Rumor is a type of sensitivity that causes the perception of sound oscillations. Its value is invaluable in the mental development of a full-fledged personality. Thanks to the rumor, the sound of the surrounding reality is known, the sounds of nature are familiar. No sound is possible sound speech communication between people, people and animals, between people and nature, and music works could not appear without it.

Peer acuity in humans. In some, it is reduced or normal, others have increased. There are people with absolute hearing. They are able to recognize the height of the specified tone from memory. The musical hearing allows you to accurately determine the intervals between the sounds of different heights, recognize the melodies. Individuals with musical hearing in the performance of musical works are characterized by a feeling of rhythm, they can accurately repeat the specified tone, the musical phrase.

Using hearing, people are able to determine the direction of sound and on it - its source. This property allows you to navigate in space, on the ground, distinguish between the speaker among several others. Rumor together with other types of sensitivity (vision) warns about the dangers arising during labor, staying outside, among nature. In general, rumor, like vision, makes the life of a man spiritually rich.

A person perceives sound waves with a hearing with a frequency of oscillations from 16 to 20,000 hertz. With age perception high frequency Reduced. Hearing perception is reduced and when the sound of great strength, high and especially low frequencies.

One of the parts of the inner ear - the vestibular - determines the sense of body position in space, supports the balance of the body, provides a person's straightening.

How does the Human Ear

Outdoor, average and internal - the main departments of the ear

The temporal bone of a person is a bone capacity of the organ of hearing. It consists of three main departments: outdoor, medium and internal. The first two serve to conduct sounds, the third contains a sound sensitive device and an equilibrium apparatus.

The structure of the outdoor ear

The outer ear is represented by ear sink, external auditory passage, drumpot. The ear shell captures and directs sound waves in a hearing pass, but a person has almost losted its main purpose.

The outer hearing pass spends sounds to the eardrum. In its walls there are sebaceous glands that distinguish the so-called ear sulfur. The eardrum is located on the border between the outer and middle ear. This is a round-shaped size of 9 * 11mm. It takes sound hesitations.

The structure of the middle ear

The middle ear is located between the outer auditory passage and the inner ear. It consists of a drum cavity, which is located directly behind the drummeal, into which through Eustachiyev, the pipe is communicated with the nasooplot. The drum cavity has a volume of about 1 cc.

It contains three auditory bones interconnected:

• Hammer;
• anvil;
• stapes.

These bones transmit sound oscillations from the eardrum to the oval window of the inner ear. They reduce the amplitude and increase the power of sound.

The structure of the inner ear

The inner ear, or a labyrinth, is a system of cavities and channels filled with liquid. The function of the hearing here only snail is performed - spirally twisted channel (2.5 curl). The rest of the inner ear ensure the preservation of the equilibrium of the body in space.

Sound oscillations from the drummeal by means of a system of auditory seeds through an oval hole are transferred to liquids filling inner ear. Vibrating, liquid irritates the receptors located in the spiral (cortiyev) of the snail organ.

Spiral organ - This is a sound visible apparatus located in Snail. It consists of the main membrane (plates) with support and receptor cells, as well as from the oversized membrane hanging over them. Receptors (perceiving) cells have an extended form. Their one end is fixed on the main membrane, and the opposite contains 30-120 hairs of different lengths. These hairs are washed with liquid (endolymph) and come into contact with the coating plate hanging over them.

Sound oscillations from the drum membrane and auditory seeds are transmitted by liquids filling snapply channels. These oscillations cause oscillations of the main membrane along with the spiral body's hair receptors.

During the oscillations, haightened cells concern the cover membrane. As a result, they arise in them the difference of electrical potentials, leading to the excitation of the hearing nerve fibers, which depart from receptors. It turns out a kind of microphone effect, in which the mechanical energy of the oscillations of the endolymph turns into electrical nervous excitation. The character of excitations depends on the properties of sound waves. High tones are captured by a narrow part of the main membrane, at the base of the snail. Low tones are registered with a wide part of the main membrane, the top of the snail.

