Biological emergencies include epidemics, epizootia and epiphyotsis.

Epidemic- Wide distribution of infectious disease in people, significantly exceeding the incidence of incidence in this territory.

Pandemic- Unusually large distribution of morbidity in both the level and scale of distribution with the coverage of a number of countries, entire continents and even the entire globe.

Among the many epidemiological classifications, the classification was widely used, which was based on the transmission mechanism of the pathogen.

In addition, all infectious diseases are divided into four groups:

• Electrical infections;
• W infections respiratory tract (aerosol);
• W blood (transmissive);
• W infections of external covers (contact).

The general biological classification of infectious diseases is based on their division primarily in accordance with the peculiarities of the causative agent reservoir - anthroponosis, zoonoses, as well as the separation of infectious diseases for transmissive and non-transmission.

Infectious diseases are classified by type of pathogen - viral diseases, ricketersiosis, bacterial infections, protozoal diseases, helminthoses, tropical myoses, blood system disease.

Epizootia. Animal infectious diseases are a group of diseases that have such common features as the presence of a specific pathogen, the cyclicality of development, the ability to transmit from an infected animal to healthy and take epizootic distribution.

Epizootic focus - The place of stay of the source of the causative agent of infection on a certain area of \u200b\u200bthe terrain, where, with this situation, the transmission of causative agents of susceptible animals is possible. The epizootic focus can be the premises and territories with animals there, which detected this infection.

By latitude of distribution, the epizootic process is found in three forms: sporadic morbidity, epizooty, polesolation.

Sporad - These are isolated or infrequent cases of the manifestation of infectious diseases, usually not related to each other by a single source of causative agent of infections, the lowest degree of intensity of the epizootic process.

Epizooty - average degree of intensity (tension) of the epizootic process. Epizeta is characterized by a wide distribution of infectious diseases in the farm, district, region, country. Epizootia is characterized by the massiveness, the community of the source of the causative agent of infection, the simultaneity of lesion, frequency and seasonality.

Panzoo - The highest degree of development of epizootia is characterized by an unusually wide distribution of infectious disease, covering one state, several countries, mainland.

According to epizootological classification, all infectious diseases of animals are divided into 5 groups:

• 1. Alimentary infections are transmitted through the soil, feed, water. Basically amazed organs digestive system. The causative agent is transmitted through infected feed, manure and soil. Such infections include Siberian ulcers, lush, sap, brucellosis.
• 2. Respiratory infections (aerogenic) - damage to the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and lungs. The main transfer path is airborne. These include: paragripp, exotic pneumonia, sheep of sheep and goats, carnivorous plague.
• 3. Transmissive infections, the mechanism of their transmission is carried out using bloodsowing arthropods. The pathogens constantly or in certain periods are in the blood. These include: Encephalomyelitis, tularemia, infectious anemia of horses.
• 4. Infections, the pathogens of which are transmitted through external covers without the participation of carriers. This group is quite diverse by the features of the transmission mechanism of the pathogen. These include: tetanus, rabies, pieces of cows.
• 5. Infections with unexplained infection paths, i.e., non-classified group.

Epiphetia. To assess the scale of plant diseases, such concepts as epiphyothesia and panty are used.

Epiphetia - distribution of infectious diseases into significant areas during a certain time.

Panfattia - Mass illnesses covering several countries or continents.

Plant susceptibility to phytopathogen is the inability to resist the infection and propagation of phytopathogen in the tissues. Susceptibility depends on the stability of the zoned varieties, the time of infection and weather. Depending on the stability of varieties, the ability of the pathogenic cause infection, the fruitiness of the fungus, the rate of development of the causative agent and, accordingly, the danger of the disease.

The earlier there are sowing contamination, the higher the degree of lesion of plants, more considerable crop loss.

Most dangerous diseases The stem (linear) rust of wheat and phytoophluorosis of potatoes.

Plant diseases are classified according to the following features:

• Shite or phase of plant development (diseases of seeds, seedlings, seedlings, adult plants);
• Sh is a place of manifestation (local, local, common);
• W Current (sharp, chronic);
• W hit culture;
• Ø The cause of the occurrence (infectious, non-infectious).

All pathological changes in plants are manifested in a variety of forms and are divided into: rot, mummifications, fading, necrosis, raids, highlights.

Abstract on the topic:

Biological emergencies

Group student 3672.

Popovich A.V.

Introduction

1. Influence of biological emergency

2. Types of biological emergency

2.1. Epidemic and pandemic

2.2. Epizooto and polesoia.

2.3. Epiphetia and Panfattia

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

The largest Russian scientist, academician V.I. Vernadsky more than half a century ago noted that the power of human activity can be compared with the geological power of the Earth, raising mountain arrays, lowering the mainland, moving continent. Since then, humanity has gone far forward, and therefore the power of a person has grown thousands of times.
Now one enterprise - the Chernobyl NPP - inflicted irreparable harm to the enormous region, which is connected by inseparable equations not only with a separate continent, but is of great importance to life on earth, changes in planetary processes.
Since the attitude of people to nature exists only through production relations, then equalization is connected in each country with socio-economic relations existing in it. The difference in socio-economic systems that determine and the difference in environmental and legal regulation of various countries requires a careful analysis of law enforcement practice.
Increasing the threat of an environmental disaster on a global scale causes a realization of the urgent need to rationalize environmental and coordination of environmental protection in the entire international community.
The purpose of this work is to consider the emergency situations of a biological nature and suggest measures to prevent them.

1. The concept of biological emergency

Emergency situation (emergency) - the situation on a certain territory that has developed as a result of an accident, a dangerous natural phenomenon, a catastrophe, a spontaneous or other disaster that may entail or caused human sacrifices, damage to people's health or the environment, significant material losses and violations The living conditions of people.

Emergency faults in its development are four standard stages (phases).

1. Stage of accumulation of deviations from a normal state or process. In other words, this is the stage of the emergence of an emergency, which can last day, months, sometimes years and decades.

2. Initiation of an emergency event underlying the emergency.

3. The process of an emergency event, during which the risk factors (energy or substances) have been released, which have an adverse effect on the population, objects and natural environment.

4. The attenuation stage (the action of residual factors and established emergencies), which chronologically covers the period from overlapping (restrictions) of the source of danger - the localization of the emergency, to the complete elimination of its direct and indirect consequences, including the entire chain of secondary, tertiary, etc. consequences. This phase, at some emergencies, can begin to begin before the end of the third phase. The duration of this stage can be years, or even decades.

The biological emergency is a state in which the normal living and activities of people, the existence of farm animals and plant growing, the life and health of people, the danger of the widespread dissemination of infectious diseases, is violated as a result of the source on a certain territory.

2. Types of biological emergency

The source of biological emergencies can be a dangerous or widespread infectious disease of people (epidemic, pandemic). Animals (episooting, pansolation): infectious diseases of plants (epiphylations, panty) or their pest.

