From the point of view of topical diagnosis, 6 main syndromes caused by the defeat of a number of structures most important in the functionality of the structures are distinguished.

Due to the presence of asymmetry of large hemispheres, the syndromes of the left and right temporal fractions differ significantly. Under the lesion of the left temporal share, verbal disorders (sensory or amnesic aphasia, Alexy) are observed (sensory or amnesian aphasia), which are missing with the defeat of the right temporal share.

Syndrome area field Wernik.It occurs when the middle and rear sections of the upper temporal winding occur (22 fields in Brodman), responsible for the function of the sensory speech. In the irritative version, this syndrome is combined with irritation of the rear adversal field, manifested by a combined twist of the head and eyes in the opposite side of the hearth. In the embodiment, the syndrome is manifested by sensory aphasia - the loss of the ability to understand speech in complete safety of hearing.

Syndrome Sovan Goesh.It occurs with the defeat of the middle departments of the upper temporal winding (41.42, 52 fields in Brodman), which is the primary projection area of \u200b\u200bhearing. In the irritation option, this syndrome is characterized by the presence of auditory hallucinations. In the variant of one-sided loss of the cortical hearing area, although it does not arise a significant reduction in hearing, it is still often an auditory agnosia - the lack of recognition, the lack of identifying sounds in the presence of their sensation.

Syndrome of the area of \u200b\u200bthe temporal junction.In the embodiment, it is characterized by the presence of amnetic aphasia - a violation of the ability to name items while maintaining them to characterize them. In the destruction of the temporal dumping area of \u200b\u200bthe dominant (speech), the hemisphere can also be observed with a peak-wave syndrome - a combination of sensory aphasia and agraphy with central paresis of legs and hemigipesthesia on a contralateral heart side.

Syndrome of medobased departments.Defeated by the lesion of hippocampoic winding, hippocampus, a hook of gyms of the sea skate, or 20, 21, 35 fields in Brodman. In the irritation embimony, this syndrome is characterized by the presence of flavoring and olfactory hallucinations, and accompanied by emotional lability and depression. In the embodiment, it is characterized by the presence of olfactory agnosia (the loss of the ability to identify odors while maintaining the ability to feel them) or flavoring agnosia (the loss of the ability to identify the taste sensations with the safety of their ability to feel).

Deep structures syndrome.In the irritation variant, the presence of decorated visual hallucinations (bright images of people, paintings, animals) or the presence of metamorphopus (violation of the visual perception, characterized by distorting the shape and size of the seid items). Important detail - visual hallucinations and metamorphopsy are manifested only in the top-outer quadrants of the field of view of the opposite localization of the focus. In the embodiment, the quadrant gomonimnaya hemianopsy appear first, which is then transmitted to a complete gomonimy hemianopia on the opposite heart side. The deep structures syndrome arises as a result of the destruction of the central neuron of the visual path, walking in the wall of the lower horns of the side ventricle. The second component of the loss of deep structures of the temporal share is the presence of a svvab triad:

· Spontaneous blundering when performing a finger-nasal sample on the side opposite to the hearth;

· Fall back and aside in the standing position and when walking, sometimes - in the sitting position;

· The presence of rigidity and small Parkinson tremor on the side opposite to the hearth.

Triad Schwab arises as a result of the destruction of the temporo-bridge way going in a white substance of temporal lobe.

Diffuse damage syndrome.The irritative option is characterized by:

· The special states of consciousness - the state of the drama - "already visible" (Deja Vue), "never see", "never hears", "never experienced", with respect to well-known, familiar phenomena;

· A soft condition - a partial violation of consciousness while maintaining the experiences observed during the changed consciousness;

· Paroxysmal visceral disorders and auras (cardiac, gastric, mental), depression (reducing psychomotor activity).

The embodiment is characterized by a sharp reduction in memory in the form of pathological forgetfulness. Dominates a reduction in memory to the events of the current, with the relative safety of memory for the events of the distant past.