From the Cortiyev receptors, the excitation organ extends to the fibers of the auditory nerve into the subcortical and cortical (in the temporal share) of the hearing centers. The whole system, including sound-conducting parts of the middle and internal ear, receptors, nerve fibers, hearing centers in the brain, is an auditory analyzer.

Vestibular apparatus and orientation in space

As already mentioned, the inner ear performs a double role: the perception of sounds (snail with a cortis organ), as well as the regulation of the position of the body in space, equilibrium. The latter function is provided by the vestibular apparatus, which consists of two bags - rounded and oval - and three semicircular channels. They are interconnected and filled with liquid. On the inner surface of the bags and extensions of semicircular channels there are sensitive hairs cells. The fibers of the nerves depart from them.

Corner accelerations are perceived mainly by receptors located in semicircular channels. Receptors are excited at a fluid pressure of the channels. Straight accelerations are registered by the prediction bags receptors, where owlite apparatus. It consists of sensitive hairs of nerve cells immersed in the gelatinous substance. Together they form a membrane. Top part Membranes contains intersions of calcium bicarbonate crystals - otolitis. Under the influence of rectilinear accelerations, these crystals of their gravity are forced to fade the membrane. At the same time, the strains of hairs occur and the excitation broadcasting in the corresponding nerve in the central nervous system occurs.

The function of the vestibular apparatus as a whole can be represented as follows. The movement of the fluid contained in the vestibular apparatus caused by the movement of the body, shaking, rolling, causes irritation of sensitive receptor hairs. The excitation is transmitted through the cranknot nerves into the oblong brain, the bridge. From here they are sent to the cerebellum, as well as a spinal cord. This connection is so spinal cord Defines reflex (involuntary) movements of the muscles of the neck, body, limbs, due to which the position of the head, the body is leveling, is prevented.

With a conscious definition of the position of the head, the excitation comes from the oblong brain and the bridge through the visual bumps into the bark of the big brain. It is believed that the cortical equilibrium control centers and the position of the body in space are in the dark and the temporal shares of the brain. Due to the cortical ends of the analyzer, conscious equilibrium control and body position is possible, a strain is provided.

Hygiene hearing

• Physical;
• chemical
• microorganisms.

Physical harmful factors

Under physical factors It is necessary to understand the injury impacts during bruises, when picking up various objects in the outer hearing aisle, as well as constant noise and especially sound oscillations of ultra-high and especially infusion frequencies. Injuries are accidents and they are not always able to prevent, but drumping injuries during the cleaning of the ears can be completely avoided.

How to clean your ears? To be removed sulfur, it is enough to wash your ears daily and there will be no need to clean it with rude objects.

With ultrasound and infrasounds, a person is facing only in production conditions. To prevent their harmful effects on hearing organs, it is necessary to comply with the safety regulations.

Constant noises are harmful to the organ of hearing in the conditions of large cities, in enterprises. However, the health service is fighting with these phenomena, and engineering and technical idea is aimed at developing production technology with a decrease in noise level.

Worse, the business is the loudest game on musical instruments. Especially negatively influence the headphones on a human hearing, while listening to hands-free music. In such persons, the level of perception of sounds decreases. The recommendation is one - to accustom yourself to moderate volume.

Chemical harmful factors

The diseases of the hearing body as a result of chemicals are mainly due to violations of safety techniques. Therefore, it is necessary to comply with the rules for working with chemicals. If you do not know the properties of some substance, you should not use it.

Microorganisms as a harmful factor

Damage to the hearing body by pathogenic microorganisms can be prevented by timely rehabilitation of the nasopharynx, from which the pathogens penetrate into the middle ear through Eustachius channel and cause the inflammation at the beginning, and during the initiation of treatment, the decline and loss of hearing.

Unlightening measures are important to preserve hearing: the organization of a healthy lifestyle, observance of labor and recreation, physical training, reasonable hardening.

