational purposes only, is not medical advice and should not be used as a substitute for consulting a doctor. For diagnostics and treatment, contact qualified doctors!

Pediatric neurology is a branch of medicine that deals with diseases of the pediatric nervous system. It arose at the junction of two disciplines - neurology and pediatrics. She is also closely related to neurosurgery and psychiatry. Pediatric neurology is one of the most difficult disciplines in medicine.

Yakunin Yu.A., Badalyan L.O., Shabalov N.P. made a great contribution to the development of child neurology. and, of course, Ratner A.Yu. They did a lot for the development of perinatal pathology, i.e. on neurology of newborns.

Also, in order to improve the processes of diagnosis and treatment by pediatric neurologists in 2015, the third edition of the book was published - "Pediatric Neurology in Newborns and Clinical Recommendations", ed. prof. Guzeeva V.I. and coauthors.

Here are all the latest materials on the etiology, definition and therapy of pathologies of the nervous system in childhood; the entire algorithm of the doctor's actions is indicated.

Particularly detailed information is given on the pathology of newborns. Much attention has been paid to evidence-based medicine and its achievements.

Neurologist (more modern name for the specialty of a neuropathologist) - specializes in the study, prevention, detection and treatment of diseases with lesions of all parts of the nervous system.

This is especially important in children, because neurological pathologies leave a mark in the future for life. The work of a child neurologist is very responsible, because by his decisions he decides the further fate of the child: his social adaptation, mental and physical health; and even his diseases in adulthood.

Today, a new section of diseases has been opened in pediatric neurology: hereditary metabolic diseases. This is done because out of 2,500 nosologies in neurology, 70% of them are hereditary.

Visits to a pediatric neurologist should be scheduled in the first month of life, every 3 months during 1 year of life. Then they are performed annually as needed.

The importance of timely referral to a pediatric neurologist

Pediatric neurology is markedly different from that of adults; the nervous system of children changes with age and is not a miniature copy of an adult. In children, many diseases have an atypical course and are quite rare.

The main problem in pediatric neurology is perinatal lesions of the nervous system. The perinatal period begins at 22 weeks gestation and ends 7 days after delivery. During this very crucial period for the mother and the fetus, a variety of factors can influence it.

The last month before childbirth and health are very dependent on external factors: late toxicosis; nicotine; taking drugs; stress; infections - all this is a lot for the body of the future baby, these are harmful factors. For example, even minor stress on the mother during pregnancy leads to an oversaturation of the baby's bones with calcium.

With the approach of labor, the bones of the fetus harden; the result is painful labor for the mother and difficulty for the baby as it passes through the birth canal. It is also indisputable that today the number of stress in a person's life is growing exponentially.

The work of the nervous system can be disrupted even in the prenatal period. Therefore, the neurologist examines the child in the first weeks of life and immediately after childbirth.

If the mother's childbirth was pathological and the child was born in asphyxiation, forceps were applied, and other obstetric manipulations, this will necessarily affect the nervous system. Many researchers in the West consider the current births to be non-physiological.

The only neurologist who studied newborns during the perinatal period spoke about this in the book - A.Yu. Ratner Neurology of newborns. This monograph describes the damage that becomes inevitable for the infant during obstetric manipulations.

Also A. Yu. Ratner, all neurologists, osteopaths and massage therapists insist that during childbirth the most vulnerable place in the fetus is the neck and shoulder girdle. They are under maximum stress. Here is the border of the spinal cord and the brain.

Here are the structures that orient a person in space; responsible for biorhythms, breathing, providing the body with energy. They are laid down later than anyone else and continue to ripen in the perinatal up to 3 years. They are called I block of the brain.

That is why it is so important to treat the pathology of the nervous system in the first year of life. When a baby's neck is injured, this will manifest itself as muscle spasms in the neck area; the neck will be sunk into the shoulders.

Such babies do not like to lie on their stomach - they are in pain; it is hard for them to hold their heads, she falls and buries her nose down. This is because the neck and shoulders reflexively tighten when the head is lifted.

Sleep disturbances are frequent in these babies; rickets occurs more often. At an older age, they will suffer from headaches, because the spasticity of the muscles in this area will hold.

The vessels feeding the brain pass through 1 block and this will also be reflected on it. This clearly demonstrates how much importance is attached to neurological disorders in the first 3 years of life, with an emphasis on the first year. The detachment of the child's place, the speed of labor in any direction, and anesthesia during childbirth also negatively affect. And there is no need to hope for chance, if the child cried out immediately during childbirth, is attached to the breast and immediately took the breast, etc. If you ignored the neurologist, at a minimum, the baby may have CRD, the child will remain disabled. Organic lesions are quite possible.

