Medical term"Palpation" resembles the Latin "palpatio", which means "obmatsuvati". Palpation is an important method of physical awareness internal organs people who allow for the power of fabric, as well as evolve physiological changes in the body. Filling the stove is based on the decay of the body in the black empty during the process of dying. tsey method clinical diagnostics It is recognized to the patients because of the illnesses of young people and pathologies of the liver.

Significance of palpation of the liver

For the help of milling the stove, you can use:

• localization and character of the lower edge of the organ;
• ailment to the body;
• the consistency and shape of the oven;
• roztashuvannya lower intergovernmental body on the basis of the cost to the costal dusa;
• surface features.

percussion of the stove

Before palpation of the patient, start by percussion method. The Qi procedure also permits the visibility of the size of the organ that has been diagnosed.

The stove is a non-sensible organ and when it is struck, it is a dull sound, and the part of the stove, which is overlapped by the lung, gives a shorter percussion sound. Likar for an additional postukuvan viznachaє:

• cordons and the height of the pechinkovo ​​stupidity;
• upper and lower edge of the organ.

To see the percussion of the stove behind the method of Professor M.G. Kurlova. With a whole inter-organ, it is fixed behind three main lines:

• front middle line;
• right middle-clavicular line;
• costal dusi.

In medical practice, the value of the lower boundary between the organ is important, as in most cases the size of the liver changes goes to the bottom. For an additional percussion, the fahivets viznachaє, on the smallest centimeters, the stove is played from the costal arch.

Preparation before the production of the oven

Palpation of the stove in medical facilities is most often to follow the classic method of Professor V.P. Obraztsova. The whole diagnostic process is guilty of being in a well-illuminated and warm room. Before carrying out the promotion:

1. Likar sidak in a special way to the patient from the right side.
2. The patient lays on his back with a raised head. The legs are in a straight or bent position.
3. The palms of the patient's hands are located on the chest plates for the squeezing and crumbling.

Technique of testing the palpation of the stove

The basis of the palpation technique of V.P. Obraztsova is known to be an educator of the knowledge of the "kisheni". In the process of inhaling, the stove goes down into the new one, and then, at the top of the vidih, it hangs out from the “intestine”. The technology of the industrialization of the stove includes the onset of steps:

The cool people have a liver that is not palpable. The organ can be misshapen only when it is lowered or reduced.

Causes of an increase in the liver

Significance of an increase in the liver is characteristic with such ailments:

• liver cancer;
• hepatitis;
• cyrosis;
• chronic ailments of the stove;
• right-handed heart failure;
• anemia;
• leukemia;
• lymphogranulomatosis;
• destructed as a result of zhovchi;
• chronic infections.

Palpable liver power

The healthy edge of the liver is soft and ryvny, and its surface is smooth. Palpation is painless.

A smooth surface of the liver is characteristic for cirrhosis, congestive liver and hepatitis, and the granular surface of the organ is characteristic for syphilis, abscess, atrophic cirrhosis. at cancer patients the lower edge of the stove of inspiration, solid and uneasy.

The ailment of the stove is spared when it is stretched or ignited.

When the liver is diagnosed, the dynamics of changes in the body is shown. The increase in liver changes is characteristic for oncological diseases and fatty degeneration, and for changes in hepatitis and cirroses.

Palpation is one of the most informative methods of diagnostics, treatment with a doctor at the stage of the primary examination of a sick person. We will talk about new and new ones.

liver anatomy

First of all, start to get food about palpation of the liver, and later on the anatomy and functions of the organ. The stove grows immediately under the diaphragm, from the right side at the very top of the black empty, and there is only a small part of the organ in the grown-up rosette of evil (apparently from the middle line). In the case of new-born women, I loan the liver a part of the empty stomach.

Topographically, the oven volodya has two surfaces and two edges. The anterosuperior (upper) surface is lying down to the surface of the diaphragms and vypinaetsya ascending to the viginous. The lower one rots to the back and below, there may be a spike of depressions from the adjacent organs. The lower and upper surfaces are divided by the lower edge, the lower edge (rear upper), navpaki, even blunt, and that can be brought to the posterior surface of the organ.

They grow in two parts: a great right and a little liv, a crescent-shaped tangle, in a certain part of a sickle-shaped tie - this is the name of a circular ring, which has come out of the blue.

The rights of the part to be distributed behind the additional furrows on the sprocket of the secondary part. In one of such furrows, the growth of the gummy stuff and the distribution of the chickpea tissue, which is a tailed sprout, is used.

One of the important parts of the organ є the transverse gliboca is bordered, which is the gate of the liver. Through the given approval, the great pechinkovy arteries, portal vein and nerves enter the organ, and to stop wineing the pechinkovy protik (evacuation of the beetle into the mikhur)

In the right part there is a square part, which is surrounded by the gates of a stove, a round ring and a hole from the moth-shaped cupola, and a small part of the tail, which can be drawn between the gates of the stove and the gate of the vein.

functions of the stove

• Metabolic (control over the exchange of origin, microelements and vitamins, hormones, amino acids, lipids, proteins, carbohydrates).
• Deposits (in the body accumulate BJU, vitamins, microelements, hormones).
• Secretory (viroblenya zhovchi).
• Detoxification (zavdyak natural baked filter - liver macrophages).
• Vidilna (for rakhunok zyzuvannya glucuronic and hydroxy acids of toxic rivers: indola, tyramina, scotol).
• Homeostatic (the role of the liver in control over antigenic and metabolic hemostasis of the body).

In addition to morphological and functional features, the furnace is often used in case of non-infectious and infectious ailments. The axis of the chomium at the first malignant disease requires palpation of the given organ.