18. Clinical manifestations of damage to the dump brain

In the dark share, 4 areas that give 4 very characteristic syndrome are distinguished:

Syndrome post centrally gyrus.1, 2, 3 fields in Brodman. Gives violations of a common (pain, temperature and partly tactile) sensitivity on the opposite side of the body in strict accordance with the somatotopic dismemberment of post-central isply: in the defeat of its lower parties, there are impaired sensitivity in the field of face and half of the language, with the defeat of the middle departments of the winding - on hand, especially In the distal her departments (brush, fingers), with the defeat of the upper and uppermal departments - on the torso and leg. Symptoms of irritation - paresthesia and partial (focal) sensitive Jackson seizures in strictly limited parts of the body (in the future they can generalize) opposite half of the face, language, arms, legs. Symptoms of loss - monoanesesey, half of the face, language, arms or feet.

Syndrome of the ultrapy lobby.5, 7 fields in Brodman. An irritation syndrome in both fields is manifested by paresthesias (tingling, light burning) arising immediately throughout the opposite half of the body and not having somatotopic division. Sometimes paresthesias arise in internal organs, for example, in the area bladder. The loss syndrome consists of the following symptoms:

· Violation of the articulated musculoskeletal feeling in the opposite focus of the limbs with some predominance of disorders in the hand (with predominant defeat of the 5th fields) or leg (with a lesion of 7 fields);

· The presence of a "afferent pares", as a result of the afferentation disorder in the opposite focus of the limbs;

· The presence of disorders of epicritic sensitivity - two-dimensional discriminatory and localization - throughout the opposite half of the body.

Syndrome of the bottom-floor slices.39 and 40 fields in Brodman. Defended by the defeat of younger in the philo and ontogenetic relationship of the structures of the brain, obeying the law on the functional asymmetry of large hemispheres. The irritation syndrome is manifested by a violent turn of the head, eye and torso left (rear adversis field). The loss syndrome consists of the following symptoms:

· Asterognosis (loss of ability to recognize objects to the touch without phenomena of sensitivity);

· Bilateral motor apraxia (loss of the ability to make usual actions acquired in the course of life, in the absence of sensitivity and elementary disorders);

· Herstric Schilder Syndrome, Corner Corner Syndrome (39 Field) - a combination of finger agnosia (non-recognition of their own fingers), Agrafy (loss of letter ability while maintaining the motor function of the hand), Akalkulia (violation of the ability to perform elementary countable operations within ten), Optical Alexia (loss of reading ability with preserved vision) and violation of the ability to distinguish the right and left sides Body.

Interromene furrow syndrome.It occurs during the localization of the focus in the rear sections of the interrogated cortical strip predominantly the right hemisphere, causing the phenomenon of the body circuit disorder. The specified phenomenon is made of autotopagneosia (the variant of the agnosia, which consists in violation of the recognition of the parts of the own body) of the anosognosia (Anton-Babinsky syndrome is the lack of a critical assessment of its defect) and pseudopolymelium, pseudo (false sensations of the presence of several unnecessary limbs).

IV. The defeat of the temporal naturethe right hemisphere (at the right hand) may not give distinct symptoms. Nevertheless, in most cases, it is possible to establish some of the symptoms of the fallout or irritation characteristic of both hemispheres. Quadrant hemianopsy,overgoing gradually with progressive processes into the full hemian attachment of opposite fields of view, is sometimes one of early symptoms The lesions of the temporal share. The cause of the quadrant hemianopsy lies in an incomplete lesion of the graine beam fibers (Radiatio Optica). Ataxia,crash pronounced (as well as the frontal) in the body, causes mainly standing and walking disorders. Deviations of the torso and inclination to the fall of the Pump and to the side, often the opposite of the affected hemisphere. Dragging Knutka in the opposite hearth hand. Attactic disorders in the processes in the temporal share arise as a result of the defeat of those areas, from where the occlusion-temporal path of the bridge begins (TRACTUS CORTICOPTOCEREBELLARIS), connecting the temporal share with the opposite cerebellum hemisphere.