2.1. Epidemic and pandemic.

The epidemic is a massive, progressive in time and space within a certain region the spread of people's infectious disease, significantly exceeding the incidence of incidence in this territory. The epidemic, as an emergency, has a focus of infection and the stay of people with infectious diseases of people, or territory, within the limits of which in certain borders of the time it is possible to infect people and agricultural animals with causative agents of infectious disease.
The underlying social and biological factors of the epidemic lies the epidemic process, that is, the continuous process of transmitting the causative agent of infection and the continuous chain of consistently developing and interrelated infectious states (disease, bacteriasis).

Sometimes the dissemination of the disease is characterized by a pandemic, that is, covers the territories of several countries or continents under certain natural or socio-hygienic conditions. Relatively high level morbidity can be registered in a certain area for a long period. The occurrence and course of the epidemic affects both processes flowing in natural conditions (natural foci. Epizootia, etc.). So. Mostly social factors (communal improvement, household conditions, health care, etc.). Depending on the nature of the disease, the basic ways of distribution of infection during the epidemic can be:
- water and food, for example, with dysentery and abdominal typhoid;
- airborne-drip (with influenza);
- transmissive - with malaria and suction typhoid;
- Often play a few ways to transmit the infection pathogen.

Epidemics are one of the most detrimental dangerous natural phenomena. Statistics indicate that infectious diseases have taken more human lives than war. Chronicles and chronicles reported to this time of the description of monstrous pandemic, devastating huge territories and destroying millions of people. Some infectious diseases are characterized only by people: Asian cholera, smallpox, abdominal typhus, raw tit and others.
There are also common diseases for humans and animal diseases: Siberian ulcers, Sap, Flyasur, Psyctacity, Tulyarai, etc.

Traces of some diseases are found in ancient burials. For example, traces of tuberculosis and leprosy found on Egyptian mums (2-3 thousand years BC). The symptoms of many diseases are described in the ancient manuscripts of the civilizations of Egypt, India, Sumer, etc. So, the first mention of the plauma is found in the ancient Egyptian manuscript and refers to the 4th century. BC.
The causes of epidemics are limited. For example, the dependence of the distribution of cholera from solar activity was detected, four of the six pandemic are associated with the peak of the active sun. Epidemics also arise in natural disasters that cause the death of a large number of people, in countries covered by hunger, with large droughts propagating in large territories.
We present some examples of major epidemics of various diseases. - The sixth century - the first pandemic - "Justinian Plach" - originated in the Eastern Roman Empire. For 50 years, about 100 million people died on the territory of several countries.
- 1347-1351. - The second pandemic of plague in Eurasia. Died 25 million people in Europe and 50 million people in Asia.
- 1380 - 25 million people died from the plague in Europe.
- 1665 - only in the same city London, about 70 thousand people died from the plague.
- 1816-1926 - According to Europe, India and America, 6 pandemic cholera rolled consistently.
- 1831 - 900 thousand people died from cholera in Europe.
- 1848 - in Russia, more than 1.7 million, from which about 700 thousand people died in the cholera.
- 1876 - in Germany from Tuberculosis every eighth resident of the country
- The end of the XIX century is the third pandemic of plague, common rats from sea ships, covered more than 100 ports of many countries of the world.
-1913 G.-In Russia, 152 thousand people died of smallpox.
- 1918-1919. - Pandemic influenza in Europe ruined more than 21 million people.
- 1921 - In Russia, 33 thousand people were killed in Russia, and from returning typhoid - 3 thousand people.
- 1961 - the seventh cholera pandemic began.
- 1967 - about 10 million in the world. Man fell sick, 2 million of which they died. The World Health Organization begins a large-scale campaign for vaccination.
- 1980 - in the USSR, vaccination against smallpox was stopped. It is believed that gas is destroyed in the world.
- 1981 - the opening of AIDS disease.
- 1991 - about 500 thousand people, Patients with AIDS were found in the world.
- 1990-1995 - Every year 1-2 million people die from malaria.
- 1990-1995 - There are 2-3 million tuberculosis in the world annually, people from which 1-2 million people die.
- 1995 - in Russia out of 35 million infected with influenza 6 million people.
- In 1996, the incidence of AIDS in Russia, compared with 1995, grew 2 times. Every day, the AIDS virus is infected in the world of 6,500 adults and 1000 children. By 2000, 30-40 million infected with this terrible disease are expected.
- unexpected activity in 1996 on the territory of Russia showed tick-earth encephalitis. The incidence has increased by 62%, 9436 people in 35 constituent entities of the Russian Federation became ill.

In the event of a focus of infectious infection on the affected area, a quarantine or observation is introduced. Permanent quarantine events are also carried out by customs at state borders.
Quarantine is a system of anti-epidemic and regime measures aimed at full insulation of the focus of infection from the world and the elimination of infectious diseases in it. Armed guard is established around the focus, entry and departure are prohibited, as well as the removal of property. The supply is performed through special items under strict medical control.
Observation is a system of insulating-restrictive measures aimed at restricting entry, departure and communication of people in the territory announced dangerous, enhancing medical observation, preventing the distribution and elimination of infectious diseases. The observation is introduced when the causative agents of infection, not related to the group, especially dangerous, as well as in areas directly contacting the boundary of the quarantine zone.
More medicine of the ancient world, such methods of combating epidemics, as the removal of patients from the city, burning, burning things (for example, in Assyria, Babylon), attracting patients' care for patients (in ancient Greece), prohibition to visit patients and commit They are rites (in Russia). Only in the thirteenth century, quarantine begin to apply in Europe. For insulation of the lepers, 19 thousand leprosorias were created. Patients were forbidden to attend churches, bakeries, use wells. It helped to limit the spread of layrara in Europe.
At the moment, quarantine and observation are the most reliable ways to combat epidemics. Brief information about the main infectious diseases, quarantine and observation timing are shown in the table.

Usually, quarantine and observation timelines are established based on the duration of the maximum incubation period of the disease. It is calculated from the moment of hospitalization of the last patient and the end of disinfection.

For the prevention of epidemics, it is necessary to improve the cleaning of the territory, water supply and sewage, increase the sanitary culture of the population, to comply with personal hygiene rules, to process and store food products, limit the social activity of the bacillos, their communication with healthy people.

2.2. Epizooto and polesoia.

Epizeta is the simultaneous progressive in time and space within a certain region the spread of infectious disease among a large number of one or many types of farm animals, significantly exceeding the incidence-registered in this territory.
The following types of epizooty are distinguished:
- along the scale of distribution - private, object, local and regional;
- according to the degree of danger - light, moderate gravity, heavy and extremely heavy;
- Economic damage - minor, medium and large.
Epizootia, like epidemics, can be the character of real natural disasters. So, in 1996, in the UK, over 500 thousand heads of farm animals became infected with a chum of cattle. This caused the need to destroy and utilize the remains of patients of animals. From the country, exports of meat products stopped, which put her animal husbandry on the ruin. In addition, meat consumption in Europe has decreased significantly and, as a result, destabilization of the European market of meat products occurred.