Palpation and percussion of the stove

Before carrying out the industrialization of the ovens, it is recommended to recommend for additional percussion the value of the field. Tse allow not only to let the body grow larger, ale and sound, the sounds itself next to palpation. With the percussion of the pechinka fabric, even a dull (dull) sound, even if the lower part of the lung is partially attached, two cordons can be assigned: true and absolutely pechinous dullness, however, it is often

Palpation to the organ (technique)

At the same time, it is necessary to follow the rules of the song for the promising ovens:

• The position of the obsolete is lying on the back, with the head slightly lifted, and the legs are bent in the knees, or even straightened. Put your hands on your breasts, and you should be able to wrap around and looseness when inhaling and loosening the muscles of the abdomen.
• Doctor roztashovuєtsya right-handed, denounced to the patient.
• trochi bend right to the bottom Likar put a plasma on the patient's belly in the area of ​​the right edge, three to five centimeters lower, lower the boundaries of the liver, earlier it was designated percussion. With a single hand, the doctor will hunt for the breast tissue (the lower part of the right-handed person), with a single finger, it is necessary to roztashuvati backwards, and one (great) finger should be placed on the costal arch. Such a method will make the breasts unbearable during inhalation and force the change with diaphragms down.

• If the patient is vidikha, the doctor without zusil pulls down to the shkiru, and the fingers of his right hand are strewn into the empty stomach, ask the patient to inhale. At the end of the hour, the edge (lower part) of the organ descends, penetrating into the openings of the intestine and the bowel on the fingers. When someone feels the hand, it is guilty that it becomes unruly. If there are reasons to palpate the stove without reaching, the procedure is repeated, however, the fingers are moved by a few centimeters up the hill. Carry out a lot of manipulation, peresuvayuchis vische and vische, as long as the right hand does not bump into the costal arch, otherwise, do not miss the pechinky edge.

Features

• Carry out palpation of the liver twitch behind the rectus abdominal muscle (the last edge) or the middle-clavicular right line. Ale, yakscho winikak such a need, promotuvannya vyroblyayut on five lines (from the front pahvov_y right-handed to the near-sternum).
• In times of purchase in the belly of great societies, the palpation of victories is difficult. Todi vdaayutsya until the jerky blooming organ. For others, with the third and fourth fingers of the right hand, strike the blows on the anterior abdomen, fixing them from below and ending the costal arch right up to the appearance of the protective illumination - the liver. For an hour, it’s confusing for the organ to enter the coal, and then to turn and clatter on the fingers (the symptom is called "floating crinkle").

Interpretation of results (norm)

What results are you guilty of showing liver palpation?

• In 88% of normal patients, the lower edge of the organ grows close to the costal arch, apparently to the mid-clavicular line on the right.
• A healthy people have a gostriy organ edge or slightly rounding. The wine is soft, painless, easy to carry when coated, rivny.

Assessment of otrimanih danikh (pathology)

• As the liver is improved, with palpation, it will grow lower than the costal arch, which can also be evidence and information about it. On confirmation of that anyway, it is necessary to carry out a percussion, so that it is important to the organ.
• If the pechinka is not changed, but to the cordon of pechink's dullness downward is a sign of a descent to the organ.
• Zsuv only the lower boundary to talk about the improvement of the liver, how to develop in case of venous stagnation, ignited in the galls and the stoves, gostrich інфекція(Malaria, cholera, cranial typhus, dysentery), cyrosis (at the cob stage).
• If the lower boundary moves up the hill, then it is possible to increase the size of the body (for example, at the terminal stages of cirrosis).
• The change in the formation of the upper pechinkovo ​​cordon (down or uphill) is a bit of a message about the organ itself (for example, in case of echinococosis or liver cancer). .... Most often it is possible to prevent the presence of diaphragms in a high camp with vaginosity, ascites, flatulence, through a low expansion of diaphragms with enteroptosis, pneumothorax, emphysema, as well as in cases of abnormalities in the presence of gas
• Morbidity of the lower part of the body, pneumonia, right-sided pleurisy can also occur in the upper part of the body.
• In some cases, not only palpation is available to the edge of the liver, but to the whole organ. For a whole finger, shake off the right side of the costal arch. Likar, lightly onslaught, with light rucks vivchaє pechinka, otsinuyuchi at the whole surface (hunchy, smooth, smooth), consistency (shchilna, myaka), the appearance / appearance of ailments.

• Myakuvata, rivna, smooth surface and rounding of ailments during palpation of the edge are signs of ignition processes in the body, or manifestation of stagnant blood stagnation due to heart failure.
• Humpy, uneasy, cracked edge is more susceptible to echinococosis and syphilis. Duzhe shchilna ("tree") liver appears when the body is affected by cancerous cells.
• The dense edge of the liver is indicative of hepatitis, and in the midst of tuberosity - procyrosis.
• Bile with palpation of the liver can be caused by ignition processes, or as a result of overstretching of the capsule (with congested liver).

Palpation of the liver in children

The promotion of the liver of a new-born, as a rule, is carried out on the level of the middle-clavicular, as well as the anterior groove of the palpation. At the same time, the hand has looked at the pediatrician to check the edge of the stove, and it is not only possible that the organ is developed, but the palpation assessment of its edge. The norm for new-born women is that the pechinous edge of the z-pid costal arch is two (or not more) centimeters wide. The assessment should be carried out along the midclavicular line. The edge of the organ is guilty of being painless, smooth, hospitable and soft-elastic.

In healthy children up to the age of seven, the edge of the liver, as a rule, is visible from the right costal arch and accessible for palpation. For up to three rockets, the norm is to fit into the edge of the stove 2 or 3 centimeters below the right edge. The idea of ​​seven rocks is the same for older adults.

Post-production of stoves by the Kurlov method

To confirm the diagnosis of this pathology, to make the organ destructive, it is necessary to carry out palpation of the liver according to Kurlov. For others, for the help of prostration (percussion), they start the upper boundary, and then palpably (or percussion) - the lower one. Moreover, it is shown up to the oblique course of the lower edge of this border, and also appears between the upper and lower border, and it starts behind three points.

The first is the midclavicular line, the friend is the midclavicular, and the third is the costal dusi. At the nominal size of the fault, the folds are 9, 8, 7 cm.