For people suffering from the weakness of the vestibular apparatus, which manifests itself in the intolerance to the trip in transport, special workouts are desirable, exercises. These exercises are aimed at reducing the excitability of the equilibrium apparatus. They are done on rotating chairs, special simulators. The most accessible training session can be performed on a swing, gradually increasing its time. In addition, gymnastic exercises are applied: rotational movements of the head, body, jumping, tumbling. Of course, the vestibular apparatus training is carried out under medical control.

All considered analyzers determine the harmonious identity development only with close cooperation.

There is nothing surprising that the person is considered the most perfect sensual organ of the auditory apparatus. Inside it contains the highest concentration of nerve cells (over 30,000 sensors).

Human apparatus of man

The structure of this apparatus is very complex. People are understood by the mechanism for which the perception of sounds is carried out, but scientists still do not quite aware of the feeling of hearing, the essence of the conversion of signals.

In the structure of the ear allocate such basic parts:

• outdoor;
• average;
• internal.

Each of the above areas is responsible for performing specific work. The outer part is considered a receiver that perceives the sounds from the external environment, the average - an amplifier, an internal transmitter.

The structure of the ear of man

The main components of this part:

• auditory pass;
• own sink.

The ear sink consists of cartilage (he is characterized by elasticity, elasticity). On top of it covered skin Covers. Downstairs is a glass. This site has no cartilage. It includes fatty tissue, skin. The ear shell is considered pretty a sensitive organ.

Anatomy

Small elements of the auricle are presented:

• curl;
• kids;
• disabled;
• curl legs;
• antiques.

Kosch is a specific coating that lins the auditory passage. Inside it contains glands, which are considered vital. They allocate the secret protecting against many agents (mechanical, thermal infectious).

The end of the pass is presented in a kind of impasse. This specific barrier (eardrum) is needed to separate the outdoor, middle ear. It begins to hesitate when hitting sound waves about him. After hitting the wave of sound about the wall, the signal is transmitted further, towards the middle part of the ear.

Blood to this site goes on two branches of the arteries. Blood outflow is performed by veins (v. Auricularis Posterior, V. RetromandiBularis). Local in front, behind the ear shell. They take place of lymphs.

In the photo the structure of the outdoor ear

Functions

We indicate significant functions that are fixed behind the outer part of the ear. It is capable of:

• take sounds;
• transmit sound to the middle of the ear;
• direct the wave of sound to the inner part of the ear.

Possible pathology of the disease, injury

Note the most commonly encountered diseases:

Average

The middle ear plays a huge role when the signal is gained. Strengthening is possible due to the auditory bones.

Structure

We indicate the main components of the middle ear:

• drum cavity;
• hearing (Eustachiev) pipe.

The first component (drumpoint) contains inside the chain, which includes small bones. The smallest bones play an important role in the transmission of sound oscillations. The drum membrane consists of 6 walls. Its cavity contains 3 auditory bones:

• hammer. Such a bone is endowed with a rounded head. This is the connection with the handle;
• anvil. It includes a body, processes (2 pcs.) Different lengths. With stirring its compound is performed by means of a minor oval thickening, which is located at the end of a long process;
• stirrup. In its structure, a small head is isolated, carrying the articular surface, anvil, legs (2 pcs.).

Artery go to the drum cavity from a. Carotis Externa, being her branches. The lymphatic vessels are directed to the nodes located on the side wall of the pharynx, as well as to those nodes that are localized behind the ear shell.

The structure of the middle ear

Functions

Bones from the chain are needed for:

1. Sound.
2. Transmission of oscillations.

The muscles placed in the middle ear region specialize in performing various functions:

• protective. Muscular fibers protect the inner ear from sound irritation;
• toning. Muscular fibers are needed to maintain a chain of hearing bones, tone of the eardrum;
• accommodation. The sound conducting machine adapts to the sounds endowed with various characteristics (power, height).

Pathology and diseases, injuries

Among popular middle ear diseases, we note:

• (perforated, non-perforated,);
• Qatar middle ear.

Acute inflammation can appear in injuries:

• otitis, mastoiditis;
• otitis, mastoiditis;
• , mastoid, manifested with wounds temporal bone.

It happens complicated, uncomplicated. Among specific inflammation, we indicate:

• syphilis;
• tuberculosis;
• exotic diseases.

Anatomy of outdoor, middle, inner ear in our video:

We indicate the significant importance of the vestibular analyzer. It is necessary for regulating the position of the body in space, as well as for the regulation of our movements.

Anatomy

The periphery of the vestibular analyzer is considered a plot of the inner ear. In its composition, we highlight:

• semicircular channels (these parts are placed in 3 planes);
• stavtocytic organs (they are represented by bags: oval, round).

Planes are called: horizontal, frontal, sagittal. Two pouches are the threshold. Round pouch is near curl. The oval bag is placed closer to semicircular channels.

Functions

Initially, the analyzer is excited. Due to the vestibular-spinal nervous bonds, somatic reactions occur. Such reactions are needed to redistribute muscle tone, support for body equilibrium in space.

The relationship between vestibular nuclei, cerebellum determines movable reactions, as well as all reactions to coordinate movements that appear when performing sports, labor exercises. To maintain equilibrium, vision, muscular and articular innervation are very important.

The ear is one of the most important organs for a person who not only allows us to hear any sounds that surround us, but also helps to maintain balance, so it is important to avoid the danger of a hearing impairment.

Before plunge into the structure of the ear system, see the informative video about how our hearing system works, as accepts and processes sound signals:

The hearing body is divided into three parts:

• Outdoor Ear
• Middle ear
• Inner ear.

Outdoor Ear

The outer ear is the only visible part of the hearing organ. It consists of:

• The ear shell, which collects sounds and sends them to the outer hearing aisle.
• Outdoor auditory passes, which is designed to conduct sound oscillations from the ears of the sink in the middle ear drum cavity. Its length in adults is about 2.6 cm. Also, the surface of the outer auditory pass contains the sebaceous glands that highlight the ear, protecting the ear from microbes and bacteria.
• The eardrum, which separates the outdoor ear from the middle ear.

Middle ear

The average ear is filled with air cavity behind the eardrum. It is associated with the nasopharynx with the help of the Eustachius pipe, which levels the pressure on both sides of the eardrum. That is why if a person lays her ears, he reflexively begins to yawning or performing swallowing movements. Also in the middle ear there are the smallest bones of a skeleton of a person: hammer, anvil and rapidly. They are not only responsible for the transmission of sound oscillations from the outdoor ear in the inner, but also strengthen them.

Interior Ear

The inner ear is the most difficult hearing department, which, due to its intricate form, is also called the labyrinth. It consists of:

• Experience and semicircular channels that are responsible for the sense of equilibrium and body position in space.
• Snails filled with liquid. It is here in the form of vibrations fall sound oscillations. Inside the snail is Cortiyev organ, which is directly responsible for the hearing. It contains about 30,000 hairs cells, which capture sound oscillations and transmit a signal to the hearing zone of the cerebral cortex. Interestingly, each of the hairs cells responds to a certain sound purity, which is why, with their death, a hearing impairment occurs and a person ceases to hear the sounds of the frequency that the deceased cells answered.

Hearing roads

Hearing conductors are a set of nerve fibers responsible for the transfer of nerve pulses from snail to auditory centers, which are located in the temporal fractions of the brain. It is there that there is a processing and analysis of complex sounds, for example, speech. The rate of transmission of the auditory signal from the outer ear to the brain centers of about 10 milicecunds.

Sound perception

The ear consistently converts the sounds into the mechanical oscillations of the eardrum and hearing bones, then into fluid oscillations in the snail and, finally, into electrical impulses that are transmitted to the conductive paths of the central hearing system to the temporal stakes of the brain for recognition and processing.

Getting nervous impulses, the brain not only transforms them into sound, but also gets an additional information, important for us. So we distinguish the height and volume of the sound and the time interval between the moments of catching sound with the right and left ear, which allows us to determine the direction by which the sound comes. At the same time, the brain analyzes not only information obtained from each ear separately, but also combines it into a single feeling. In addition, in our brain, the so-called "templates" of the sounds of sounds are stored, which helps the brain to distinguish them from strangers faster. When the hearing is reduced, the brain receives distorted information, the sounds become quieter and this leads to errors in their interpretation. The same problems may arise as a result of aging, head injuries and neurological diseases. This proves only one thing: For a good hearing, the work is important not only the organ of hearing, but also the brain!

Ear is a complex organ that performs two functions: a hearing by which we perceive sounds and interpret them, thus communicating with the environment; and maintaining equilibrium of the body.

Rear Labyrinth, or semicircular channels - directs movement to the head and brain to regulate body equilibrium;

Front Labyrinth, or snail - contains sensory cells, which, catching the vibration of sound waves, transform mechanical pulses into the nervous;

Auditory nerve - sends common nerve impulses to the brain;

Bones of middle ear: hammer, anvil, rapidly - get vibrations from auditory waves, strengthen them and transferred to the inner ear;

External auditory passage - catches the sound waves coming from the outside, and directs them to the middle ear;

Eardrum - the membrane, vibrating sound waves from entering it and transmitting vibrations along the fire chain in the middle ear;

Eustachian tube - Canal connecting the drumppe with a throat and allows you to maintain
In equilibrium, the pressure generated in the middle ear, with the pressure of the environment.

The ear is divided into three departments whose functions are different.

The internally ear, or the labyrinth, consists of a very durable bone skeleton, an ear capsule, or a bone maze, inside of which a membrane mechanism with a structure similar to a bone, but consisting of membrane tissue. The inner ear is hollow, but filled with liquid: there is a perilimph between the bone maze and the membrane, while the maze itself is filled with endolymph. The front labyrinth, the bone shape of which is called snail, contains structures that generate auditory impulses. The rear labyrinth involved in the regulation of body equilibrium has a bone skeleton consisting of a cubic part, the run-up and three channels in the form of an arc - semicircular, each of which includes space with a flat plane.

The ear consists of three departments: outdoor, medium and internal. Outdoor and secondary ear conduct sound oscillations to the inner ear and are a sound-conducting device. The inner ear forms an organ of hearing and equilibrium.

Outdoor Ear It consists of ear shells, an outdoor auditory passage and eardrum, which are intended for trapping, conducting sound oscillations to the middle ear.

Auricle Consists of elastic chipper covered with skin. Crying is not only in the ear of the ear. The free edge of the shell is wrapped, and is called curls, and in parallel it is located the opposition. The front edge of the ear shells is distinguished by the ledge - the goat, and the opposite is located behind it.

External hearing aisle It is a short S-shaped curved channel with a length of 35-36 mm. It consists of a cartilage part (1/3 of length) and bone (remaining 2/3 of length). The cartilage part goes into the bone at an angle. Therefore, when examining an auditory passage, it must be straightened.

The outer hearing pass is lined with leather containing saline and sulfur glands that distinguish between sulfur. The passage ends with a drumpoint.

Drumpatch -this is a thin translucent oval plate, which is located on the border of the outdoor and middle ear. It stands as a space in relation to the axis of the external auditory passage. Outside, the drum blade is covered with skin, and inside with a mucous membrane.

Middle ear Includes drum cavity and auditory (Eustachiev) pipe.

Drum cavity Located in the thickness of the pyramid of the temporal bone and is a small space of a cuboid form, about 1 cm 3.

From the inside the drum cavity is lined with mucous membrane and filled with air. It has 3 auditory bones; Hammer, anvil and rapidly, ligaments and muscles. All bones are interconnected by means of joint and covered with mucous membrane.