Hearing, olfactory and taste hallucinations,sometimes the initial symptom (Aura) of the epileptic seizure, the essence of the expiration of the relevant analyzers localizing in the temporal fractions. The destruction of these sensitive zones (one-sided) noticeable disorders of hearing, smelling and taste does not cause (each hemisphere is associated with its perceive devices on the periphery on both sides - its own and the opposite).

supplies of vestibular-cortical dizziness,accompanied by a feeling of disturbance of the spatial ratios of the patient with the surrounding objects; Often combining such dizziness with auditory hallucinations (hums, noises, buzz).

Unlike lesions of the right hemisphere, foci in left temporal share(Rights) often entail serious disorders.

The most frequent symptom is sensory aphasia,arriving as a result of the defeat of the region of the Wernik, located in the backyard of the upper temporal winding. The patient loses the ability to understand speech. Audible words and phrases are not associated with the corresponding ideas, concepts or objects; Speech the patient becomes incomprehensible in the same way as if he was talked to a stranger to him. To establish with this kind of patient contact with the help of speech is extremely difficult: he does not understand what they want from him, what they are asked about and what he is offered. At the same time, their own speech is frustrated. Unlike a patient with motor aphasia, patients with defeat of the region of the Wernik can speak and are often distinguished by excessive talkativeness and even chatty, but it becomes wrong; Instead of the necessary word, it is commonly common, the letters are replaced or words are incorrectly. In severe cases, the patient's speech becomes completely incomprehensible, representing a meaningless set of words and syllables ("Salad from words"). Violation of the correctness of speech, despite the safety of the brocade region, is explained by the fact that as a result of the defeat of the region, the provision of his own speech falls. The patient with sensory aphasia does not understand not only someone else's speech, but also its own: from here a number of errors, misunderstandings, etc. (parafias).The patient does not notice the defects of their speech. If the patient with motor aphasia annivers his helplessness in speech, then the patient with sensory aphasia sometimes annotates people who cannot understand it.

Another very peculiar kind of Afani is amnesian Alfa -symptom of damage to the posterior department of the temporal and lower division. With this disorder, the ability to determine the "name of items" falls. Chatting with the sick, sometimes you can not immediately see the defect of his speech: he says quite freely, correctly builds his speech, understands for others. It is still noticeable that the patient often "forgets" words and that the phrases of his poor names are nouns. The defect is detected at once if you offer it to call items: instead of the name, it begins to describe their purpose or properties. So, without calling a pencil, the patient says: "It is to write"; About a piece of sugar: "What is put, interfere with, is made sweet, drink", etc. When the name of the name, the patient confirms the correctness of it or rejects if the subject is called incorrectly. Explains his failures with the patient because he "forgotten the name of a particular subject" (hence the term is amnistical aphasia).

End of work -

This topic belongs to the section:

Total neurology

At the entrance of the rear sensitive root in the spinal cord only the fiber painful .. The rear pillar damage spinal cord causes the loss of the articulated muscular and vibratory feeling on the side ..

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Insulated monopiles can be marked with preferably damage to the distal limbs.

When localizing the process in the upper departments of precentrated, the predominant defeat of the leg is celebrated, in the middle departments - hands, in the lower departments - face and language.

Beaming post-central winding ( gyrus PostCentralis) leads to disorders of all kinds of sensitivity on the opposite side. The prevalence and localization of disorders are similar to motor disorders during the damage to precentral isply. Monoantezias are often observed, mainly expressed in the distal limbs. Along with the loss of pain, tactile and temperature sensitivity, the articulated muscular feeling can be marked by hyperpathy in the zone of sensitive disorders.

Frontal share. Under the damage to the rear section of the lower frontal winding (Brock zones) of the dominant hemisphere (left-handers) arises efferent motor aphasia. At the same time, the patient loses the ability to speak, but understands the addressed to him, which is confirmed by the proper execution of the doctor's commands. The patient freely moves by the language and lips (in contrast to the dysarthria, which is observed in the bulbar or pseudobulbar paralymps), but loses the skills of speech movements (PRACTION). Often, the loss of speech is lost and the ability to write - arises Agrafy. In cases of incomplete damage, the brother zone marks the narrowing of the vocabulary stock and the appearance of speech errors (agrammatism), the patient speaks with difficulty and notices his mistakes. At the recovery stage, the patient owns the whole stock of words, but "stumbles" on the syllables, especially in words containing many consonants and many similar syllables (the dysarthritical phase of motor aphasia).

With an isolated damage to the rear unit of the middle frontal windows of the left hemisphere (in the right hand), which is rarely found, isolated Agrafy can be celebrated - the loss of the ability to write. At the same time, the patient understands the oral speech facing it and saves reading skill. Motor aphasia and agraphy are types of aprage. During the defeat of this area, parires of the gaze may develop in the opposite hearth side.

With the defeat of the frontal share of both the left and right hemisphere, may appear lobal Ataxia (From here begins the frontal-bridge path relating to the cerebulic system). It is most shown in the torso - in standing and walking disorders. Patient without having paralysis in vertical position Falls (Astasia) or, with difficulty while holding down his legs, can not walk (abasion).

With light disorders, the gait when walking is detected by instability on turns with a tendency to deviate to the side opposite to the affected hemisphere. The frontal ataxia may also appear in the limbs, more often in the form of a dyeing dust with the opposite of the affected hemisphere with a hand with a finger-nasal or pin-hammer sample.

The disorders of the psyche with the defeat of the frontal fractions are manifested in the form of violations in the emotional-volitional sphere, which can be divided into two main options: apatico-abulic syndrome and psychomotor dismissal syndrome. With apatico-abulic syndrome, patients are passive, misinterdient, adamic, aspontanes. They have a narrowing of the circle of interest, bravery, lack of spontaneous motives. For psychomotor dismissal syndrome, the inhibitory of thinking, a chatty, euphoria, reaching the degree of foolishness ("Moria"), underestimating the severity of their condition, the weakening of memory and attention, the lack of a critical attitude towards their behavior, losing the feeling of distance when communicating with others, less often - depression and aggressiveness. Typical sludge and tendency to rude flat acunts that do not correspond to the personality and education of the patient in a premorbid state. Sometimes there is a painful thrust for theft (kleptomania), devoid of material meaning (theft of useless items).

One of the manifestations of the defeat of the frontal share is lobland Apraqual (Apraqulica design). At the same time, the ability to plan actions and provide plans to execute, the sequence of actions is disturbed, the absent of the action is often noted. They are characterized by repeated, multiple actions, their connection with the initial intentions is lost.

The defeat of the frontal fraction of the kepened from precentrated is a hemisphere (in right-hander) may not give distinct symptoms of lesion or falling out functions. In such cases, the orienting symptom may be transient paresters to the side opposite to the hearth (lesion of the area of \u200b\u200barbitrary turn of the eyes and the head), which is clinically manifested by the deviation of the eyes and the head towards the hearth due to the preservation of the muscle tone of the opposite side. Usually this symptom manifests itself with acutely emerging processes in the frontal share (stroke, injury).

With bilateral defeat of frontal stakes may be observed phenomena resistance (controversy). When trying to a doctor, a passive movement with one or another finite is observed resistance from the patient. The private manifestation of the phenomenon is the symptom of I. Yu. Kohanovsky - a symptom of "closure of the eyelid": when trying to raise the upper eyelid patient, involuntary resistance is felt.

Sometimes they can occur "Grass" phenomena, expressed normally in young children. Under the defeat of the frontal fractions of phylogenetically ancient reflex, the grabbing is stagnant and manifests itself to an involuntary grasp of the subject in a barn of irritation of the patient's brush (Reflex of Yanishevsky - Bekhtereva). In more severe cases, the patient follows the hand for an approaching or remote subject.

Temple share. With the defeat of the left temporal share in the right-hander (dominant hemisphere), in particular the rear unit of the upper temporal winding (zones of the Vernika), marks sensory Afaja. At the same time, an understanding of both oral speech is lost, including its own and written. The speech of the patient becomes incomprehensible to the same way as if he speaks in an unknown foreign language.

After losing control over his own speech, the patient is often distinguished by excessive chatty, it is a senseless set of syllables and words ("Salad of words"). The defect is most often not realized, and the patient annotates people who cannot understand it.

Commands the patient's doctor is not able to help distinguish sensory aphasia from the motor. In easier cases, the replacement of letters in the Word or instead of the desired word is mistakenly pronounced another. Such patients can carry out single commands, but incorrectly perform complicated samples. Reading and writing function is lost.

With the defeat of the rear section of the temporal share and the lower division of the darken share of the dominant hemisphere marks amnesian Afaja. The patient loses the ability to call objects, although it understands their purpose. If the name suggests, the patient confirms its correctness, but soon forgets the name of the subject and the show describes its functions. For example, if the patient is to show a pencil, he says: "It is to write."

The damage to the dark-temporal area of \u200b\u200bthe dominant hemisphere can lead to semantic Afani.in which the understanding of the semantic value of the word order is violated in the sentence (for example, the father of his brother and father's brother, etc.).

Symptom characteristic of the defeat of both shares is temple Ataxia. Like the frontal, it is sharply expressed in the body and manifests itself in the form of a standing disorder and walking with a trend towards falling back and to the side opposite to the affected hemisphere. In the limb opposite to the hearth, it is observed by knutut during a finger-hammer sample.

The phenomena of temporal ataxia are often combined with the attacks of vestibular-cortical dizziness. It is accompanied by a feeling of a disturbance of the spatial ratios of the patient with the surrounding objects (the cortical representation of the vestibular apparatus is in the temporal share).

During the foci in the deep departments of the temporal share, a quadrant hemianopsy may be observed. The cause of its occurrence is an incomplete lesion of visual radiation ( radiatio Optica.). Process progression can lead to complete gomonimy hemianopia opposite fields.

In the cortex of temporal fractions, representative offices of auditory, taste and olfactory analyzers are determined. The one-sided destruction of these zones does not cause notable hearing disorders, smelling and taste due to the fact that each hemisphere is associated with perceiving devices on both sides - its own and opposite.

Dark share. Under the defeat of the left parietal share in the right-hander (dominant hemisphere) in the region of the edge of the edge ( gyrus Supramarginalis.) Arises motor apraxia: The patient loses the ability to produce complex targeted movements in the absence of paralysis and when the elementary movements are preserved. So, the patient cannot independently fasten the buttons, confuses the sequence of actions, is helpless in circulation with various objects and tools. Symbolic motion skills may also be lost: a threat gestures, military greetings, etc. Usually apraxia captures both hands, although an isolated apraxsee in the left hand may occur during the damage to the corn body. Tip (show) little helps the patient.

The foci in the lower-floor share of the left of the right hand can manifest itself constructive apraxia (Spatial Apraxia). The patient cannot construct a whole of parts (figure from matches or cubes). Apraquession can be combined with sensory aphasia.

Damage to angular winding ( gyrus Angularis.) dominant hemisphere can lead to alexia - Loss ability to understand what is written. At the same time, the ability to write, not reaching the level of complete agraphy, as with the defeat of the frontal share. The patient with a letter incorrectly writes words, and sometimes the letters, right up to full meaninglessness written. Alexia is one of the species spectative agnosia.

The result of the lesion of the area located by the back from the rear central ispuncture is asterognosia. In its pure form, at the same time, the patient's disorder can feel and describe the properties of the subject (weight, shape, value, surface properties), located in the opposite hearth hand. However, he cannot create a summable image of the subject and recognize it. With the defeat of the rear central winding, the unrecognizing the subject will be complete: due to the loss of all kinds of sensitivity, even individual properties and quality of the subject cannot be installed.

The foci, located by the seat from the lower station of post-central winding, can manifest itself in the form afferent motor aphasiadue to the blockade of afferent proprioceptive impulses from the spectavatic departments of post-central winding. With it, as a rule, elements of oral apraxia are observed. The management of the articular act is chokingly, loses its clarity and selectivity, as a result of which the patient does not immediately find the right positions of the language and lips. It is disturbed by the wording, instead of one word pops up to him or unlike other, perverting meaning (hump-coffin, horns-mountain, mountain cortex). Roughly violates the re-speech, the secondary violating to some extent and understanding of speech, which is why the patient does not notice his verbal mistakes.

A rare form of agnosia is autotopoagnosia - the unrecognizing parts of its own body or distorted perception of it. With autotopoagneosia, the patient confuses the right side with the left, it feels the presence of a third hand or leg (pseudo-lodge), the brush may seem to him with a direct continuation of the shoulder, and not forearm. The lesions of the right parietal lobe can lead to a combination of autotopoagneosia with anosognosia - The lack of awareness of its defect, paralysis.

The damage to the parietal share at the junction with the temporal and occipital shares in the dominant hemisphere leads to the development of Herstman's syndrome - Schilder (Akalkulia - account disorder, finger agnosia and violation of the right-left orientation).

During the foci located in the deep deposits of the parietal fractions, the Nizhenadrant Gemianopsy may develop.

Calcular proportion. When defeating the occipital share, visual and discoordinator disorders may occur. So, on the foci in the area of \u200b\u200bthe short furrow on the inner surface of the occipital share there are loss of opposite fields - gomonimnaya hemianopsy. Partial lesions of the visual projection field above sulcus Calcarinus. lead to quadrant hemianopsy opposite lower quadrants; The defeat below the spur furridge - the paternal ispong - lead to the fallout of the fields of opposite top quadrants.

The emergence of small foci in the area of \u200b\u200bthe visual projection field can lead to the appearance of cattle (from Greek. skotos. - Darkness) - Island defects of view in both opposite quadrants. Lighter degrees of lesion lead to the fallout of the color sensations in opposite fields of vision and a decrease in vision - hemiamed.

The peculiarity of the disorders of view during damage to the bark is the preservation of macular vision, even with extensive bilateral lesions of the cortex, which makes it possible to distinguish the TRAKET hemianopia from the cortical one.

The lesion of the outer surface of the left-handed lobe in the right-hander (dominant hemisphere) can lead:

- with light lesions - to metamorphycia, violation of the correct recognition of the contours of items; They seem to be broken and clearance;

- with more rude lesions - to visual agnosia Loss of the ability to recognize objects according to their mind. At the same time, the patient does not lose sight and the ability to recognize objects when feeling or by characteristic sounds, they published.

Complete visual agnosia, when the world seems to be a patient filled with a number of unfamiliar subjects, is less common than cases of partial visual agnosia (agnosia on colors, faces, etc.).

Discordinal disorders manifest themselves as contact Accia (The function of the occiput and bridges is violated).

A special place in the development of an individual and the human team takes the ability to transmit, receive and process sound signals. The ability to recognize and work with a complex iconic system made a person not just a highly developed organism, but a fully shut-functional personality. Initially, exchanging simple sounds, society has learned to transfer difficult to construct verbal sentences. It is due to the presence of a temporal share possible the implementation of the most complex mental function - speech.

Location

The temporal share is part of the final brain and is included in the structure of the crust. It is located on both brain hemispheres on the sides of the bottom, closely contacting the neighboring sites - and share. This section of the cortex has the most pronounced boundary lines. Top part The temple is a little convex, and the bottom - concave. Temporal share is separated from all the other furrows called lateral (side). The close location of the temporal and frontal share is not accidental: it is developing in parallel with thinking (frontal bark), and these two functions are tightly interrelated, since the ability to formulate and clearly indulge (speech) is ensured by the degree of development of mental functions.

The winding of the temporal share is arranged in parallel by the limiting section of the furrows. Itatically distinguished 3 gyms: upper, middle and lower. However, the upper brain fold includes another 3 small gyruses located in the groove itself. This group of small structures is called Geshly's convolutions. The lower turn of the temple is bordered by the transverse cerebral. At the bottom of the temporal share, except for the bottom winding, the additional structures are also distinguished: the legs of the hippocampus, the lateral neckline.