Uninvolved on the wines of ultrasound and tomography, palpation is required to be demanded in a certain way. The method allows you to quickly see the number of steps in the robotic organ, and you can easily start using it. The main part of diagnoses, which are put together with palpation, is confirmed by the distance during instrumental diagnostics.

The essence of the palpation of the liver

On palpation, the license will take away all the information I need for myself. The stove is more beautiful for those internal organs to go for palpation, and it’s also good to collapse painlessly in the black empty when people are very crazy. Likar with special techniques to understand the organ from the other side, so you can imagine your body.

The stove is roztashovutsya under the diaphragm. The upper edge is the same as the vigini. The lower edge of the stove is also uneven - through the grip of the suspended organs. Zaliza divided into two parts of a large volume. Between them there is a great deal. The wind grows out of the navel, which is an overgrown vein.

Yaki become ill

A healthy liver does not protrude over the edge of the ribs. The very reduction to the organ in general is the head symptom of the omission of the robot. You can go down the stove when there are some sounds, as it is soothed. Tse vіdbuvaєtsya in times of fall of people from hanging on legs.

Palpation allows the detection of such pathologies:

• problems with vivedennyam zhovchi;
• liver pathology (zhovtyanitsya, cirrhosis, oncology);
• heart failure;
• інфекції;
• ailments of blood.

So as to palpate the liver, it is important to finish it, it is necessary to read it, and the diagnosis will be clarified with the help of other diagnostic methods. It is impossible to palpate the liver by yourself, since the correct position of the hands is important in the whole manipulation. Ludin's misunderstandings are not possible.

Before obmatsuvannya percussion is carried out - singing songs and analysis of sounding. The stove is a dull sound. At percussion, it appears between the pechinkovo ​​dullness. It is necessary to vrahovuvati, where the part of the body zazozi from the top to be covered with the lungs. It is not often necessary to clarify the upper border of the stove. The value is not permanent, it changes in the fallowness of the form breast cancer.

As the percussion showed the upper limit of the norm, then the dose for the formation of cysts, the new development of the growth of pus, or the accumulation of pus. Also, it can mean pleurisy and high stagnation of diaphragms (from the hour of vaginosity). Most often, with pathologies, the liver grows along the lower edge.

Specialist in case of prostration to the body of an individual patient - vaga, statura, vіk. In artistic people, the liver is healthy at the bottom. In people who are frail until it is overwhelmed, the lower border is at a rate of 2 cm.

When buying intestinal gases, or the imposition of intestinal loops on the liver, it can be difficult to percussion: the sound of the so-called liver dullness will not be heard.

The percussion of the stove in children has their own specialties. The lower boundary should be lowered even lower. V childish a loan in the middle part is larger than a month (up to 6% of a wagy), less in older adults (up to 3%).

Palpation technique

Manipulation is carried out on an empty slunk. At the connection with the anatomical rosters, the liver is palpated along the edge of the costal arch. Tse means that those internal organizations are not guilty of intruding on their buildings.

The patient is guilty of lying horizontally on the back, on a hard surface, the head is slightly lifted, the legs are straight or the legs are bent in the knees. Hands are more beautiful than the lays on the chest; M'yazi belly bazhano roslabiti. Likar is on the right side of a person before the strapped person.

palpation is carried out in different ways... Some parts need to be fitted with an organ. likar clade my hand from the left ribs from the back. The thumb is pressed down on the lower rib in front, and in the back. Let the doctor sit on the plasma floor on the right side of the treasure to the right.

Importantly, a good deal of good and little fingers appeared on the same line. So the hand will begin to close the lower edge, and the breast tissue will be locked when inhaling, and the diaphragm will move downward, which is more helpful when it is closed.

Another popular technique is “setting the kisheni”. Illness on the prohannya lykar gliboko vidihaє. The doctor pulls the shkira down, pulling the fingers of his right hand into the empty stomach. Such manipulations do not lead to a problem. Patient vidikhaє, the lower edge of the stove goes down and gazes on the fingers of the lykar.

A lowered hand is not guilty of collapsing. If the pechinka is not palpable, then I will try to repeat it from the substitutes to zanyuruyutsya into the swarm of fingers by 1-2 centimeters. With a healthy liver, the patient does not experience discomfort.

When you get sick, you will be supervised by the purchased Ridini in the black empty spaces, you will be able to use the jerky technique. Likar vypryamlyaє and grip at once vkazіvny, middle and unchangeable fingers. To put їх pіd with a straight kut over the belly in the midst of the liver. Carry out a spout of short shipments in the middle of the queue.

The depth to the entrance of the fingers of the coal is not guilty of changing 5 cm. At the moment of closing with the stove, the car is shown to be very strong, as it is easy to turn into a distance, but it is still possible to turn around. With a lot of additional information, there is a general assessment of the size of the stove, the country, the specialness of the region, the sensitivity, the visibility of the universities, the nature of the irregularities on the surface.

The palpation of the stove in children is carried out according to the same methodology, and the ale of the patches will be seen. Obsyagi often, the diameter of the blood-bearing vessels fluctuates from each other to growth. The growth of the stove will end in 15 years.

diagnostic results

With good palpation, Fakhivets paid respect to such important details:

1. ailment to the body with rus, obmatsuvanny;
2. the correctness of the knowledge of cordons;
3. rosemir zalozi;
4. size, shape, particularity of the contour of the lower edge of the stove.

A healthy organ does not lie down to the edge of the rib; it should be stitched 12 cm lower. The edge is perceived as clear, meek, with singing stinging while it promises. Small ruins in the middle do not wriggle. The strength of the stove is proportional to the consistency of my people.

As soon as you see it when you are manipulating a bully, then you shout about the manifestation of damage. The smell of nadal is confirmed either by laboratory tests, ultrasound, tomography or biopsies.

Sickness in case of obstezhenny will indicate about the process of burning in the hall, stagnation of blood through over-expansion of the liver, like winyє in case of heart failure. The pulsation of the liver is a sign of heart defect, problems with the tristulkovy valve.

It’s good to see it when you palpate. The upper edge of the vipinati camp. With oncology, the wines are strongly opposed. With amiloidosis, fatty hepatosis, the liver becomes round, dumb swelling, the edge is important to start. With the development of cirrhosis of the edge, it becomes stubborn.

If the liver is hard on palpation, then there is a symptom of hepatitis, hepatosis, decompensated heart failure. The remaining stages of oncology and cirrhosis give the maximum thickness of the liver structures.

Likewise, with oncology and cirrhosis, the edge of the disease is seen to be boastful. Wine is swept up in case of burnt zalozi, twisting in the current of zhovchi or venous stasis. Improvement in case of fatty hepatosis, heart failure, syphilis. Stronger evidence of cancer, cirrhosis, echinococosis.

When you look around the lower border of the organ, the visceral grows, then the liver changes in the pro] tme. Also, sposter on the thermal stage of cirrhosis.

Folding procedure

Do not expect a zolose to be easily matted: roztasovani on behalf of the organization or for some reason to make a rip-off. In some cases, the stove is not palpable, it means that in the black empty, the accumulated rich ridini.

Find out the reasons behind which it is important to keep the liver in place when palpating and percussion:

• uncertainty about the definitions of the sick;
• the musculature of the cranial viddil has been reduced;
• fat added;
• turning the stove (the upper edge collapses backwards and descends, the lower part goes up the hill);
• the liver is closed by the swollen loops of the intestine, which are located between the stink of the queue and the zalose itself.

For skin problems, if the liver is not palpable, additional information know the solution. So, when turning the stove, it is necessary to carry out percussion in order to reveal between and between the changes in the zone. Є risik of the drooping liver. The lower border can be swollen around the navel.

Without carrying out the forefront percussion, there may be an incorrect detection of abnormal liver failure.

Palpation and percussion of the stove may be great diagnostic value... The stench will help with the first occurrence young people... Likari vicarious methods for a quick assessment of the health of the liver without a special possession.

The early diagnoses, perennial on palpation, are mainly confirmed with the use of more circumstantial precise methods on the equipment.

The method of carrying out percussion and palpation develops permanently. Additional options for setting fingers, positioning of hands, position of the ailing person in case of setting. To deny reliable results, you will need to do so. All knowledge and thinking is mastered and fixed in practice.

2018 - 2019 ,. All rights are seized.

Visnachiti її between. It is not only allowed to judge the size of the stove, but because of the value, which is the moment to fix the palpation. The stove with a percussion gives a dull sound, a little bit of the lower edge of the legend is often attached to it, then there can be two upper borders of the stove dullness: very good (fair) and absolute. In practice, as a rule, start between absolute dullness, upper and lower.

When palpation of the liver, it is necessary to follow the rules and technique of vikonannya. The ailment is guilty of lying on the back with a slightly raised head and straightened or number of slopes feet. Hands of your guilt lie on your breasts (to mitigate the collapse of the breast tissue for inhalation and loosening of the abdominal muscles). Doslidzhu sida right-handed person from the sick, to the new one, to the bottom of the right hand with three bent fingers, put a plaza on the living, in the area of ​​the right edge, 3-5 cm lower between the liver, known by the percussion hand, and the love lower widdil the right half of the breast cell, with 4 fingers ordered from the back, and thumb- on the costal dusi (Fig. 59, a). The process of interlocking the rupture (enlargement) of the breast tissue from the hour to inhalation and to the fall of the diaphragms to the bottom. At the sight of a sick person, a glimpse of a surface with a crumbling downward, wormsі ask the sick person to get a good breath. At the same time, the lower edge of the stove, dropping down, eating into a piece of chickens, bypassing the fingers and hanging from them. To palpate the hand all hour becomes unruly. Even the lower edge of the stove does not extend into the pinch, the manipulation is repeated, shifting the fingers of the fingers by 1-2 cm up the hill. To pursue until quietly, when all the food is gone, as long as the lower edge of the liver is not palpated, or the right hand is not up to the costal arch.

Small. 59. Palpation of the liver:
a - zvychana;
b - jerky.

Palpation of the lower edge of the liver is carried out along the right mid-clavicular line, or along the last edge of the right straight abdominal muscle. However, if necessary, it can be removed for all 5 lines, repairing from the right front groin and ending the left side of the sternum.

When bought in a black empty significant quantity, the palpation of the liver slows down.

In any case, you can miss the palpation with a jerky way (Fig. 59, b). With the closed 2, 3, 4 fingers of the right hand, apply jolting strikes on the anterior cranial stance from the bottom to the top to the costal arch, as long as there is no crack in the furnace. When you send out, the spat should go into the depths of the empty cartridges, and then turn around and hit the fingers, that is.

The normal liver is palpable in 88% of cases. The lower edge is located on the edge of the costal arch, on the right mid-clavicular line. Vin m'yaky, gostriy or slightly rounding, rivny, painless, easy to change when palpated.

The growth of the stove at the lower edge of the costal arch is indicative of the improvement or substitution. Virishity of the food supply can be deprived of the designated position of the cordons, and can be used percussion.

As long as the liver does not change, then when the lower boundary of the furnace is dull, one can see one hour at the same time with the one-sided changes of the upper boundary, and talk about the lowering of the liver. With an increase in the stove, only the lower part of the boundary will go down. Tse sposterіgaєtsya during stagnation venous blood in stove (stove stove), ignition processes in stove and zhovch nobles, in cases of infectious diseases (dysentery, typhoid fever, cholera, malaria), in the cob stage of stove cyrosis and so on.

Zsuv only the lower boundary of the stove on the mountain can be victorious changes in the size of the stove (for example, in the end stage of the portal cirrhosis).

Zsuv the upper boundary of the liver (upward or downward) is randomly matched by the change of the liver itself (the upper boundary can move up the hill in case of cancer or echinococosis of the liver). Most often it is due to other reasons (high stagnation of diaphragms with flatulence, ascites, vaginosis; low - with emphysemia, pneumothorax, enteroptosis; appearance of the liver as a result of diaphragms in the abdomen With right-sided exudative pleurisy, pneumonia, pulmonary infarction, wrinkling of the lower part of the right leg, it is possible to create the upper border of the liver dullness.