Panzoo is a massive simultaneous spread of infectious diseases of farm animals with a high level of morbidity in a huge area with coverage of entire regions, several countries and mainland.

As soon as a person began to domesticate wild beasts, there was a problem of protecting them from infectious diseases. Medicine since ancient times accumulated knowledge about the treatment of animals. Currently, veterinary medicine knows the methods of prevention and methods of curing of many infectious diseases of animals. Despite this, millions are dying annually from infections.

The most dangerous and common types of infectious diseases include African Sap, Encephalitis, Lush, Plague, Tuberculosis, Influenza, Siberian ulcers, rabies.

The occurrence of epizootia is possible only in the presence of a complex of interrelated elements representing the so-called epizootic chain: the source of the causative agent of infection (sick animal or animal-microbrier), transmission factors of the causative agent of infection (objects of inanimate nature) or live carriers (susceptible animals susceptible). The character of epizootia, the duration of its flow depends on the mechanism of transmission of the causative agent of infection, the timing of the incubation period, the ratio of patients and susceptible animals, the conditions for the content of animals and the effectiveness of anti-episotic measures. The implementation of the latter, aimed at protecting agricultural animals, is largely preventing the development of epizootia.

Some of these diseases are transferred to animals without treatment or with insignificant treatment. Mortality from them is small. With other diseases, for example, rabies, the treatment of animals is prohibited, they are immediately destroyed. It is categorically unacceptable to open the animals that have fallen from the Siberian ulcers, as they are the main source of infection with this disease for a person. Most of the particularly dangerous diseases require serious medical intervention. In the event of epizootia, a number of quarantine measures are carried out: it is necessary to prevent the dissemination of the disease from patients to a healthy animal, for which the livestock should be moved (distillation, transporting, transferring), to create fencing, to carry out disinfection. Patients animals must be treated, and if necessary - destruction.

2.3. Epiphetia and Panfattia

Epiphitty is called a massive, progressive in time and space infectious disease of agricultural plants and (or) a sharp increase in the number of pests of plants, accompanied by mass death of crops and a decrease in their productivity.
Panfutotie is called a massive disease of plants and a sharp increase in the number of pests of plants in several countries or continents.

Emergencies of biological origin are infectious diseases of people and farm animals, damage to diseases of agricultural plants.

The epidemic is a wide, progressive in time and space distribution of infectious disease, significantly exceeding the incidence of incidence for this territory. The epidemic, as an emergency, has a focus of infection and the stay of people with infectious diseases of people, or territory, within the limits of which in certain borders of the time it is possible to infect people and agricultural animals with causative agents of infectious disease. Sometimes the dissemination of the disease is characterized by a pandemic, that is, covers the territories of several countries or continents under certain natural or socio-hygienic conditions.

Depending on the nature of the disease, the basic ways of distribution of infection during the epidemic can be:

Water and food, for example, with dysentery and abdominal typhoid;

Airborne drip (with flu);

Transmissive - with malaria and suction typhoid;

Often, the role of several ways to transmit the pathogen of infection is played.

Epidemics are one of the most detrimental dangerous natural phenomena. Statistics indicate that infectious diseases have taken more human lives than war. Chronicles and chronicles reported to this time of the description of monstrous pandemic, devastating huge territories and destroying millions of people. Some infectious diseases are characterized only by people: Asian cholera, genuine pieces, abdominal typhoid, suction typhus, etc.

There are also common diseases for humans and animal diseases: Siberian ulcers, sap, lush, tularemia, etc.

The causes of epidemics are limited. For example, the dependence of the distribution of cholera from solar activity was detected, four of the six pandemic are associated with the peak of the active sun. Epidemics also arise in natural disasters causing the death of a large number of people in hunger countries in large droughts spreading in large territories.

So, for example, the sixth century - the first pandemic - "Justinian Plague" - originated in the Eastern Roman Empire. For 50 years, about 100 million people died in the territory of several countries. Plague-edged infectious disease of man and animals.

1347-1351 - The second pandemic of plague in Eurasia. Died 25 million people in Europe and 50 million people in Asia. (Every fifth) "Black death"

1380 - 25 million people died from the plague in Europe.

1665 - only in the same city of London, about 70 thousand people died from the plague.

The end of the XIX century is the third pandemic of plague, common rats from sea ships, covered more than 100 ports of many countries of the world.

Until now, a pandemic of various diseases arise in the world. So in the period from 1816-1926. - According to Europe, India and America, 6 pandemic cholera rolled consistently.

1831 - 900 thousand people died from cholera in Europe.

1848 - in Russia, more than 1.7 million people got sick, of which about 700 thousand people died.

In 1967, there are about 10 million in the world with an abscess, 2 million of which they died. The World Health Organization begins a large-scale campaign for vaccination.

In the USSR, since 1980, vaccination against smallpox ceased. It is believed that gas is destroyed in the world.

1981 - the opening of AIDS disease. Currently, about 6,500 people from them about 1,000 children are infected daily in the world.

Almost all over the world there is an increase in the number of diseases of tuberculosis (2 - 3 million people are ill annually, of which 1-2 million dying).

In the event of a focus of infectious infection on the affected area, a quarantine or observation is introduced. Permanent quarantine events are also carried out by customs at state borders.

Quarantine is a system of anti-epidemic and regime measures aimed at full insulation of the focus of infection from the world and the elimination of infectious diseases in it. Armed guard is established around the focus, entry and departure are prohibited, as well as the removal of property. The supply is performed through special items under strict medical control.

Observation is a system of insulating-restrictive measures aimed at restricting entry, departure and communication of people in the territory announced dangerous, enhancing medical observation, preventing the distribution and elimination of infectious diseases. The observation is introduced when the causative agents of infection, not related to the group, especially dangerous, as well as in areas directly contacting the boundary of the quarantine zone.

At the moment, quarantine and observation are the most reliable ways of struggle.

In recent years, concerns in the world causes widespread the so-called "bird flu" - infectious diseases of birds caused by one of the influenza virus strains. Obtaining in the countries of Southeast Asia, the "bird flu" extends to the north and east. In 2005, the foci of this disease were registered already in countries in the south of Europe (Turkey, Romania, Ukraine), as well as in some regions of Russia. It is believed that the disseminate diseases are migrating waterfowls (most often wild ducks). Poultry, including chickens and turkeys, especially susceptible to the epidemic of a rapidly propagating mortal influenza. It is especially dangerous by its type - the H5N1 virus, as there are cases of human defeat after contact with a sick bird. So far, fortunately, this virus is not transmitted from man to man. But according to the specialists of epidemiologists - this is only a matter of time.