Children with delays can also lag behind in society, basic skills, be inadequate, emotionally unstable, etc. According to statistics, a child is disabled in 50% of cases due to neurological diseases.

Moreover, 70% of diagnoses are associated with the condition of a pregnant woman at 34-36 weeks and the baby's health during the neonatal period.

With an early visit to a pediatric neurologist, half of these problems can be successfully solved.

This is possible because it is in the first months of a newborn's life that the brain is actively developing and maturing, it has more opportunities for adaptation, therefore, treatment will be most noticeable in terms of effectiveness. If time is lost, it will only be possible to talk about meager rehabilitation opportunities. In other words, everything is good on time.

When is it necessary to see a neurologist urgently?

The first symptoms of disorders are possible in the first month of life. The main symptoms that should alert parents and which should be paid attention to are the following:

1. While crying, the baby's chin trembles and hands shake; sometimes it can be noted at rest.
2. The child is easily excitable.
3. The child does not fall asleep well, his sleep is superficial and he easily wakes up from the influence of external factors, for example, from the sound of a voice; constantly naughty. Parents of such children should not try to create ideal ways to improve sleep at home, such as curtained windows, blackout, complete silence, whispering - this is not an option. All this will aggravate the situation and delay the diagnosis.
4. Abundant and frequent regurgitation in infants, even with a small amount of food.
5. The appearance of seizures in a child, even at low temperatures.
6. Supported on piles, the toddler bends his fingers or stands on tiptoe like a ballerina.
7. Older children may experience: frequent headaches, they can be protracted.
8. Fainting conditions.
9. Backache and backache.
10. Disorders in the performance of normal movements at different levels of the spinal column.
11. Absent-mindedness, inability to attract attention, memory impairment.
12. Apathy, lethargy, fatigue, no interest in the environment.
13. Does not contact peers.
14. Bad sleep.
15. Panic attacks against the background of complete well-being.
16. Neuralgia and signs of peripheral nerve damage.
17. Twitching of various muscles spontaneously.
18. Enuresis in children 5-6 years old.
19. Hyperactivity.
20. Delayed speech, mastery of writing, decreased intelligence.

In all these cases, you do not need to wait for a routine examination, you need to immediately go to the doctor.

Preventive examinations:

1. For children under one year old, an examination every 3 months; in the presence of violations monthly.
2. Then examination in the preschool period - 4 - 5 years.
3. In the primary school period - 7 years;
4. 13-14 years old is puberty.

All prophylactic examinations are necessary for the early detection of pathologies in order not to bring them to a serious condition. Also, early detection of psychomotor deficiency and mental underdevelopment is possible.

How is the examination by a pediatric neurologist going?

After the traditional examination (visual examination, palpation, manipulations to determine the motor and sensitive spheres), the neurologist always clarifies the entire list of diseases from the birth of the child; analyzes all the negative aspects of pregnancy in the mother; the course of labor. The transferred diseases in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy are being specified.

Diagnostic measures

Of the diagnostic methods for suspicious symptoms, the following are used:

• Ultrasound with dopplerography of cerebral vessels;
• fundus examination;
• MRI (in extreme cases).

During the appointment, the following must be checked:

• visual reflexes;
• muscle tone and strength;
• conditioned and unconditioned reflexes;
• the sensitivity and its loss is determined;
• coordination in space;
• cognitive cognitive functions.

Additional research methods include the assessment of hearing, brain stem, and speech apparatus. Since many problems are often polyetiological in nature, the treatment is carried out together with other specialists.

Treatment methods

How to treat congenital abnormalities? With congenital pathologies, the main goal is to stop the aggravation of pathology and help in the adaptation of the child. Drugs are not used immediately.

To begin with, apply:

• manual therapy;
• craniosacral technique;
• muscle relaxation;
• emotional technique;
• physiological, reflex and binaural therapy;
• massages;
• Exercise therapy, etc.

Manual therapy - restores mobility and function of the spine. In children, it is carried out gently, in slow motion, removing all spasms from tense areas.

Craniosacral technique - its purpose is to manually gradually align the bones of the skull. This restores the blood supply to the brain; reduces ICP. The technique is used in infants.

Emotional techniques - used for behavioral deviations and neuroses.

Muscle relaxation - It consists of relaxing the muscle fibers. This has a positive effect on the skeletal system, especially on the spine. Internal organs also relax.