Small. 60. Normal liver sizes (according to Kurlov).

In a number of vipads, it is possible to pass through not only the lower edge of the stove, but ale and a part of it (put your fingers directly in front of the right costal arch, easily pushing on cherevnu stinka, Kovzayut on the surface of the stove). At the same time, there is a peculiarity of the surface (smooth, smooth, hump), consistency (myaka, shchilna), there is a manifestation of ailments and so on.

The hump of the surface, the inconsistency and the narrowing of the lower edge are indicated in case of syphilic lesions of the liver, echinococosis. Especially the sharpness ("tree") appears in case of cancerous liver disease.

Improvement of the edge of the disease in case of hepatitis, cirrosis (it is implied that the surface is uneven).

Liver ailment with palpation is more susceptible to ignition process for stretching out (for example, stopping the stove).

Rosemiri pechinki viznachayut for Kurlov's method(Fig. 60). For the whole period of time, it is between the upper (known percussion) and lower (known percussion and palpation) between the liver on the right middle-key and along the anterior middle line, and also on the lower ovens along the front middle line - oblique size). The size of the liver in the norm along the mid-clavicular line in the middle warehouse is 9 ± 1-2 cm, along the anterior middle - 8 ± 1-2 cm, along the left costal dusi - 7 ± 1-2 cm.

Proponentially get acquainted with the article on the topic: "Pechinka: roztashuvannya in organizmі, like її promatsati" on our site, assigned to the lover of pechinka.

There is a stove in the people, and most of the time it is needed, because it is far from being skinny. It is very important to know how much given to the body is given to the body, as it’s early enough to let the nobility know about itself and ask for help.

The stove is roasted from the very diaphragm in the middle part in the right side. However, if it’s more accurate, then you have borrowed a lot of money in the organism, if it’s right in the meantime, but in the right part of the organism there is a great part of the organ (the rights of the part). Liva part of the body is less significant than the right and is in the left part. The lower edges of the organ are covered with ribs, and the upper edges are located on the same line with the nipples.

Being the largest and the greatest organ in the world, the liver is responsible for the lack of important functions and is tied to the organs of the intestinal tract. The growth of pechinki, її masa and і growth is also talking about those who, without it, the body is not built up. The organ is a filter of shelter, control of all communication processes, by a straining and single neutralizer of high-pitched speech, as it comes into the body in different ways.

On any medical signs, you can poke, on which side there is

people’s stove

It is not only our storehouse of bacteria and viruses, but a large reservoir of "spare" blood. The very best people have the ability not to die at once in the blood in case of serious drops, the organ can be stitched after it, the blood is filled with cinnamon enzymes, as it spreads far along the body.

Poztashuvannya pechіnki in people also, about її problems can be said about ії organ poisoning. The cim organ is a pidshlunkov zloza, which is even more accessible and specific. Pechinka viroblyaє zhovch, yaka zberіgaєtsya in zhovchny mikhury... If you receive a signal about the rash etching process, the gum is directed along the ducts and tubules to the twelve-fingered intestine. There you can learn to use pancreatic juice, we will be able to make a meal. Normally, there are two components, synchronously working in steam, however, if there is damage to the robotic organ, damage to natural causes, the goal is to be found in the subsoil zone. Zhovch can not take it for the signs through the filth of the passage of the duct, but can take it into the zalose itself.

The percussion of the stove breaks through in the horizontal position of the patient. Finger-plessimeter spreads parallel to the Shukano cordon.

The upper boundary of absolute pechin dullness can be established along all lines, which can be used for the lower edge of the lungs; At the same time, a quiet percussion occurs. Percussion from top to bottom, from clear to dull sound. I know the cordon by means of points on the screen along the upper edge of the finger-plessimeter, i.e., on the side of a clear sound. At the norm, the upper boundary of the absolute dullness of the stove is roasted on the peri-sternal and mid-clavicular lines on the upper and lower edges of the VI rib and on the anterior groin line on the VII rib. The upper boundary of the obvious dullness lies on the edge of the eye. For її viznachennya vikoristovuyut the percussion of the average power.

The lower boundary of the absolute pechinkovo ​​dullness begins along the anterior groin, mid-clavicular and peri-sternal lines from the right side, along the anterior mid-line, and the lower line - along the peri-sternum. Percussion from bottom to top from tympanic sound to dull.

Kurlov method

Between the stoves can also be seen according to Kurlov. From the middle, along the middle-clavicular line on the right, I start the upper border of the absolute dullness of the stove, as well as the lower edge, and along the front middle line, appear the lower border. The upper boundary on the line is clever (it’s not a matter of standing up, because there’s a liver between the heart, and if there’s a percussion, it’s also a dull sound). To mark the cordon through the point, the expansion of which is located on the middle-clavicular line and changes to the level of the upper boundary of the absolute liver dullness, carry out the horizontal line to the middle line from the front line. Misce will retreat and be the upper boundary pechinkovo ​​dullness along the front middle line.

Far along the Kurlov cordon, the pechinki begin to travel along the costal dusi. For the whole finger-plessimeter, set it perpendicular to the lower edge of the left costal arch, just before the middle of the anterior groin line. Percussion is carried out along the costal dusi until a dull sound is detected and a speck is placed. It will be a cordon of the stove in the area of ​​the costal arch.

palpation

Visually, the size of the stove can be deprived of the palpation of the lower edge, so that it is possible to clarify its localization, as well as to deduce the statement about its outlines, shape, consistency, bitterness and self-appearance of the surface.

At palpation of the liver, it follows that the singing rules and techniques are followed. The patient is guilty of being in a horizontal position on the back with a raised head and with legs straightened or bent in knee slopes. The hands of his guilt are known to be on the breasts (noting the collapse of the breast tissue for inhalation and the weakening of the abdominal muscles). Doslidzhu sіdaє a right-handed person from the sick, to the new one, to the bottom of the right hand with three folded fingers, put a plasma on the living, in the area of ​​the right edge, 3 - 5 cm lower between the liver, which is known percussion, and in the lower part of the hand klitini, moreover, 4 fingers are ordered behind, and the thumb is on the costal dusi. Tse will intertwine the rupture of the thoracic clit of people when inhaling and dropping diaphragms to the bottom. At the sight of a patient, a glimpse of a surface rolls down the shkira downward, the fingers of the right hand are curled into the empty chain and to ask the people to make a big breath. At the same time, the lower part of the stove, descending, eating into a piece of chicken, bypassing the fingers and hanging from them. To palpate the hand all hour becomes unruly.

Even though the lower edge of the stove does not extend into the pinch, the manipulation is repeated again, shifting the fingertips by 1 - 2 cm up the hill. Try to keep up until quietly, all the way down, as long as the lower edge of the liver is not palpated, for the right hand is not up to the costal arch.

Brutal respect!

Evidence of such symptoms as:

• mouth smell
• stomach pain
• oven
• carry
• constipation
• blues nudity
• haircut
• gas supply (flatulence)

If you want to have 2 cih symptoms, then you shouldn't be able to tell about the wrong person

gastritis abo viraztsi. Tsіvoryuvannya not safe development, serious acceleration (penetration, slunk bleeding etc.), many of which can be brought up to

lethal

the result. Likuvannya needs to be repaired at the same time.

Read the article about those, like a woman who fiddled with symptoms in a change of the main reason. Read the material ...

Is there a stove, and what functions? Also, food for people. At the corresponding organs of the human body won є the greatest and most vagomoy. Vaughn is about 20 times more important than podshlunkovoy zalozi (90 grams), and hypophysis (for size, but not less important) is spent on її тлі. How are the functions of the viconu tsei even the two-logos of life, an important organ of the human body, and what is it? On which side has been rocked, why does the liver hurt? At the same time, you will be able to take away all the data.

The pechinka of people, by the physical parameters, is a pulp of a brown-chervon blistering substance, which has the shape of an irregular cone. Blisk їy nadaє obolonka, yak is called serous.

The upper part of the organ is called diaphragmatic, as it is reduced to diaphragms, and it is opuque, and the lower part of the body is removed on its own internal organs and is called visceral.

Which side of the liver is there in the body?

If people have seen one nirka for whatever reason, then they have lost their function. Without pechinka, people are simply unhappy. Ale, at the same hour, at the miracle of power - it’s great to be renewed for everything with 25% of the decision. In the distant part, there is also a lot of information about the divoviznі innіnі processes, wіdbuvayutsya in nіy.

The legend about Prometheus, like Zeus' punishment for giving people a fire, will serve as a punishment for people. Hijiy ptah with his gostim dziob regularly tormented the liver of the priestly vyaznya. Ale zaliza shvidko was introduced, and the hero's torment was triumphant and new.

Yak vіdomo, zaliza to be stored in the great right-wing part and signified to act їy in the scope of lіvoї. Children have the right of a part of equal importance, but later grow up of a part of it. In vidosotkovom vіdnoshennі the size of the body in the body of new-born children more, less in older people.

On which side of the oven is the people roasted? If you briefly describe її mice roztashuvannya in the body of people, then it will sound like this: on the right in the pіdreber'ї. It’s necessary for the heart to go 5 centimeters behind the left edge of the sternum, and if there’s a small diaphragm. All the same, the main part of the stove is located on the right.

By the same rank, the importance of the grass zalosa is reduced to what is introduced into the body of the message? In the spoken viglyad, the viglyad is like this: from the top of it it creeps up to the diaphragms, and from the bottom the intestines and the shlunok serve as a bisexual supplement. Zaliza to settle down with the lower empty vein for the rakhunok її fіksatsії in the diaphragm and the sound of the ring with the ridge. An important role is played by the internal vise and the fortets of the abdominal muscles.

As soon as we respectfully wonder, on any side of the liver, then the zoom, how the floor is tied to diaphragms, which follows the skin ruch. At the position of a lying person, you will be able to resist up the hill, when vertical position tila pragne down. When you have a mental fix, you’re still not going to be completely unruly. How to break down її mіtsne z'єdnannya with a diaphragm in conjunction with an increase in the sickle and coronary ligaments, won the status of hepar mobile.

If you lay down the rosetting scheme in people's minds, then I will borrow the area from the 5th and 6th ribs from the top to the 9th and 8th costal cartilages from the bottom, and the upper border of the bed is 1 cm lower than the right nipple, 2 cm lower left, and the lower boundary pass in the middle between the sword-shaped spine and the navel.

What is the stove for

In a healthy stania, the nikoli does not appear in the rib cage, so palpation does not seem to be possible. The growth of the liver in the organism of the transmission is overwhelming with the ribs on the right, so it is evil.

Basic functions of the oven

The pechinka is a very functional organ. They rightfully break off the chemistry laboratory, since they control more than 500 chemistry reactions, and they call people the "other heart" of the people. Pechinka na dobu viroblyaє one liter of zhovchi two to twenty gutsі zhovchny mіkhur. The process of vibrating the beetles is uninterrupted.

The zhovchny mikhur is located under the peck and is a small reservoir, de zhovch goes into a highly concentrated camp. For the sake of power, the name "zriloi" was taken. Zhovch - tse in the main water with the presence of zhovchny acids, cholesterol, bilirubin, pigments. The staff of the zhovchі vіdbuvaєtsya emulguvannya fats.

Pechinka viconuє, as the bi role of comori, de glucose is deposited in the viglyadi to the glucogen until some unpleasant moment, if the glycogen is ready to transform into glucose.

Pechinka is the most popular filter in the middle of people. Filtration passes through the membranes of liver cells - hepatocytes; For example, I won’t transform America into a sechevina, yak є mensh, I’ve got the power to be good at the water, so I’ve got the chance to call it.

The stove is used to utilize the bend of the erythrocytes, as well as bacteria. The liver has a reserve of blood, signs of great blood loss, as well as vitamins A, D, B. The liver cells are healthy to synthesize albumin, globulin, prothrombin and heparin. The stove is to bring in sv_y additions in the process of regulating the temperature of the human body.