Associated features

The functional of temporal cortex is insignificant, however, it is highly specialized. The functions of the temporal share of the brain are associated with perception, analysis and synthesis of speech, the perception of hearing information, partially taste and olfactory information. Also, the location of one part of the sea horse defines another function - memory, namely the mechanical component. One zone has a special purpose: center Vernika (Sensory speech area) - located on the back of the upper temporal winding. This zone is responsible for the perception and understanding of oral and written speech.

The functional asymmetry of the brain is important, that is, the location of the dominant sections of the bark on the brain surface. Such specificity of the central nervous system did not bypassed the temporal share.

The left temporal share is responsible for such functions (you should specify: the list of tasks is repelled from the fact that the left hemisphere is dominant):

• Understanding sound information (music, words and speech);
• Short-term memory;
• Selection of words during a conversation;
• Synthesis of visual information with auditory;

  An interesting phenomenon is present here - synesthesia. This phenomenon has only 0.05% of the population. The essence of the phenomenon is the ability to see the qualitative parameters of sounds with a different color spectrum. It is physiologically explained by the process of irradiation (the spread of the potential of action), when the excitation of an overly irritated area of \u200b\u200bthe cortex moves to the neighboring part of the brain. Such ability, as a rule, possessed and possess famous musicians (Roman Korsakov, Ferrenz Leaf).

• Communication of music and emotions;

The right temporal share of the brain is responsible for the following functions and abilities:

• Recognition of facial facials;
• Identification of speech intonation;
• Musical tones and rhythm;
• Memorization and fixation of visual data.

In addition to the recognition of the intonation of speech, the uncommentary share also conducts its analysis and the subsequent mounted images into the overall emotional installation to the interlocutor. It is this part of the brain that allows a person to know whether his argument is glad or wants to get rid of him.

What fields are included

Bodman fields are territorial distinctions of the structural organization of various parts of the end of the final brain. The area of \u200b\u200bthe temporal share includes 42, 41 and 22 field. Defeat 42 fields entails a violation in recognizing sounds. Hearing hallucinations speak about the defeat of 22 fields, and during organic damage 41 fields there is a full-fledged trunk deafness (the same aphasia Wernika).

Symptoms of defeat

Based on the fact that the temporal share takes on the functions of perception and understanding of speech and hearing, signs of damage to the temporal bark are the nature of Afani and agnosia.

Aphasia - This is a local violation of the formed speech. Most often, this pathology arises against the background of organic brain lesions (tumors, strokes or cranial injuries). AFAZIYA is different types:

• Sensory Afaja Wernik: Violation of the perception of sound and impairment of hearing;
• ACUTICO-MONETIC AFAZIYA: Reducing the volume of perceived hearing information;
• Acoustic-Gnostic Afasia. In this case, the syndrome is disturbed by direct compreation of the perceived speech, although its sound component is stored;
• Semantic aphasia. This pathology occurs with the combined lesion of the temporal, dark and frontal lobe. It is manifested in the decay of the semantic speech and the semantic structure of the word.

Others Symptoms of the lesion of the temporal cortex of the brain:

• Amusion is the inability to operate the melodic structure of the sound. That is, the patient is usually not able to recognize familiar melodies;
• Violation of memory types: short and long-term;
• Arrhythmia is a problem in perception and working with musical rhythms. The patient does not understand the structure of the rhythm of the melody;
• In addition to auditory disorders, the lesions of the temporal share entails emotion disorders (due to damage in the temple of the legs of the hippocampus belonging to).

The central polyphagia (violation of edible behavior) is not well studied enough. It was observed that in patients who were made by temporal or frontal lobotomy, as well as tumors in the frontal lobe, polyphagia was seen.

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The defeat of the temporal nature

The defeat of the temporal nature

The defeat of the temporal share (right hemisphere in right-handers) is not always accompanied by severe symptoms, but in some cases the symptoms of the fallout or irritation are detected. Quadrant hemianopsy is sometimes an early sign of the defeat of the temporal share of the bark; The reason for it lies in the partial defeat of the bunch of graine beam. In the event that the process has a progressive nature, gradually transforms into full hemian attachment of opposite shares.

Ataxia, as in the case of a frontal attack, leads to constitutional impairment and walking, expressing in this case in the trend towards the fall of the Pump and Block (to the side opposite to the hemisphere with the pathological hearth). Hallucinations (auditory, taste and olfactory) are sometimes the first signs of an epileptic seal. They are actually symptoms of irritation of analyzers in temporal fractions.

One-sided violation of the functions of sensitive zones does not cause, as a rule, a significant loss of taste, olfactory or hearing sensitivity, since the hemispheres of the brain take information from the peripheral perceiving devices of both sides. Attacks of dizziness of vestibular-cortical genesis, it is usually accompanied by a sense of violation of the patient's spatial ratios with its surrounding objects; Often dizziness is accompanied by sound hallucinations.

The presence of pathological foci in the left temporal share (in the right hand) leads to severe disorders. When localizing the lesion in the region of the Vernika arises, for example, sensory amphias, which leads to the loss of the ability to perceive speech. Sounds, individual words and entire proposals are not attributed to the patients to the concepts known to him and subjects, which makes the establishment of contact with it almost impossible. In parallel, the speech function of the patient himself is broken. Patients with lesion, localized in the region of the Wernik, retain the ability to speak; Moreover, they even have an excessive talkativeness, but it becomes incorrect. It is expressed in the fact that the words necessary in meaning are replaced by others; The same applies to symbols and individual letters. In the most difficult cases, the speech is absolutely incomprehensible. The reason for this complex of speech disorders is that there is control over his own speech. The patient suffering from sensory aphasia loses the ability to understand not only someone else's speech, but also its own. As a consequence, paraphashial occurs - the presence of errors and inaccuracies in speech. If patients suffering from motor aphasia are more annoying from their own speech mistakes, then people with touch - offended by those who cannot understand their incoherent speech. In addition, during the defeat of the region, the Vernika marks the disorders of reading skills and letters.

If you conduct a comparative analysis of violations of speech functions in pathologies of various departments of the brain cortex, then it is safe to argue that the least heavy lesions of the rear unit of the second frontal winding (conjugate with the impossibility of writing and reading); Then there is a damage to the angular winding, conjugate with Alexia and the Agrafy; heavier is the lesion of the brocade region (motor aphasia); Finally, the most gravily consequences are distinguished by the defeat of the region of the Wernik.

It should be mentioned by the symptom of damage to the backyard of the temporal and lower division of the parietal fraction - amnesic amphazy, for which the loss of the ability to correctly call items. In the process of conversation with patients suffering from this disorder, it is not possible to immediately notice any deviations in his speech. Only if you show attention, it becomes clear that the speech of the patient contains few names of nouns, especially those defining items. He says "Sweet, which is put in tea" instead of saying "sugar", arguing at the same time that simply forgot the name of the subject.

The rationale for an isolated speech disorder is as follows: a certain field is formed, localized between the cortical hearing and vision centers (B. K. Sepp), which is the center of the combination of visual and auditory irritation in the child. When a child begins to understand the meaning of words, they are compared in his mind with a visual way of the object, which he simultaneously demonstrate. Subsequently, the names of the objects are postponed in the above combinated field when improving speech function. Thus, during the damage to this field, which is, in fact, the associative paths between the fields of visual and hearing gospes, the relationship between the subject and its definition is destroyed.

Aphazy research methods:

1) Checking the understanding of speech facing the suggestion of the simplest commands underway through the proposal - disruption of the sensory function of speech; Deviations can be caused by both damage to the region, and apraxical disorders;

2) the study of the speech of the patient himself - draws attention to the correctness and volume of the vocabulary stock; This examines the motor function of speech;

3) study of the reading function - the ability to perceive written speech is checked;

4) study of the possibility of the patient for written speech - the presence of paragraphs has the presence of paragraphs;

5) Detection of presence in patient amnistic Afia (it is proposed to call various objects).