New methods include computer speech programs, techniques for improving coordination of movements (cerebellar stimulation).

As you can see, few things are acceptable at home in neurological treatment.

The neuropathologist does not just prescribe treatment and send the child home without thinking about him until the next medical examination. He always supervises the treatment.

In order to stimulate motor skills, mental development, parents can successfully carry out simple exercises at home after consulting a doctor for the development and improvement of fine motor skills:

1. Pour some buckwheat groats into a bowl and, sorting it, pour from palm to palm. You can hide small objects in this cereal and let the child try to find them.
2. Pour warm water from a basin into a bucket with a glass;
3. At the first steps of the child, let him run barefoot more often. Let him feel the surface in stacks; this will enrich his tactile sensations. At the same time, the surface is textured alternating - floor, carpet, rubber mat, fabric, etc.
4. Do modeling with your child from plasticine, paint with finger paints.

Common pathologies

This article will outline the most common neurological pathologies in children.

1. Cerebral dysfunction or otherwise attention deficit hyperactivity disorder - at first it manifests itself with a decreased concentration of attention, then the child becomes irritable, easily excitable. The muscles are hypotonic, due to which the awkwardness of movements appears, the work of the musculoskeletal system as a whole is disrupted. Posture is impaired, flat feet develops, urinary incontinence appears. Children cannot absorb the school curriculum, they have vegetative symptoms: increased heart rate, dizziness, headaches.
2. Also perinatal pathology includes birth trauma, fetal hypoxia, intracranial hemorrhage. At the first examination, there may be complete health, and the manifestation of pathologies will appear in a few months.
3. Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is a consequence of fetal hypoxia. The brain suffers completely: the cortex and subcortex. If untreated, this will result in a decrease in intelligence, paralysis, convulsive syndrome, cerebral palsy. Early abnormalities show up well on the EEG.
4. Birth injury is a broad concept that includes the violation of the integrity of the tissues of the fetus during childbirth. Among them are spinal injuries, facial paralysis. Palsy of the facial nerve gives symptoms: swelling, ptosis and stiffness of the mouth; the eyelids do not close tightly; the nasolabial fold is absent. Treatment can lead to complete recovery. Spinal cord injury during childbirth can occur with breech presentation of the fetus, due to the use of obstetric manipulations. Under such conditions, vertebral subluxation, infringement and spasm of the vertebral artery, hemorrhages in the spinal cord membranes easily occur. In spinal cord injuries, bruising and compression are especially common. In this case, neurological disorders are manifested in the form of paralysis, pelvic disorders, and urinary disorders. Signs of lesion are determined by the segment level. In these diseases, the child's neck and head are immobilized to treat such disorders. Medicines relieve tissue edema and pain, restore the functioning of damaged brain structures.
5. Intracranial hemorrhages - they have hypoxia, impaired blood clotting, infections during pregnancy of the mother; prematurity. With all of them, the state of the wall of the vessels of the brain is disturbed, and the pathology of childbirth becomes the trigger. Treatment consists in observing a gentle and protective regime (exclusion of any irritants - light, sound; swaddling is only gentle); drug treatment. If the hemorrhage progresses, surgery is also possible in the form of blood removal by suction with ultrasound control.
6. Traumatic brain injury: Traumatic brain injury includes contusion and concussion. In a child, this is manifested by asthenic syndrome; often it is accompanied by vegetative dystonia: increased blood pressure, changes in heart rate; disrupted work of the thermoregulation center.
7. Microcephaly. Characterized by a pronounced decrease in the size of the skull and, accordingly, the brain. There will be necessarily mental disability. Speech and motor skills are impaired.
8. Hydrocephalus. Another name is dropsy of the brain. With it, the cavities of the ventricles of the brain are sharply increased due to the increased secretion of CSF, which accumulates in the cerebral cavities. Signs of hydrocephalus are formed even inside the uterus. As a result, the skull is deformed, the forehead becomes excessively convex, the network of veins on the skull and temples is pronounced. The fontanelles are noticeably dilated, the eyes roll up under the superciliary arches. Often, pathologies in older children are a late result for not recognizing them in the first months of life.

Nervous disorders in children in the modern world occur more and more often. This is due to various factors: the heavy workload that children receive in educational institutions, insufficient interaction with parents who are employed at work, high standards that society sets. It is important to recognize the warning signs in time and start working with the child. Otherwise, it can lead to serious mental problems in the future.