Otzhe, we rose, on the side of the oven, and the functions of the vison in the body of the people. Ale scho robiti, how does the stove hurt?

organ disease

If people know that there is a stove, that there is a stove with her, like the authorities, who hurt the stove - it is easier for you to cope with malfunctions in the body. Zagalnovidomo, which is a strong blow to the cookie, to develop an addiction to alcohol, nikotin and drugs. There are no fewer certain viruses that can cause hepatitis A, C and B. Likers can also have negative influences on the stove.

Yaksho at the people of the vinikє head bill, Vin say, he has a headache. How much the liver hurts, it’s not like the liver hurts. Vona aprіorі can't see the strong pain syndrome across small amount roztashovanih on n_y nerve ends.

If you want to burn down the stoves, it’s important for a robot, you don’t need to wrap up and not tighten the slurry with a great amount of fatty yazh, do not drink alcohol and chickens, don’t kick the spaty on an additional slurry, more.

Symptoms of viral hepatitis are often viral. Zhovty kolir shkіri and sclera of the eyes - these symptoms are important for the shedding. Zhovtyanitsya winikє through the great vmіst bilirubina in the blood in the connection with tim, so that guilt does not pereroblyaetsya pechіnkoy.

If the liver is fired, it will be masked for the flu, and the symptoms are as follows:

• temporal temperature,
• aches for everyone,
• weakness is strong, suprovodzhuvana headache.

Hepatitis is not only virile, but also alcoholic. As soon as Lyudin is constantly stretching out a bagatech of rock, then alcoholic hepatitis, and in general - cirrhosis of the liver, you become unhealthy.

The liver cells recover and are replaced by adipose tissue. To the understanding "alcoholic hepatitis" and "fatty hepatitis" are synonyms. Pechinka of a sick person with alcoholic hepatitis nabuva fearitlivy viglyad. What are the symptoms of alcoholic hepatitis?

• cutting off the dark color for more dark, and feces, navpaki, zebarvlyuєtsya;
• vinika itchy skin, Yak with red diabetes;
• the whole hour to bother and there is a girka vidrizhka;
• trim stably temperature adjusted tila.

Such symptoms will be tolerated by a sharp second vagina and severe weakness. be in alcoholic content people are guilty of the nobility, the symptoms are not safe on them.

Pechinka is important і to reach an unobtrusive mind of our body. Vona viconuє has no function, it is possible to endure a great deal of renewal and change over a short period. However, the moment comes, if there are any problems in the hall, you start to think about її lіkuvanni. And even from the robotic stove, there is a lot of room for self-esteem for the body, that the turbo about the healthy organ is the zeal of anyone who wants to live more and more.

Roztashuvannya pechinki

For the first self-diagnosis of skin people, it is necessary to identify

de pechinku

Let's live in 4 different squares. With a large amount of space in the main space, the right-handed hand is in the upper square and the ribs are completely locked. The upper boundary will touch the lower surface of the diaphragms and pass through the nipples. The one who sees the bill for right side sternum, temporalis, as well as problems with the liver.

The Danish body is stored in two parts, and the right for the exchange is 5 times more than right. The pechinka is usually normalized on the microscope by the organs of the state, so it’s awkward.

Mezhi

Install the upper and lower edges of the iron, the percussion (chattering) of the three right lines helps:

• the peri-sternum border will pass the upper edge of the VI rib, another step along the arc of the ribs 2 cm down;
• parasitic - borderline rice spread out the bridle of the lower edge of the VI rib and stick out at the bottom of the arch of the ribs;
• submishechnoi anterior - passing the edge of the VII and X ribs.

The lower border is set up, also the middle part (where to pass the sternum bridle) and the near-sternum line (rounded in the center between the left near-breast bone and the sternum edge) line.

The space between the liver, middle, right near the heart and the middle of the middle line gives the opportunity to significantly increase the height of the liver dullness (we can tell you about the size of the ball), in the normal range, with such indicators, 8-10 cm, 7-9 cm

self-production

Even a good navigator for people who see problems with pechinkoy, є vmіnnya palpuvati (promatsuvati) organ is independent.

For the rest of the process, it is important for us to pay attention only to the lower boundary on the right side. The very idea of ​​finding it is possible to judge about the weakening, for example, the big ovens.

To carry out palpation, it is necessary to grow on the flat surface. right hand the ribs on the right side so that the great toe is lying in front of it parallel to the ribs, and they lay on the ribs of the back - on the verge of being guilty, hop for the bik.

Such a technique can help to fix the diaphragms and ribs, while pushing closer to the dusi of the ribs. On the side of the navel, with the fingers of your left hand, you can go to the costal arch on the right (when you see the nasal axis). One hour, very vigorously - light, blowing out, taking the oven down to the bottom and making it more bright.

Palpate the organ along the right areola. If you are more visually impaired, you will need to get the muzzles of the queue, if you are right, you will need to get out of the ribs.

I’m healthy, if you don’t see anything, or if you’ve got another and third fingers to go along the border of the right part. Vona will be thin and soft.

Well, normal life is damaged, the organ is easy to palpate. Between can be seen firm, uneven, hunchy. If there is a firing of zhovchny mіkhur, it is not a matter of prodding to carry out.

visnovka

Normal sizes of the stove are used as long as the lower border does not go beyond the edge of the costal arch by more than a centimeter.

The knowledge about the misez of finding the stove is even more important, because:

• Give you the ability to independently diagnose improvement and repair your own medical assistance;
• Viklyuyuyut the manifestation of a rare pathology - a congenital turn of the internal organs, in which the liver is reduced evil, and the heart is on the opposite side.

The article was created by the VseProPechen.ru project. More information

read here

De known pechіnka at the people, I know for sure far from everything. If you are good at school, remember that you are the right-handed man, and not the one-handed man, but you must be encouraged to end the knowledge. Most people about Budova and the repair of the stove are repaired only if they see a lack of noisy discomfort. Tsia zalosa is the greatest organ of the people, the masoyu is close to 1/20 of the old one, or 1/50 of the mass of the new-born child, which has hundreds of functions and passes through itself as much as 100 liters of blood. Let's rightly unfair and everything about the liver.

Roztashuvannya pechinki

Pechinka people roztashovutsya in pіdreber'ї, right-handed, without a mediocre diaphragm. Cleverly divided into the right and left of the part. A large part of the organ is displaced in the right part of the bottom. Chastkovo stove is trivial, left in the middle line of the sternum. The upper edge is located on the level of the VI of the right mid-rib, and the top of the left part of the troch of the three rises from the right and the distance to the V of the mid-ribs. The right lower border stretched to the remaining mid-ribbed prominence, and the topography was formed by the right costal arch. On the right, the stove stretched diagonally, to the central line of the sternum, reaching the edge of the ribbed arc on the level of the V mid-ribbed prominence. In such a rank, behind the shape, the organ is nagadu tricycle, which is stretched out in the middle of the chest wall. On your own mice, the liver is tamped down with clinks, fastening to the diaphragms, the slunk, the right nirti and the 12th intestine.

The anterior (lower) edge of the liver is not to blame for the edge of the costal arch. As soon as it is necessary to see and grow to the body of the wickedness, such is the state of affairs for reasons.

However, it is not possible to tell the story, on which side there is a stove. In the middle of the family, you can get angry. Tse stan organism is called transposition (mirror images) organs.

The name of the viglyad i budova

The whole organ has a diaphragmatic (external) and visceral (internal) surface. On the last surface you can see the dents of the organs - the heart, the lower empty vein, breastfeeding ridge, aorta. And the inner surface of the zalozi is indicated by the indentations of the right nirka and supra-nirkovo zalosi, 12-palate and upper rim intestine.

The crescent-shaped ring distributes the organ on large and small parts, and is loosely shaped as right-handed and left-handed. Before the warehouse of the right-hand part, there is a square (right-hander) and a tail (zliv) part. It is noteworthy that the right nirka is spaced approximately 1.5 cm lower than the left one, the odds of won right side ovens. Cause of the right nirka, make the trochi less. Due to such closeness, and the organization of interconnection, in the wake of the serious illness of the liver, there may be a lack of nirok.

middle organ

The very zvn_shnya shell of the liver is the tse of the ocherevina (serous shell). Vaughn curled the organ from three sides. Immediately before it there is a glisson capsule - a fibrous shell. Basically, the creation of the capsule is to trim the shape of the capsule.

Liver clines є hepatocytes. They have to go through a great number of communication processes (for example, storing glycogen). In addition, hepatocytes take a part in the formulated pechinkal canaliculi - the central canaliculus. Stepwise increase in diameter, the canaliculi set up the interlobular, segmental and part of the duct. Hepatocytes grow in radial rows about one of the central veins.

The main structural unit of the pechinka is the pechinka part. The function is to lay down as a matter of roasting in the organs and anatomical elements, which can be entered to the warehouse. In a grown-up healthy people, many of them can become close to the family.

When entering I will get the fabric, Navkolishnє parts of the stove, the canaliculi are transformed into interlobules, because of the stench they get angry, passing into the larger ducts. The right and left channels of the stove are stored from the interlobular canals. One canal in a buvak and more - up to five pieces, if you wish. The stench set up the pechinka duct with a length of 4-6 cm, which flows into the Mikhur ducts. Formations of such a rank zagalny zhovchny protіk is located in the 12-paloi intestine.

At the transverse furrow there is a pechinkovy gate, in which blood-bearing and lymphatic judges appear, as well as nerves and a backward gum.

Understanding the segments and sectors of the oven

With the development of hepatology and empty surgery, it was known that there was a more accurate reduction in the development of damage in the liver. Tom in the 50s of the XX century. it was announced about the segmental anatomy of the liver. As a matter of fact, until the end of the day, the oven is stored in the right and left parts, which are formed in eight segments. They will remain grouped radially around the gate of the stoves and will have five sectors (zones).

The segment is called the fabric interlock, lay down to the three stove, into the yak to enter the gateway veni, Pechinkovo ​​artery and zhovnoy ducts.

bloodstending

The uniqueness of the liver's liver is not only arterial - from the liver's artery, but the venous blood from the portal vein. In the middle of a vein through her, pass the shelter to your body. And the main artery of the stove is to live on the organ, supplying it to the senses and important words. The venous blood flows through the liver veins leading into the inferior empty vein. The fetus has a scent of umbilical veins, even if the folk stench grows.

innervating the stove

The liver itself has a dull end to the nerves, and I do not see any pain in case of problems with her. In the main, the won is innervated by the blood cells of the bloating nerve. more views It is also possible to expand the capsule, as well as to expand or deform the organ.

Zhovchny mikhur

There is a stove, there is a gummy mikhur, and it is on a visceral surface itself. Tse empty organ of pear-shaped form and about 50 ml. Budova chewing mikhura is a tilo, shyku and ducts of mikhura.
The ducts of the Mikhur are angry because of the gall-pectoral duct, I will create the gall-gut duct. Win through the sphinkter of Oddi to get into the education of the 12th intestine. The podstava of the zhovchny michur is displayed from the front of the anterior margins to a few centimeters, and from the contact with the cauliflower, and the latter - with the slurry, the small intestines.

The stove of the product is cylodobous, only the intestines can enter the intestines during the process of over-etching. In addition, in the body, there is a need in the schema of a woman, the function of a visitor and a visitor.

In response to the singing reflex, the sphinkter of Odd is quickened, the sphinkter Oddi relaxes, and the sphinker appears in the 12th intestine. Concentration of zhovchі mіkhura vіdrіznаєya from pechinkovoy zhovchі through a zootic soaking of water and mіkhurovo stіnkoyu. The gum is concentrated in the gum mixture of oily greens, olive vidtinok. In case of stagnation, the stone can be set up, which can be produced to a large extent in the grain of the mushroom.