In many countries, including in Russia, by the beginning of 2006, vaccines have been developed to prevent bird flu virus.

It is assumed that, since the spring of 2006, poultry vaccination will be conducted in potentially dangerous regions lying on the migration of birds as well as a number of sanitary and preventive measures.

Currently, the World Health Organization has not recommended to introduce any restrictions on travel to countries in which outbreaks of bird flu are registered, but when visiting these countries should be refrained from visiting places where contact with infected bird may occur, first of all markets which sells or a slaughter of living birds.

If over time, all more people They will become infected, it will increase the likelihood that these people, if they are simultaneously infected with the strains of human influenza and bird flu, will become a "vessel for mixing" and a new subtype of the virus with a sufficient number of human genes will appear to be easily transmitted from person to person. If an event occurs, a pandemic may occur.

Based on the historical examples, the flu pandemic may occur on average three or four times each age, when a new subtype of the virus appears and quickly applies to person to person. However, the appearance of influenza pandemic is unpredictable. In the 20th century, a large flu pandemic in 1918-1919, which was the cause of 40-50 million people around the world, followed by a pandemic in 1957-1958 and 1968-1969.

Epizootia is the widespread of animal infectious disease, significantly higher than the level of ordinary morbidity in this area.

Epizootia, like epidemics, can be the character of real natural disasters. The occurrence of epizootia is possible only in the presence of a complex of interrelated elements representing the so-called epizootic chain: the source of the causative agent of infection (sick animal or animal-microbrier), transmission factors of the causative agent of infection (objects of inanimate nature) or live carriers (susceptible animals susceptible).

The most dangerous and common types of infectious diseases include: African Sap, Encephalitis, Lush, Plague, tuberculosis, flu, Siberian ulcers, rabies.

In 1996 in the UK, over 500 thousand heads of agricultural animals have become infected with a chum of cattle. This caused the need to destroy and utilize the remains of patients of animals.

Epiphetia is a wide distribution of infectious diseases of plants, covering the area, an area or country.

Epiphetation appears, for example, rust and head grain heads under the defeat of which the crop loss is 40-70%; rice pyrocularium - the disease is caused by fungus, crop loss can reach 90%; Potato phytoofluorosis, apple covers and many other infectious diseases.

Panfutheatius is a massive disease of plants and a sharp increase in the number of pests of plants in the territory of countries or continents

The locust causes anything that has not been compared to agriculture in many countries of Africa, Asia and the Middle East. Its raids are subject to almost 20% of the surface of the globe. A locust, moving at a speed of 0.5-1.5 km / h, destroys it literally all the vegetation on its way. So, in 1958, one hundred destroyed 400 thousand tons of grain in Somalia per day. Under the weight of the settlement flocks of locusts break down trees and shrubs. Larisa of locusts feed on 20-30 times a day

Or other factors threatening with people big trouble. Especially relevant recently the problem of biological emergence around the world becomes especially important.

Definition

In the formation of an emergency of such a type in a separate territory, human life, the existence of pets and agricultural plants is undergoing serious danger, the usual living conditions and work are violated.

Sources of the emergence of biological nature are usually different kind of infectious diseases. In case of insufficient control over the spread of the virus or slowness, in taking measures to eliminate the zone of infection will be steadily expanding, and therefore more and more living organisms will be infected.

Story

During the existence of mankind, there were a lot of examples of the destructive effect of pathogenic bacteria: almost two thirds of Europeans destroyed the plague in the Middle Ages, and at the beginning of the twentieth century, black smell took more lives than two world wars. Every year, all new types of infectious diseases dangerous for man appear, and with some of them scientists could not cope: HIV, Lyme disease, etc.

In Russia, the Ministry of Sanitary Control, Medical Institutions and the Ministry of Emergency Situations are detected in Russia in Russia's problems of identifying the prevention and liquidation of emergency.

Types of emergency situations. Technogenic emergency

The emergency is classified depending on the source of origin. Today it is customary to allocate the following types:

1. Technogenic.
2. Ecological.
3. Natural.

A maniogenous emergencies, that is, which occurred on industrial, energy and other objects. Its main feature is an accident.

Most often, the catastrophe is caused by the human factor or improper operation of industrial techniques:

• automotive accidents, crashing of aircraft, trains, water transport;
• fires in residential buildings and industrial facilities;
• accidents with the threat of emissions of chemical and radioactive substances;
• collapse of buildings;
• cliffs, breakdowns in energy systems;
• accidents on utility sites responsible for human life support (breakthrough of sewerage, water supply, disconnection of heat, gas supply failures);
• dam's breakthroughs.

All man-made disasters occur due to insufficient control or negligent attitude to work or the safety requirements of the industrial facility or system.

ECOLOGICAL FOOD

For thousands of years, mankind has been trying to tame the whole world around, put nature to serve its needs, which often has a destructive impact on all alive on the planet. Emergencies Environmental type are associated with serious and often irreversible changes in the environment:

• drafting the territories, excess of the norms of pollution;
• changing the composition of the air environment: the non-relevant weather differences, excessive content of impurities in the atmosphere, urban, excess of noise, "ozone holes";
• problems associated with pollution of the hydrosphere, that is, the water composition of the Earth: the unsuitability of drinking sources, the drainage, the spread of the desert, the release of waste into the sea.

A few more than a few years ago, these issues practically did not do, now, after the Chernobyl disaster, the crosses of the Azov Sea and tangible drops of seasonal temperatures, the states of the world are interested in the prevention and prevention of emergencies. In Russia, large funds are allocated annually for these purposes.

Natural emergencies

Natural emergencies are caused not so much the consequences of human activity as natural phenomena. Although in some cases, humanity is indirectly involved in the emergence of certain catastrophes.

The classification of natural emergencies provides for the following categories:

• Earthquake or eruption of volcanoes.
• Phenomena caused by geological processes: landslides, villages, erosion, collaps, etc.
• The classification of natural emergencies also includes meteorological problems: hurricanes, tornadoes, hail, heavy rain, frost, ice, snowfall, blizzard, severe heat, drought.
• Dangerous marine phenomena: floods, tsunami, typhoon, pressure or bearing of ice and so on.
• Hydrological phenomena: raising the level of water, congestion.
• Natural fires.

Emergency situations of a biological nature in their origin also relate to natural, as they are caused by infectious diseases that apply to people, animals and agricultural plants. The following definitions are applicable for this category: the focus of the occurrence, the zone of infection, live pathogens, an epidemic, episotic and epiphetical process.

Causes

Each emergencies are highlighted their sources of problems. So, for biological emergency, these are infectious diseases. They are caused by penetration into the body of alien microorganisms, which is customary to be called pathogens.