Nervous diseases can occur at any age, but the increased risk occurs during periods of age crises:

• 3-4 years;
• 6-7 years old;
• 13-18 years old.

At a young age, the child may not always be able to tell what worries him. During this period, parents should be alerted to such uncharacteristic signs as:

• Frequent whims and a state of irritability;
• Fast fatiguability;
• Increased emotionality and vulnerability;
• Stubbornness and protests;
• Feeling of constant tension and discomfort;
• Closure.

The child may begin to experience difficulties with speech, even if he had a good vocabulary before that time. He may also begin to show interest in a particular direction: playing with only one toy, reading only one book, drawing the same figures. Moreover, his games become a real reality for him, so parents can notice how much the child is carried away at this time. He can fantasize a lot and really believe in his fantasies. With such symptoms, it is recommended to undergo psychological diagnostics from a child psychologist, it will be especially important to do this a year before school.

When a child attends school, he may additionally show symptoms such as:

• Decreased appetite;
• Sleep disturbance;
• Dizziness;
• Frequent overwork.

It is difficult for a child to concentrate and carry out mental activity to the fullest.

The symptoms of a nervous disorder in adolescent children are most severe. An unstable psyche during this period leads to the fact that they may experience:

• Impulsiveness. Even the little things can make them mad;
• Feelings of constant anxiety and fear;
• Fear of people around;
• Self-hatred. Often, adolescents dislike their own appearance;
• Frequent insomnia;
• Hallucinations.

From physiological manifestations, severe headaches, disturbed pressure, signs of asthma, etc., can be noted. The worst thing is that in the absence of timely treatment, a disturbed psyche can cause suicidal thoughts.

Neuropsychiatric disorders in children can have various origins. In some cases, there is a genetic predisposition to this, but not always.

The disorder can be provoked by:

• Diseases of the child, leading to dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system;
• Childhood diseases affecting the brain;
• Diseases of the mother during pregnancy;
• The emotional state of the mother during pregnancy;
• Family problems: conflicts between parents, divorce;
• Too great demands on the child in the upbringing process.

The latter reason may seem controversial, because parenting is an integral part of the formation of a child. In this case, it is important that the parents' requirements are adequate and implemented in moderation. When parents ask too much from a child, try to find a reflection of their unrealized potential in him and, moreover, put pressure on him, setting too high standards, the result only gets worse. The baby is depressed, which directly leads to the development of disorders in the nervous system.

A very important factor that can cause mental problems in a child is the discrepancy between the emotional temperament of him and the mother. This can be expressed both in a lack of attention and in an overabundance of it. Sometimes a woman can note the lack of emotional connection with the child, she takes all the necessary actions to take care of him: feeds, bathes, puts to bed, but does not want to hug him again or smile at him. But excessive parental care in relation to the child is not the best option, it also carries the risk of the formation of an unstable neuropsychic state of the child.

The presence of a phobia can also tell parents about possible mental health problems in a child.

Types of neuroses in childhood

Neurosis in a child, like in an adult, is divided into several types, depending on the symptoms present. Nervous system disorders in children can take the following forms:

• Nervous tic. It occurs quite often and is expressed in the form of involuntary movements of body parts: cheeks, eyelid, shoulder, hand. The child cannot control them, while they arise during the period of his exciting or stressful state. The nervous tic disappears when the child is very keen on something;
• Stuttering. The little patient begins to experience difficulties with speech due to muscle cramps responsible for this activity. Stuttering is especially intensified during periods of excitement or in the presence of an external stimulus;
• Asthenic neurosis. The cause of this type of disease is the large amount of stress that falls on the child's psyche. As a result, he may suffer from frequent and sudden mood swings, increased irritability and moodiness, lack of appetite and feelings of nausea;
• Obsessive neurosis. It can be expressed both in constantly arising thoughts of an anxious or frightening nature, and in frequently repeated movements. The child can swing, turn his head, move his arms, scratch his head.
• Anxiety neurosis. Children only get to know the world around them, so some things can scare them, sometimes developing a real phobia in them. Most often, fears are in the dark, loud sounds, heights, strangers;
• Sleep neurosis. It is difficult for a child to fall asleep and he often suffers from nightmares. All this leads to the fact that the baby does not get enough sleep and constantly feels tired;
• Hysteria. It arises against the background of some kind of emotional experience. The child cannot cope with his feelings and tries to attract the attention of others by crying loudly, lying on the floor, throwing objects;
• Enuresis. In this case, the neurosis is expressed in urinary incontinence. But it is important to take into account that this phenomenon, before the child reaches 4-5 years of age, may not be informative in the diagnosis of mental disorders;
• Eating behavior. Children often express increased selectivity in their food. But if this sign appeared unexpectedly, then you should pay attention to it. Perhaps it was preceded by a disorder in the child's psyche. Excessive food intake can also speak not only of the risk of being overweight, but also of the presence of neurosis;
• Nervous allergies. It is characterized by the fact that it is very difficult to determine the source of the body's reaction.

Depending on the condition of the child, he may experience signs of several types of neurosis at once, for example, sleep disturbances and obsessive thoughts.

Who to contact

When signs of psychological and nervous disorders appear in a child, parents should seek help from a doctor. First of all, it is worth visiting a neurologist. It is he who will be able to determine what the reason lies in the child's altered behavior and whether there is a need for drug therapy.

The next step is to see a therapist. In some cases, parents will also need consultation, because it is not uncommon for the cause of children's neuralgic disorders to be tense relations between them. In this case, a family psychologist can help to deal with the problem, who will work with all family members at the same time.

Treatment

Treatment in each case is selected individually. It may include measures of one or several directions at once: taking medications, psychological assistance, additional procedures.

Drugs

Children are not always treated with drug therapy. The doctor should, based on the results of the diagnosis, determine the need for drugs. If the child really needs them, then a technique may be shown to him:

• Sedatives. Most of them are of plant origin, so they do not harm the child's body. Their effect is to reduce the emotional stress of the child. They also help normalize sleep;
• Drugs that improve blood circulation in the brain area. Such drugs have a beneficial effect on the state of blood vessels, expanding and providing them with nutrition;
• Antipsychotic Medication. Necessary to rid the child of obsessive fears and increased anxiety;
• Tranquilizers. They also belong to the group of sedatives, but they have a more pronounced effect. Eliminate emotional tension, have a relaxing effect. Sleep tends to become deeper and deeper;
• Calcium-containing complexes. They make up for the lack of this element in the child's body, which has a positive effect on the state of his nervous system and brain function.

What kind of drug the child needs, and in what dosage, is determined only by the attending physician. Otherwise, the condition may be aggravated by the side effects of medication.

Family psychotherapy

A visit to a child psychologist forms the basis of treatment for most of the child's nervous disorders. At the reception, the specialist tries to find out from the patient what exactly bothers him, frightens him or makes him nervous. In this case, the psychologist must establish the most trusting contact with the child. If necessary, work is carried out with parents.

In addition to working with the inner world of the child, it is also important to create conditions for his life. He should have a normalized daily routine, adequate sleep for at least 8 hours a day, a healthy diet, and a balanced amount of work and rest.

ethnoscience

All folk remedies aimed at eliminating the signs of a nervous breakdown in a child are to take herbal remedies that have a sedative effect. The most popular methods are:

• Motherwort tincture. Brew dry grass with boiling water and filter through cheesecloth. Take this remedy for 1-2 teaspoons 3 times a day. Not recommended for children under 7;
• Valerian tincture. In this case, the crushed root of the plant is poured with boiling water. The filtered remedy is drunk 1 teaspoon 3-4 times a day;
• Chamomile decoction. Dry flowers are brewed with boiling water, and then infused for 3 hours. This broth can be drunk even by babies. In the presence of neurological disorders, the child is recommended to drink up to 150 ml per day.

It is important to pay attention to the fact that herbs can cause allergic reactions, so you should first make sure that your child is not intolerant of them.

Prevention

Prevention of nervous disorders is important not only for children who have already encountered this problem. Each parent should be aware that the child's psyche is not as developed as that of an adult, therefore it is subject to various destabilizing factors.

In order to prevent the occurrence of neurological disorders in a child, it is important to observe the following measures:

• Listen to his emotions. It is important not to miss the moment when he needs support or simple attention;
• Assess the emotional potential of the child. A lot of attention isn't always the best solution. Children should also have their own personal space;
• Talk to him. Don't be afraid to tell your child about your feelings and thoughts. And, of course, it is important to teach him to give feedback;
• Build trust. The child should know that the parents are always ready to listen to him and accept him, even if he made a mistake;
• Create conditions for unlocking its potential. If a child has a craving for drawing, then you should not forbid him to do this business, arguing that, for example, sports are more interesting.

In general, parents just have to learn to love and understand their child, no matter how old he is, 1 year or 18. If it is difficult to do it on your own, then you can seek help from psychological books, seminars or directly to specialists in this field.