The hammer is combed with a drumpoint with their handle, and the head is connected to the anvil, which, in turn, is movably connected to the sidewall.

The value of the auditory seeds is to transmit sound waves from the drum membrane to the inner ear.

The drum cavity has 6 walls:

1. Upper The coat wall separates the drum cavity from the skull cavity;

2. Nizhny The jugular wall separates the cavity from the outer base of the skull;

3. Front Sleepy separates the cavity from the sleepy canal;

4. Rear bedside wall separates the drum cavity from the maternity process

5. Lateral wall - This is the drum membrane

6. Medial wall Separate the middle ear from the inner ear. It has 2 holes:

- oval - The running window is covered with a sword.

- Round - Snail window, covered with a secondary eardrum.

The drum cavity with the help of the hearing tube is communicated with the nasooplot.

Hearing trumpet - This is a narrow channel with a length of about 35 mm, 2 mm width. Consists of cartilage and bone pieces.

The auditory tube is lined with fiscal epithelium. It serves to enter air from the pharynx to the drum cavity and maintains pressure in cavity, the same with external, which is very important for the normal operation of the sound-conducting machine. Through the hearing tube can be transferred from the nasal cavity in the middle ear.

The inflammation of the hearing pipe is called evstachitis.

Interior Earlocated in the thickness of the pyramid of the temporal bone and separated from the drum cavity by its medial wall. It includes a bone labyrinth and an interflowed labyrinth inserted into it.

Bone labyrinth It is a system of cavities and consists of 3 departments: the run-up, snails and semicircular channels.

Spell- This is the cavity of small size and irregular shape, which occupies the central position. It communicates with the drum cavity with the help of an oval and round hole. In addition, there are 5 fine holes on the eve of which it communicates with snail and semicircular channels.

Snail It is an emergency spiral channel that forms 2.5 turns around the snail axis and ends blindly. Snail axis lies horizontally and called the bone rod snail. A bone spiral plate is wrapped around the rod.

Semicircular canals - represented by 3 arcuate tubes lying in three mutually perpendicular planes: sagittal, frontal, horizontal.

Meat Labyrinth - It is located inside the bone, in shape resembles it, but has a smaller size. The wall of the reconciliated labyrinth consists of a thin connective tissue plate coated with a flat epithelium. Between the bone and connecting labyrinth there is a space filled with liquid - perilimfoy. The membrane maze itself is filled endolimfoy and represents closed system cavities and canals.

Inverting the labyrinth, elliptical and spherical bags, three semicircular ducts and snail ducts are isolated.

Elliptical bag five holes are reported to a semicircular duct, and spherical - With a snellest duct.

On the inner surface spherical and elliptic bags (Match) and semicircular ducts have hairs (sensitive) cells coated with a jelly-like substance. These cells perceive the oscillations of endolymph while driving, turning, head slopes. Irritation of these cells is transmitted to the pre-expert part of the VIII pair of CHMN, and then to the cores of the oblong brain and the cerebellum, then in the cortex department, i.e. in temporal share Big brain.

On a surface sensitive cells There are a large number of crystalline formations consisting of calcium carbonate (Ca). These formations are called otoliths. They are involved in the excitation of hairsdown cells. When changing the position of the head, the pressure of the ololytes on receptor cells changes, which causes their excitement. Hair sensitive cells (vestibular vegetables), spherical, elliptical bags (or amateur) and three semicircular ducts make up vestibular (Otolyte) apparatus.

Snail Dash It has a triangular form and is formed by vestibular and basic (basilar) membrane.

On the walls of the snail duct, namely, on the basilar membrane, there are receptor hazel cells (hearing cells with cilias), whose oscillations are transmitted to the snippered part of the VIII pair of CHMN, and then on this nerve, the impulses reach a hearing center in the temporal share.

In addition to the hair cells on the walls of the snelled duct are sensory (receptor) and support (support) cells that perceive perilimph oscillations. Cells on the wall of the snellest duct form a hearing spiral body (Cortis organ).