1. For people, animals and plants are most detrimental viral infections. For the past decades, the large-scale spread was received by flu in different manifestations, and every year viruses mutate and adapt to any drugs. In addition, there belongs to hepatitis, chickenpox, and among the ailments of animals - Lush and Sap.
2. Next cause of biological type emergencies - bacterial infections (meningococcus, intestinal, dysentery). The development of medicine in recent decades has led to a decrease in the level of infection by pathogens of this type. Due to the creation of antibiotics, propaganda measures of prevention and hygiene bacterial infections are no longer so scary to humanity.

The elimination of the effects of emergencies largely depends on the identification of the cause of the occurrence. Infectious infection is a process occurring in a separate organism; Epidemic - when infection moves from one organism to another.

Distribution degree

Depending on the scale of destruction and the number of victims, the emergencies can be classified as follows:

1. Local value, when disasters or diseases do not apply beyond the limits of a small area, the number of victims is no more than ten people, but the material damage did not exceed one hundred thousand rubles.
2. The municipal - emergency is located in the zone of a separate federal district or the city affected by less than fifty people, and the damage is within five million rubles.
3. Intermunicipal when the area of \u200b\u200bthe defeat already covers two neighboring objects, whether it villages or areas of the city.
4. The regional value of the emergency is acquired when the problem does not go beyond the area.
5. Interregional.
6. The federal when the number of victims is more than five hundred people, and the distribution zone covers more than two regions.

The consequences of biological influence are usually eliminated by each region separately. In rare cases, when infectious diseases cover a large number of people, a nationwide emergency is declared.

Methods of distribution

• Intestinal infections. These may occur when consuming infected food and water, using the same dishes.
• Respiratory infections. The reason for infection becomes direct communication with the sick person.
• Infection through outdoor skin Covers. It occurs due to the bites of insects, animals, rodents, ticks, when they are injected with fragments containing virus causative agents.

A separate problem is deadly infections distributed during the fighting. Despite the prohibitions of the use of such weapons of mass lesion, biological emergencies periodically arise in some hot spots of the world.

Development Stages

Environmental, natural and man-made emergencies almost always pass according to the same scheme, which includes the following phases:

1. The stage of origin, the accumulation of deviations from the norm of a process, the emergence of conditions and prerequisites for the emergence of emergencies. Depending on the type of origin, this phase can last a minute, hours, years and centuries. Examples: Fire-hazardous situation in the forest, weakening immunity, insufficient control of the epidemiological situation in the region, etc.
2. Start emergency. Stage on which the process is initiated. In man-made catastrophes, this is most often a human factor, in biological - infection of the body.
3. Culmination, the process of emergency event itself. The maximum adverse effect on the population (for example, the spread of the influenza virus) occurs.
4. The fourth stage, the attenuation period, when special services are eliminated by the consequences of emergencies, or they themselves pass on objective reasons.

The liquidation begins at the third stage and, depending on the category of emergencies, it may take months, years and even decades. It is especially difficult to deal with biological emergency. In some cases, years required for the development, testing and introduction of the necessary drugs.

The procedure for liquidation

A biological information is dangerous in that infectious diseases apply to very quickly and during the defeat of timely measures can cause great damage to a person, right up to death. Therefore, a special action program was developed to eliminate one of the three stars in the process of disseminating diseases:

1. Impact on its disinfection.
2. Finding and breaking the paths of transmission of the disease.
3. Development of techniques for improving the immunity of organisms to infectious diseases.

In properly, these measures contribute to the localization of the focus of infection, and further eliminating the consequences of emergencies.

Possible results

Viruses and bacteria fall into the human body and immediately begin to actively multiply, inflicting significant damage to health. Every year thousands of people are dying in the world from complications caused by the influenza virus, or from the destructive effect of hepatitis and other bacteriological diseases on the internal organs.

The cause of the emergency can be any. Pets and agricultural plants are also exposed to various infections and, in turn, can also serve as a source of infection. In the media, information about a pork or bird flu is often appeared, as a result of which a huge number of animals died or forcibly killed, and the industry has been a significant damage.

Emergency Prevention Measures

The warning of emergency has its own specifics, there is a lot to develop health care in the country, the availability of government programs. In Russia, due to the harsh climate, the problem of the spread of influenza virus, especially among children arise every year.

The best way to prevent an epidemic or to make the disease to cause minimal damage is active prevention. If the measures taken did not help, the rules of conduct for emergency should be followed.

Depending on the nature of the implementation of measures to combat infection, as well as the degree of propagation of pathology, allocate the following ways to prevent epidemics and pandemics:

• Preventive measures. They are undertaken constantly, even in the absence of diseases. Recently, flu vaccinations are conducted in Russia, universal work with the population is carried out, doctors call on patients to refrain from visits to events with a large number of people and follow the rules of personal hygiene.
• Anti-epidemiological action carried out during the mass infection in an emergency order in a particular region.

Government measures are required to fulfill all organizations and structures, while responsibility for their own health, each person carries himself.

Examples in Russia

A hundred years ago, simple flu could carry the life of thousands of people in one season, but with the invention of immunomodulators and antiviral drugs And prevention measures Warning emergency has become much more efficient. But today, our country in the cold period is facing this epidemic on a state scale, each year microorganisms mutate and adapt to drugs, so doctors have to look for new solutions.

In addition to the Ministry of Health, the liquidation of the effects of a biological nature in Russia is engaged in such a structure as a disaster medicine. This organization carries out not only the monitoring of incidence in the country, controls the elimination of the effects of mass infections, but also promotes the rules of behavior of the emergency among the population, predicts and develops new methods to combat biological problems.

At the moment, particularly dangerous infectious diseases are plague, cholera, HIV, yellow fever, viral hepatitis A, dysentery, abdominal typhoid and flu.

Classification and characteristics of emergency situations of a technogenic nature and their possible consequences

The most often induced seismicity is manifested in the construction of large reservoirs and injection of fluids in the deep horizons of the earth's crust.

In many territories of industrial and urban agglomerations, against the background of the natural movements of the earth's surface, are observed surface drop processesRelated to man-made factors that in their speed and negative consequences are significantly superior to us tectonic movements. One of the reasons for lowering may be extracted groundwater. The lowering of the surface of the Earth is also occurring during the extraction of liquid, gaseous and solid minerals. The most impressive example is the production of oil and gas in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Rug Beach in California, where the sedimentation of the surface in the fifties reached 8.8 m. In Russia, this problem is relevant for Western Siberia, since the lowering of this territory, even a few dozen centimeters can significantly increase the already its strong wetland.

One of the most common and damage to technologically natural processes is population of territories. Its development is expressed in the rise in the level of groundwater to the surface of the Earth, which leads to the mooring of the soils and the reduction of their bearing ability, wiping, flooding basement and underground communications. In addition, the flooding often causes the activation of landslides, increasing the seismic balletness of the territory, lesing and swelling of clay soils, groundwater pollution, strengthening corrosion processes in underground structures, soil degradation and depression of plant complexes.

In recent decades, the process of flooding of mastered territories adopted almost ubiquitous in Russia. Currently, about 9 million ghars of various economic purposes are flooded, including 5 million hectares of agricultural land and 0.8 million gang of the built-up city territories. Of the 1064 cities of Russia, the flooding is observed in 792 (74.4%), from 2065 working settlements - in 460 (22.3%), as well as in 762 settlements. Many largest cities are hopping such as Astrakhan, Volgograd, Irkutsk, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Rostov-on-Don, St. Petersburg, Tomsk, Tyumen, Khabarovsk and others.

Technogenic emergency -a condition in which, as a result of a source of a technological emergency in the facility, a certain territory or aquatorium, the normal living conditions and activities of people are violated, there is a threat to their lives and health, the property of the population, the national economy and the environment is harm. (GOST R 22.0. 05-94).

Technogenic emergencies are distinguished by the place of their occurrence and in the nature of the main impact factors of the source of emergency.

A maniogenous emergencies can be classified by 6 main groups:

-Avaria on chemically dangerous objects;

-Avaria on radiation dangerous objects;

-Avaria on fire and explosive objects;

-Avaria on hydrodynamically dangerous objects;

-Avaria on transport(railway, automotive, air, water, pipeline, metro);

-Avaria on utility and energy networks.

a) accidents on chemically dangerous objects

Large accidents on chemically hazardous sites (HOO) are one of the most dangerous technological catastrophes that can lead to mass poisoning and death of people and animals, significant economic damage and severe environmental consequences. In the world, every day is 15 - 17 accidents with an emergency atmosphere. hazardous substances. Due to the special risk of the consequences of such accidents, their types, characteristics and protection methods will be considered in a separate lecture.

b) accidents on radiation hazardous sites

To radiation dangerous object (ROO) include an object on which radioactive substances are stored, are used or transported, with an accident on which or its destruction can be irradiated with ionizing radiation or radioactive pollution of people, farm animals and plants, economy objects, as well as the environment.

Typical ROO includes:

Atom stations;

Enterprises for the processing of spent nuclear fuel and disposal of radioactive waste;

Enterprises for the manufacture of nuclear fuel;

Research institutions and design organizations that have nuclear installations and stands;

Transport nuclear power plants;

Military objects.

The potential danger of ROO is determined by the amount of radioactive substances that can enter the environment as a result of the accident.

A special danger is an accident at nuclear power plants, when from nuclear reactors are thrown into the atmosphere P / V in the form of the smallest dust and aerosols. Under the influence of wind R / B in the form of radioactive clouds, they can be distributed to significant distances from the accident site, and falling out of the clouds form call of radioactive infection.

More The types and major dangers of such accidents will be considered in a separate lecture.

c) accidents on fire-free objects (PVO)

Firebreaksobjects These objects on which are manufactured, are stored, fire-hazardous products or products purchasing under certain conditions (for example, accidents) are transported by fire and (or) to explode.

Ignition - The occurrence of burning under the action of the ignition source.

Fire - uncontrolled combustion process, accompanied by the destruction of material values \u200b\u200band creating a danger to the life of people.

Fires on their scale and intensity are divided into the following types:

- separate fires (in a separate building, construction);

- solid fire (covers 90% of building plot buildings);

- Fire storm (There is an influx of fresh air from all sides at a speed of at least 50 km / h;

- Mass Fire (A combination of individual and solid fires).

In explosive and fire danger, all industrial production is divided into 6 categories. The most fire-hazard enterprises of categories a, b, in:

AND - oil refineries, chemical enterprises, pipelines, oil products, etc.;

B -cooking and transportation of coal dust, wood flour, sugar powder, flour;

IN - sawmill, woodworking, carpentry and other production.

The main affixing factors of the fire: open fire; sparks; thermal radiation; smoke; reduced oxygen concentration; toxic combustion products (sinyl acid, carbon monoxide, phosgene); Falling objects and designs.

Combustion - This is a chemical oxidation reaction, accompanied by the release of a large amount of heat and the glow.

The space in which the fire develops is conditionally divided into three zones: burning, thermal impact and smoke.

The borders of the combustion zone are the surface of the burning material and the thin luminous layer of the flame or the hot-fledged substance surface (when freezmed by combustion). The border of the heat impact zone passes where it leads to a noticeable change in the state of materials and structures and makes it impossible to stay people without thermal protection. The smoke zone is part of the space adjacent to the combustion zone filled with smoke and thermal decomposition products.

In case of fire, gaseous, liquid and solids are distinguished. They are called combustion products, i.e. substances formed by burning. They apply to the gas environment and create a smoke. Smoke - This is a dispersed system from combustion and air products, consisting of gases, vapors and hot solid particles. The volume of highlighted smoke, its density and toxicity depend on the properties of the burning material and on the conditions for the flow of the combustion process.

The burning can be complete and incomplete. Complete combustion occurs with sufficient oxygen in the surrounding focus of burning air, and incomplete - with a lack of oxygen. As a result of complete combustion of substances, inert combustion products (water pairs, carbon dioxide, sulfuric anhydride, etc.) are formed; In case of incomplete burning in the composition of the smoke there is carbon oxide, a pair of acids, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, etc. The products of incomplete burning of poisonous, can burn and form combustible mixtures with air.

In case of fires, due to the lack of air oxygen for complete combustion, almost always formed products of incomplete combustion, among which CO, CO 2, HCL, HCN, CL and others. They are poisonous and explosive. Other hazardous factors for a person in the fire are the direct effect of open fire, the action of the heat flux from the combustion zone, the lack of oxygen in the smoked rooms, poisonous isolations during the combustion of film, filling and other artificial materials used in modern construction.

In Russia, the fires suffer from both production buildings and residential premises, the objects of the social sphere (lead examples of the nursing homes in the Komi-Permytsky district, Krasnodar Territory, fires in warehouses of ammunition, etc.). In accordance with federal law "On Fire Safety" Fighting fires is entrusted to the division of the Fire Service of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia and voluntary fireproof squads.

Explosion - This is the release of a large amount of energy in a limited volume in a short period of time. It forms strongly heated gas (plasma) with very high pressurewhich at instant expansion has a shock mechanical effect (pressure, destruction) on the environment.

TO explosive objectsthe enterprises of defense, oil-producing, oil refining, petrochemical, chemical, gas, and other industries, warehouses of ammunition, flammable and combustible liquids, etc.

Basic Factors Explosion:

Air shock wave;

Thermal radiation and fluttered fragments;

Toxic substances that were used in the technological process or formed during an explosion and fire.

Classic examples of BB. - Chemical compounds (hexagen, trotyl) and mechanical mixtures (ammonia-squirt, nitroglycerin).

Causes of accidents:

Miscalculations in design and insufficient level of modern knowledge;

Poor-quality construction or digression from the project;

Ill-conceived production;

Violation of the requirements of the technological process due to insufficient training or impipline and negligence of personnel.

d) accidents on hydrodynamic objects

Hydrodynamic object - an artificial hydrotechnical structure or a natural natural formation capable of the breakdown of pressure barriers to create a breakthrough wave in the direction of the bottom of the beyfield. Biaf- part of the river, canal, reservoir and other sections of the surface of water adjacent to the dam, the gateway, etc. Above (upper beaten) or lower (bottom beyond) for flow.

Hydraulic constructions - Engineering structure intended for the use of water resources or fighting the destructive action of water.

The striking action of the wave of a breakthrough of the hydrodynamic object is associated with the propagation with a high velocity of water that creates a threat to the occurrence of a technogenic emergency. The impact parameter is the speed of the breakthrough wave, the depth of the breakthrough wave, water temperature, the time of the existence of a breakthrough wave. The nature of the impact of the affected factor is determined by the hydrodynamic pressure of the flow of water, the level and time of flooding.

The objects of the striking effect of the breakthrough wave can be: population, urban and rural structures, agricultural and industrial facilities, infrastructure elements, homemade and wild animals surrounding the natural environment.

Indicators of the effects of the affect of a breakthrough wave are: the number of dead, affected and affected people, the time of affecting; area of \u200b\u200bexposure zone; area of \u200b\u200bthe zone of sampling or evacuation; costs for emergency rescue work; economic damage; Social damage; Environmental damage.

Sudden destruction of the Tsimlian hydraulic dam dam will causethe formation of wins with a depth of 6 meters below the normal retaining level, followed by waterproof and the development of prione to the base of the dam. The time of complete emptying of the reservoir will be 15 days. The wave is expected to break the breakthrough from the dam to the mouth of the river. Don and the formation of a zone of flooding with a length of 312 km., With a total area of \u200b\u200b5000 km 2. 11 municipalities will fall into the zone (Bataysk City District, Areas: Tsimlyansky, Volgodonskaya, Konstantinovsky, Semikarakorsky, Ust-Donetsk, Oktyabrsky, Bagaevsky, Aksaysky, Veselovsky, Azov) with a population - 240.6 thousand people.

Four urban districts (Novocherkassk, Rostov-on-Don, Volgodonsk and Azov) are partially flooded.

The speed of moving the front of the wave - 4.3 - 9.2 m / s.

The flow rate during breakthrough - 4.0 - 6.0 m / s.

The width of flooding floodplains from 6 to 15.8 km.

Thinking time / wave height:

in art. Romanovskaya Volgodonsky district - 40 min. / 27.6 m;

in Aazov - 12 h / 4.6 m.

The start time of the water level:

the Stubo G. Konstantinovsk - 4 hours;

the Srotov-on-Don is 12 hours.

Common losses can be over 15 thousand people. Day and more than 22 thousand people. - At night, including irrevocable - during the day more than 6 thousand people, at night more than 17 thousand people.

The causes of the breakthrough of the hydraulic or natural structure can be natural phenomena (earthquakes, hurricanes, ribs, landslides, floods, erosion of pounds, etc.) and man-made factors (destruction of structures of structures, operational and technical accidents, violation of the drainage regime, etc.), and also Diverse undermines and the use of means of lesion in wartime

e) transport accident.

The accidents on the air transport represent the greatest threat due to the uniquely catastrophic nature of the specified emergencies. Any emergency in the aircraft (aircraft, helicopter), located in flight, easily leads to a drop in the aircraft, and, consequently, to disastrous consequences - an explosion, fire, destruction of the aircraft in the air.

Alarms (catastrophe) in air transport, As a rule, they are accompanied by numerous human victims and depend on the reliability of aircraft and professionalism of crews and dispatchers. In April 2010, due to the error of the crew in the immediate vicinity of the airfield Northern (Smolensk), the Tu-154 plane crashed, as a result of which the highest leadership of the Republic of Poland died.

Accidents rail transport - Emergency situations on railway Can cause collisions of trains, gathering from rails, fires and explosions.

The immediate danger to passengers will be fire and smoke, if there is a fire, as well as strikes about the car's design, which can lead to injury or death of passengers. To reduce the consequences of a possible accident, passengers should strictly follow the rules of behavior in trains.

In 1968, a frontal collision of a suburban electric train with a cargo composition occurred near Moscow. Several dozen people died. In 1996, Totsky (Orenburg Region) and the wet Batha (Rostov region) have occurred locomotives for buses, as a result of which 23 and 21 people were killed, respectively. The listed catastrophes are only part of the incidents on railway transport that visited Russia.

Accidents in the Metropolitan - emergency situations at stations, in tunnels, in the metro wagons arise as a result of a clash and gathering from rails, terrorist acts, fires, destruction of the supporting structures of escalators, detecting in cars and at stations of foreign objects, which can be attributed to the category of explosive, self-sparing and toxic substances, as well as falling passengers from the platform on the way.

On March 20, 1995, as a result of the terrorist attack (spraying of poisoning substances), the Metro of Tokyo killed 11 people and became disabled 5 thousand people

On March 29, 2010, as a result of the terrorist attack in the Moscow Metro, 38 were killed and over 70 people were injured.

Accident road transport (DTP), although they are the most common view of transport accidents, are almost always a Local EFF, since it is extremely rarely affected by more than five vehicles immediately and occupy a large area.

Every year in the Russian Federation in the automotive catastrophes, over 30 thousand people die. The main reasons are violations of traffic rules (75%) and the unsatisfactory condition of the roads. Only in the Rostov region for 7 months of 2010 due to the unsatisfactory state of roads and streets occurred 822 accidents, in which 92 people were killed. and wounded 1321 (more - only in the Moscow region - 1015 - 209 - 1321, respectively).

The catastrophes of the courts are replete with the history of Russian military, cargo and passenger fleets. The largest Russian catastrophe with a large number of victims was the explosion and death in Sevastopol in 1916 by Linkar "Empress Maria".

A similar catastrophe occurred in Sevastopol and in 1955, when (presumably from the explosion remaining from the times of the Great Patriotic War of Mines) overturned and sank the Linkor "Novorossiysk", which led to the death of 608 people.

In 1983, R. Volga in the area of \u200b\u200bG. Ulyanovsk was faced with the support of the bridge of the river ship "Suvorov". At the same time, 175 people died.

In 1986, in the area of \u200b\u200bNovorossiysk, there was a cargo ship and sank, having taken with him more than 300 lives, the passenger ship "Admiral Nakhimov".

Several catastrophes of cargo ships occurred due to a strong storm in the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov and the Kerch Strait in 2007

Accidents and disasters on pipelinesthey occur due to the wear of the pipelines, the factory marriage in the manufacture of pipes and the locking and regulating equipment, as well as disorders of the mode of operation, non-professionalism of the service personnel.

In some cases, accidents happen due to unauthorized rugs in the main pipelines. In 1989, due to the rupture of the product, near the railway canvas on the distance, a large amount of hydrocarbon air mixture was accumulated. When passing in this place of counter passenger trains, a strongest explosion of this mixture occurred. As a result, 11 wagons were reset from the railway tracks, 7 of which were completely burned. The remaining 26 cars are very burned inside and outside. In this catastrophe died, they were missing, almost 800 people died in hospitals.

In 2009, in the Chertkovsky district of the Rostov region (N.P. Savenka), an attempt was to unauthorized in the oil pipeline, its depressurization and leakage of oil in the amount of over 60 cube occurred. m.

e) accidents on utility and energy networks include:

Accidents at electricity facilities (power plants, power stations, transformer, distribution and converter substations with a long-term break of power supply of major consumers or extensive areas, failure of transport electrical contact networks);

Accidents on utility systems of life support, including in sewer systems with mass emissions of pollutants, on water supply systems with drinking water, in heat supply networks and utility gas pipelines.

The New Year's Eve 2010 accident on the distribution power grids of a number of regions of Central Russia, caused by abundant snowfall and ice rain, violated the conditions of the life of thousands of people and the objects of the social sphere, led to interruptions in the work of railway and air transport.

a) environmental emergencies

The causes of emergency situations in the environment can be hazardous natural phenomena (earthquake, volcanic, tsunami eruptions, tsunami, etc.) and anthropogenic events, leading to pollution of the environment and commodity substrates. Armed conflicts, war and terrorist acts lead to environmental emergency.

Distinguish:

1. Emergencies associated with changing the status of sushi:

catastrophic drawdowns, landslides, earth surface collars due to the development of subsoil during mining and other human activities;

the presence of heavy metals (radionuclides) and other harmful substances in the soil over the maximum permissible concentrations (MPC);

intensive soil degradation, desertification in extensive territories due to erosion, salinization, fearing;

crisis situations associated with the exhaustion of non-renewable natural fossils;

critical situations related to overflow of storage sites (landfills) by industrial and household waste and pollution of the environment.

2. Emergencies related to the change in the composition and properties of the atmosphere:

sharp changes in weather or climate as a result of anthropogenic activities;

excess MPC of harmful impurities in the atmosphere;

temperature inversion over cities;

acute "oxygen" hunger in cities;

significant excess of the maximum permissible level of urban noise;

the formation of an extensive zone of acid precipitation;

destruction of the ozone layer of the atmosphere;

significant changes in the transparency of the atmosphere.

3. Emergencies associated with a change in the state of the hydrosphere:

sharp lack drinking water due to water depletion or pollution;

exhaustion of water resources necessary for organizing household water supply and technological processes;

violation of economic activity and environmental equilibrium due to contamination of the zones of the inland seas and the world ocean.

4. Emergencies associated with changing the state of the biosphere:

the disappearance of species (animals, plants) sensitive to changes in the conditions of habitat;

the death of vegetation on the extensive territory;

sharp change in the ability of the biosphere to reproduce renewable resources;

mass death of animals.

An important component of the environmental situation is radiation atmosphere.On the territory of Russia, the formation of the radiation situation is mainly determined by the natural radiation background and the global radiation background due to previously conducted tests of nuclear weapons.

Natural radiation background due to sources of extraterrestrial origin (cosmic radiation) and earthly origin: radionuclides present in the earth's crust, building materials and in air (potassium-40, Rubidium-87, Radium-224, 226, Radon-220,222, Torium-230,232 and others).
Global radiation background due to nuclear explosions. According to the UN, from 1945 to 1991. In the world, 1946 test nuclear explosions were produced, including 958 in the United States, 599 - in the Soviet Union, more than 150 in France. In the Soviet Union, the explosions were carried out: 467 explosions at the Semipalatinsky landfill (Kazakhstan), 132 explosion at the North Polygon (O.Naya Land). In addition, a significant number of nuclear explosions for peaceful purposes was carried out in Western Siberia, Lower Volga region, Yakutia, Donbas, Krasnoyarsk Territory and other places.

It should be especially noted that currently in Russia, as in many other developed countries, there has been a problem associated with environmental pollution by dioxins and dioxion-like toxicants, often called supeloxicants.
Danger dioxins It is that they have a strong carcinogenic effect on humans, as well as destroy endocrine hormonal systems, violate the development immune systems. It should be noted that the action of animal dioxins is significantly less than per person, but accumulating in the body of animals in hazardous concentrations, dioxins create a real threat to people who use the meat of these animals into food. So, in 2010 in Germany, an increased dioxin content was found in the meat of pigs, grown by farms of this country. The reason was the use of feed containing dioxin.

Dioxins belong to the microclaspices of the natural environment, formed when used in the production of numerous technologies in which chlorine, its compounds, organic matter is involved. The main source of pollution of the ambient dioxin and its derivatives are the enterprises of chlororganic synthesis and their products. The second in danger is the source of dioxin is pulp - paper industry, where chlorine is used for whitening the pulp and paper pulp.
A significant amount of dioxins is formed during the combustion of motor fuels in the presence of halogen-containing anti-knock additives, as well as polymeric materials containing halogen - derivatives, products from polychlorvinyl.

b) biological emergencies.

The biological emergency is the situation in which the normal conditions of the life of people, the existence of farm animals and the growing of plants are violated as a result of a source on a certain territory, the danger of the widespread dissemination of infectious diseases, the loss of farm animals and plants arises.

The source of biological emergencies There can be a dangerous or widespread infectious disease of people (epidemic, pandemic) of animals (episode, pansolation): infectious disease of plants (epiphylation, panty) or their pest.

Epidemic - This is a massive progressive in time and space within a certain region the spread of people's infectious disease, significantly exceeding the incidence-registered incidence in this area. The epidemic, as an emergency, has a focus of infection and the stay of people with infectious diseases of people, or territory, within the limits of which in certain borders of the time it is possible to infect people and agricultural animals with causative agents of infectious disease.
The underlying social and biological factors of the epidemic lies the epidemic process, that is, the continuous process of transmitting the causative agent of infection and the continuous chain of consistently developing and interrelated infectious states (disease, bacteriasis).

Sometimes the spread of the disease is character pandemiaThat is, covers the territories of several countries or continents under certain natural or social and hygienic conditions. A relatively high level of morbidity can be registered in a certain area for a long period. The occurrence and course of the epidemic affects both processes flowing in natural conditions (natural foci, epizootia, etc.). And, mainly, social factors (communal improvement, household conditions, health care, etc.).

Epidemics are one of the most detrimental dangerous natural phenomena. Statistics indicate that infectious diseases took more human lives than war . Chronicles and chronicles reported to this time of the description of monstrous pandemic, devastating huge territories and destroying millions of people. