Answer number 8 and 31

External signs of fatigue

Fatigue is the physiological characteristics of the human body, which is a temporary decrease in the body's abilities to full-fledged activities. Externally, the main symptom of fatigue is a deterioration in the quality of work and reduce its tempo. Still external signs of fatigue is:

· Changes the shade of skin. Depending on the intensity of work, it can range from a slightly pinkish to the Punchovo - red (with pronounced cyanosis -plupping sinusiness).

· Strengthening sweat glands. With light intensity, these are minor sweat droplets, localized mainly on the face in the frontal part. With severe physical work The selection of sweat is quite abundant. At the same time, on the clothes, it is possible to observe stains from salt, which goes together with then.

· Change of respiratory rhythm. It may vary from exactly - rapid to more rhythmic and intensively participated. Add lifting and lowering shoulders in breathing tact.

· Failures in coordination of movement. If at the beginning of the work of the person's movement, less energy is coordinated and on their execution, then in the subsequent movement becomes more mismatched, swaying, tremor appears in the upper and / or lower limbs, there is no strength, nor the desire for further movement.

If a person begins to feel fatigue or there are external signs of fatigue from a number of employees, it is worth suspending activities and take a little break, giving the body to at least partially recover.

Signs of fatigue and overwork

What is fatigue and overwork? Fatigue - this physiological response of the body on the load applied to it. Overwork is a long sense of fatigue, arising against the background of the lack of a long holiday time. So what are the signs of fatigue and overwork and what is the difference between these two terms?

Fatigue is on the physical, psychological and emotional level the depletion of the human body. Whereas overwork is a long sense of feeling of exhaustion, that is, fatigue. The state of overwork is for many modern people A constant feeling, due to our rhythm of life and constant location in stressful state. To a greater extent, this fact concerns residents of megacities. This situation is dangerous to human health, and in some cases, maybe not directly, and for his life.

Signs of fatigue and overwork are quite obvious and familiar to almost everyone.

· Such a person has constant drowsiness.

· It can be understood permanent practically non-stop headaches, the intensity of which is changing throughout the day.

· Even after, it would seem, a calm night, such a face feels weak and "broken." That is, during sleep, the body is no longer able to restore the volume of energy that was spent throughout the day.

· Despite the constant desire to sleep, it is not long for a long time.

· Pursuing such a person and other diseases. It would seem that only trembled one thing as the other is immediately clinging. What is the result of reduced immunity.

· The sign of fatigue and overwork is the deterioration of memory and reduce performance at the physical level.

· The person appears apathy and the desire to keep it alone alone.

· The scattered attention appears. To this person, it is necessary to make certain efforts to focus.

· All these factors can cause an increase. arterial pressure.

· In such a state, people become inept.

If a person is subjected to unfavorable factors for a long time, fatigue goes into the chronic stage. It is chronic fatigue and refer to overwork. Against the background of it falls the body's ability to resist external influences, which leads to an increase in the risk of injury or get sick.

Not passing the overwork and for nervous system.

· Nervous breakdowns.

· Sharp mood change.

· This person has a desire to be alone.

· He may react inadequately, it would seem like a minor replica.

· Hysteria.

· Alarm feeling, increased irritability.

· Relationship voltage with loved ones.

At the same time, the signs of physical fatigue can still be attributed:

· Frequency of heart rate.

· Increased sweating.

· Poor mood or lack of any emotions (apathy) - there are simply no strength on them.

· Frequent cases when a person begins to sense a constant, different intensity, headache.

· The overwork may affect the appetite: the tired person decreases or completely disappears the desire to eat. Consequently, the body gets less energy - it turns out a vicious circle.

· In chronic fatigue, the intestinal disorder can be observed.

· Overwork can work and, on the contrary, the hyperactivity of the body. Such a situation leads to an even greater exacerbation of the situation, since the body, contrary to logic, begins to spend more energy, the launching mechanism of self-destruction. And if to relax, the person begins to use alcoholic beverages, the situation is aggravated, and the state of health is only worsening.

Signs of the fatigue of children begin to manifest themselves:

· Weakening of differentiation in movements.

· Reducing attention and accuracy of manipulation.

· Motor concern appears.

External signs of varying degrees of fatigue are divided:

· Easy level of fatigue:

o. Skin covering Slightly pink.

o droplets sweat stand out in small quantity. Localizes mainly on the face in the forehead.

o The rhythm of breathing is a bit rapid, but even, without breakdowns. The person is able to breathe both through the mouth and through the nose.

· Medium level of fatigue:

o Skin cover acquires a red shade.

o Abundant sweating, which is well visible in the area of \u200b\u200bthe head and body.

o The intensity of respiratory activity increases, a person is able to breathe only through purph cavityThe volumes of nasal respiration are not enough.

o Coordination and motility remains within the normal range.

· High leveling level - overwork:

o Skin cover is quite sharply pale, in the triangle - the corners of the upper lip and nose - there is a clearly differentiable syushnosis, which has its own term in medicine - cyanosis.

o Abundant sweating, which is well visible in the area of \u200b\u200bthe head and body. On the clothes are awesome, leaving then, salts that manifest themselves in the form of bellic spots.

o The intensity of respiratory activity increases. Inhale and exhale duplicate shoulders.

o There is a mismatch of movement coordination. The person starts to be shortened as the top and lower limbsThe torso slightly shakes, problems with movement may occur.

To support your body and do not bring it to complete exhaustion, you should adjust the mode, adopting some preventive measures:

· Select time for walking in the fresh air before bedtime.

· Revise your work schedule. In it, the load time should be alternate with relaxing breaks.

· Avoid stressful situations.

· Sleep at least eight hours a day.

· It is worth removing bad habits from your life.

· The person's nutrition should be rational and rich in trace elements and vitamins. Avitaminosis is one of the main reasons for the weakening of the body and its overwork.

· You should learn how to switch attention or alternate physical work with mental, and vice versa.

Under fatment, the special physiological state of the body, arising after the work done and expressing in a temporary decrease in working capacity, is understood.

Performance is the value of the functionality of the human body characterized by the number and quality of work performed during a certain time. During the work, the performance of the body varies in time. There are three main phases of self-replacing person states in the process of employment:

• - therapy phase, or increasing performance; During this period, the level of performance is gradually increasing compared to the initial; Depending on the nature of the labor and individual characteristics of the person, this period lasts from a few minutes to 1.5 hours, and with a mental creative work - up to 2 ... 2.5 hours;
• - phase of high resistance of health; It is characterized by a combination of high labor indicators with relative stability or even a decrease in physiological function intensity; The duration of this phase can be 2 ... 2.5 hours or more depending on the severity and tensions of labor;
• - phase of reduced performance, characterized by a decrease in the functionality of the main human working bodies and accompanied by a sense of fatigue.

One of the objective signs is a decrease in labor productivity, it is generally subjective expressed in the feeling of fatigue. In reluctance or even the impossibility of further continuation of work. Fatigue can occur with any form of activity.

Target is associated with changes in the physiological condition of the whole organism as a result of long or hard work, and a variation occurs in the central nervous system.

With prolonged exposure to the body harmful factors The production environment can develop overwork, sometimes called chronic fatter, when a night rest does not completely restore the working capacity dropping during the day.

The basis for the occurrence of overwork is the constant inconsistency of the duration and severity of the work and time of rest. In addition, unsatisfactory labor situation, unfavorable living conditions, poor nutrition can contribute to the development of overwork.

Symptoms of overwork - various violations by the neuropsychic sphere, for example, weakening attention and memory. Along with this, the overwater people are often observed with headaches, sleep disorders (insomnia) worsening appetite and increased irritability.

In addition, chronic overwork usually causes a weakening of the body, reducing its resistance to external influences, which is expressed in increasing the incidence and injury. Quite often, this condition predisposes to the development of neurasthenia and hysteria.

Reducing performance in the process of labor is due primarily by developing industrial fatigue.

Production troy - Temporary and reversible decrease in the functionality (performance) of the human body caused by directly work and the impact of working conditions.

The working conditions in this definition are understood in a broad sense not only as organizational and technical, sanitary and hygienic and other material and real conditions, but also as socio-psychological, primarily relationships in the team, socio-psychological climate in it.

Fatigue leads to a decrease in the efficiency of activity, i.e. By increasing the magnitude of the physiological and mental costs for the implementation of one of the same act of work.

Subjectively, industrial fatigue is felt by a person like feeling fatigue which can be viewed as a biological beater beater, subjectively experienced special psychological state. Man feels:

the feeling of slusting is an increased voltage when working, uncertainty in the ability to continue its properly (even if actually the performance is not yet reduced);

disorder of attention (the difficulty in its concentration, instability or, on the contrary, sluggish, larger attention, difficulties in its switching);

disorders in the sensory sphere (changes in the activities of analyzers participating in the work - a decrease in visual acuity, hearing, a feeling of burning in eyes, etc.);

disorders in the motor sphere (slow or disorderly, metering, not enough accurate and coordinated movements);

an unpleasant feeling in working bodies: a feeling of pain and the lying in the muscles of the legs of the legs, in the symptoms - in muscles back, abdomen, neck, with mental work - the appearance of pain in the forehead and the nape;

defects of memory and thinking in the field of work activity;

weakening of the will (excerpts, self-control, perseverance);

unconscious desire to make more frequent and long breaks;

drowsiness.

In the absence of a rational regime of labor and recreation, the skills of mental self-regulation accumulating fatigue can turn into overwork – painful conditionWhen, during recreation, the performance is completely not restored, and functional disorders of the body can develop: irritability, drowsiness day and insomnia at night, headaches, even diseases of the nervous system.

Objective indicators Developing industrial fatigue may be indicators:

economic (reduction of production, increasing piece-time, marriage growth);

statistical (increasing cases of injury and microeravamum, micropause in working activities, interruptions on the initiative of employees);

physiological (violation of coordination of movements, tremor (tremor) hands and fingers, reduced muscle endurance;

psychological (slowdown in mental processes and reactions, reducing the concentration of attention, increase in the number of errors).

Reasons Increased production fatigue can be:

intense, high pace, tense activities;

irrational distribution of loads in time (violation of the rhythm of work);

excessively large flow of perceived and processed information;

inconsistency of equipment, tools, workplace planning anthropometric and ergonomic requirements;

tensions caused by increased production risk and danger;

an unfavorable social comprehensive climate in the team; bad working conditions;

insufficient employee qualifications;

reduced resistance and endurance of the body.

It can be noted that increased fatigue is caused by the increased voltage of the employee in the process of labor, which necessitates more intensive activities of all organs and functional systems of the body. Specialists distinguish the following types of voltage:

intellectualcaused by a large number of problem solving solutions;

touch due to non-optimal conditions for the activities of analyzers (for example, visual, in case of insufficient illumination, low contrast of the background of the working surface and the object of distinction, difficulties in differentiation of distinction objects, such as small parts);

monotonia (voltage caused by monotony of actions, settings, etc.);

polithonia (voltage caused by the need for frequent switching of attention in unexpected directions;

physical stress (increased load on the motor apparatus);

emotional tensioncaused by conflict situations, an increased probability of injury and accidents, emotional unattractiveness of the content and conditions of its implementation;

standby tensioncaused by the need to maintain the readiness of the working functions of the lack of activity (for example, the readiness of the reaction to the signal to deviate the course of technological progress from the specified parameters);

motivational stress (Wrestling motives, the need to choose to make a decision, disinterest in work, etc.).

In the course of the development of industrial fatigue, the stability of vegetative functions, the strength and speed of muscle contractions, the development and braking of conditional reflexes is violated. As a result, the pace of work is slowed down, accuracy, coordination, rhythm of movements is disturbed, energy costs increase. There is a violation of logical - mental functions: when making decisions, ready-made stereotypical forms prevail, the number of errors increases - in the initial stages, quantitatives dominate, then qualitative.

Depending on the nature of the neurophysiological conflict, considering industrial fatigue as a violation of a dynamic stereotype, two of its kind is distinguished: primary and secondary.

Primary fatigue arises at the beginning of work or exercise, because during the interruption in the activities of conditionally and reflex links somewhat weaken, the consistency in the work of the nervous system and the proprietary system is achieved not immediately, the influence of the side functional system associated with the final state (conflict of the main and side functional systems ). It is necessary "Development". The path to overcoming primary fatigue is the continuation of the activity, as a result of which the working dynamic stereotype is completely restored and fixed on high level.

Secondary fatigue arises as a result of long work. Here dominates the conflict of the main and restorative functional systems. To eliminate it, it is necessary to terminate, rest or change activity, during which the main loads will fall on other muscle groups and sense organs.

Seeing fatigue is distinguished by and depending on its preferential localization in certain unbarns of the nervous system, providing labor activities.

Sensory fatigue - fatigue from the senses as a result of a long or intensive impact of stimuli (strong noise, redundant lighting).

Perceptive fatigue - localized mainly in the cortical center of the analyzer, caused by the difficulty of signal detection (small signal intensity, great interference, the difficulty of distinguishing, for example, if necessary, capturing a weak beep in the presence of noise interference).

Information fatigue , caused by the disadvantage of information or information overload, when the correct reflection in the consciousness of the picture of the external environment requires an increased intensity of the closure of temporary ties between the various structures of the central nervous system, the revival of associative connections.

Effective fatigue caused by intensive physical activity and localized mainly in the departments of the central nervous system responsible for motor acts.

Mental fatigue caused by intensive reproductive activities (processing of information on rigid rules, such as an account), productive activities (transformation of information, formation of judgments, conclusions), heuristic (creative) activities.

The main factor causing fatigue is the integral extensive activity tension (load). In addition to the absolute load, a number of factors affect the degree of development of fatigue, among which it is necessary to allocate the following:
- static or dynamic nature of load;
- load intensity, i.e. its time distribution;
- Permanent and rhythmic nature of load.

Static physical exertion, with other things being equal, leads to greater development of fatigue than dynamic, and the subjective feeling of fatigue in this case is particularly clearly expressed.

The time of fatigue and its severity depend on the degree of load intensity as follows: with an increase in the load intensity, fatigue occurs earlier, with a decrease in the load intensity - the time of the onset of fatigue does not change (in the latter case, labor productivity decreases significantly, which is unprofitable). There is a certain optimal load intensity, in which fatigue develops slower.

In addition to the magnitude of the load, there are a number of additional or contributing to the development of fatigue factors. By themselves, they do not lead to the development of fatigue, however, combining the action of the main factor, contribute to the earlier and pronounced onset of fatigue. These factors can be divided into three large groups:
1) Microclimate

2) use of technology

3) Violation of the regime and recreation.

The first group includes: reduced oxygen content in inhaled air, increased carbon dioxide content, heat medium, increased humidity, change of barometric pressure, etc.

The greatest variety is characterized by the second troupe. Among the reasons to be included in this group should be called the change in air composition - contamination by its various gases (for example, products of incomplete combustion of fuel, etc.); The action of mechanical forces leading to vibration, shaking, acceleration, exposure to electromagnetic oscillations, noise and ultrasound, change in light, the inconvenience of working poses and much more.

Finally, the third group includes factors associated mainly with a violation of labor and recreation regime: time failure to restore forces after fatigue, improper use of breaks between work, ill-conceived work and recreation planning.

Emotional factors strongly affect the development of fatigue. The severity and time of human fatigue, its common and special physical development, etc.
Among the types of fatigue should be specifically indicated by one specific appearance arising in the absence of activity. It is quite common in modern production from specialists, whose activities are associated with the reception irregularly and unexpectedly incoming information, i.e. Working in standby mode. This type of fatigue occupies an intermediate place between common and mental fatigue. The feeling of fatigue in these specialists is partly due to the static working position, although mainly determined by the development of sensory tension.

This suggests that the phases described are determined by the combination of physical and information characteristics of the work. But there is another specific form of changes in the functional state of the operator, to a lesser extent associated with physical characteristics. This is basically the reaction of the body of the operator on the information structure of the system. Such a form of a changed functional state is called specific tensions.

The dynamics of health, the dynamics of fatigue are non-specific manifestations of the body, common reaction The intensity and extensiveness of the working activity, while the state of specific tension depends on the structure and content of the flow of information in the account.

In connection with this core criterion, the assessment of specific tensions, or rather, the assessment of the nature of the body's reaction to the information structure of the process of the process is an adequacy criterion. The study was conventionally named by the state of adequate mobilization and the state of dynamic mismatch.

State of adequate mobilization - This is a state of the operator, which is optimal or close to the optimal working conditions for the human work included in the specific control system. The symptoms and severity of this state depend primarily on the amount of information, its density and extensiveness, from the semantic significance of the information, the nature of coding, the availability of the noise required by the implementation of the adopted information and features of the managed system. The larger the desired condition differs from the state of operational rest, the more active mobilization is expressed.
A characteristic feature of adequate mobilization is its linearity, i.e. The presence of direct dependence on the subjective difficulty of work performed.

The first step of diagnosis, or predicting this state, is the quantitative analysis of the information model of the workflow to determine which element of this activity primarily determines the degree of adequate mobilization. In most cases, the operational point for the judgment is the position of the found characteristics on the scale of human limiting capabilities.

Detection of a leading element of activity solves the question of which property or properties of the operator determine its execution, and the state of the corresponding functions will first characterize the degree of adequate mobilization. However, in addition, the condition of non-specific support systems and regulating nervous formations is changed. Since the state of these systems does not distract the operator, the fulfillment of the main responsibilities, and the indicators themselves are quite closely correlated with the level of operation of the main system, then the degree of tension is judged according to the state of these systems.
The condition of adequate mobilization is characterized by a minimum number of errors in operation and the choice of an optimal algorithm.

A question may arise: since the external signs of the stage of adequate mobilization are very close to that stage of performance, which has been described as a phase of compensation, is such a separation of artificial? Of course, these states are largely similar, but two essential circumstances allow them to divide. First, it is the connection of the state of adequate mobilization only with the information structure of the work: with an increase in the difficulty of work, the severity of the stage increases, with a decrease, weakens; Compensation phase is more stable and changes little with temporary fluctuations in the intensity of work. Secondly, it is not connected with the time of work and can be equally expressed both at the beginning and at the end of it.

In cases where the requirements for the organism are under the limit of its physiological capabilities or exceed them, the transition of the state of adequate mobilization into a state of dynamic mismatch is observed. However, dynamic mismatch may occur with a small information load when there are various glad emotional shifts, especially associated with a small skill in the work.

State of dynamic mismatch. With dynamic mismatch, the basic pattern of the previous stage is disturbed - the level of work on the perception of information does not correspond to the expected physiological state. There are also large shifts of vegetative reactions, the emergence of additional reactions, in particular sweating, expansion of skin vessels, impaired muscle balance, etc. This state is extremely important to evaluate the work of a specialist, since it is accompanied by pronounced performance impaired and the appearance of a large number of errors, excessive actions , increasing work time, up to refusal to work or its termination.
The generalized nature of dynamic mismatch leads to the fact that errors and incorrect actions are observed even when the operator must perform the operation required in the course of operation, in a different state, the trouble-free. On this basis, one of the methods of evaluation assessment is founded when the operator is proposed to perform a number of tests of increasing complexity, usually well performed. Than easier testAt which there was a difficulty or error, the more dynamic disagreement.

Dynamic mismatch It is more stable when operators were in a state of adequate mobilization, they produced six digits. In a state of dynamic mismatch, one of them could only remember four digits, and the other is only two.

The main factor causing fatigue is the physical or mental load falling on the afferent systems during operation. The dependence between the magnitude of the load and the degree of fatigue almost always happens linear, that is, the more load, the more pronounced and early is fatigue. In addition to the absolute magnitude of the load, a number of its features are also affected on the nature of the development of fatigue, among which it is necessary to allocate: a static or dynamic nature of load, permanent or periodic nature and load intensity.

Along with the main factor (workload), leading to fatigue, there are a number of additional or contributing factors. These factors themselves do not lead to the development of fatigue, however, combined with the action of the main, contribute to the earlier and pronounced onset of fatigue. Additional factors include:

Factors of the outer environment (temperature, humidity, gas composition, barometric pressure, etc.);

Factors associated with violation of labor and recreation modes;

Factors caused by changing the usual daily biorhythms, and turning off sensory irritations;

Social factors, motivation, relationships in the team, etc.

The subjective and objective signs of fatigue are very diverse, and their severity largely depends on the nature of the exercises performed and the psycho-physiological characteristics of the person. Subjective signs of fatigue include a sense of fatigue, general or local. At the same time, pain and feeling of numbness in the limbs, lower back, muscles of the back and neck, the desire to stop working or change its rhythm and others.

Objective signs are even more diverse. In any kind of fatigue, a detailed examination may be detected in the nature of the functioning of any body system, ranging from the motor, cardiovascular and central nervous system and ending with such, which seemed not related to the direct work of systems as digestive and separation. Such a variety of changes reflects the patterns of the functioning of the organism as a whole and characterizes the direct reactions to ensure the functional load, as well as adaptation and compensation shifts.

When the central nervous system is tested from the central nervous system in the cerebral cortex, the weakening of conditionally reflex reactions, the unevenness of tendon reflexes, and during the overwork - the development of neurosis-like states.

Changes in the cardiovascular system are characterized by tachycardia, arterial pressure lability, inadequate reactions to dosage physical LoadSome electrocardiographic shifts. In addition, the saturation of arterial blood oxygen is reduced, breathing is surrounded and pulmonary ventilation deteriorates, which can significantly decrease during overwork.

The amount of erythrocytes and hemoglobin decreases in the blood, leukocytosis is observed, the phagocytic activity of leukocytes is somewhat oppressed and the number of platelets is reduced. When overwork, sometimes there are pain and increase in liver, violation of protein and carbohydrate metabolism.

However, all these changes do not arise simultaneously and do not develop in the same direction. Their dynamics are determined by a number of patterns, and only finding these patterns, you can not only understand the development of fatigue, but also give the correct assessment of the condition of a person and actively oppose the developing fatigue.

Changes arise primarily in those organs and systems that directly carry out sports activities. In physical work is muscular system and motor analyzer. At the same time, changes may appear in those systems and organs that ensure the functioning of these main working systems - respiratory, cardiovascular, blood, etc. On the other hand, it may also be such a position when a decrease in the functions of the body (basic and providing systems ), and sports efficiency is still preserved at a high level. It depends on the moral and volitional qualities of the athlete, motivation, etc.

Changes in some systems that are not directly related to ensuring the implementation of special exercises, with tensions have a fundamentally different genesis and are either secondary, having a common, non-specific nature, or have a regulatory or compensatory value, that is, aimed at balance the functional state of the body. It becomes obvious from the above that the leading importance in the development of fatigue phenomena has a central nervous system that ensures the integration of all organism systems, regulation and the adaptation of these systems during operation. The resulting change in the functional state of the central nervous system in the process of fatigue reflects, thus, the dual process is the changes associated with the restructuring of the functioning of the adjustable systems, and the shifts arising in connection with the process of fatigue in the nerve structures themselves.

Target is dynamically in its essence and in its development has several consistently emerging signs. The first sign of the occurrence of fatigue in physical work is a violation of the automation of working movements. The second feature that can most clearly be installed is a violation of coordination of movements. Third Sign - Significant Tension vegetative functions With a simultaneous drop in performance, and then violation of the most vegetative component. With pronounced degrees of fatigue, new little learned motor skills can fade completely. At the same time, the old, stronger skills that do not correspond to the new setting are very often distinguished. In sports practice, this can cause various disruptions, injuries, etc.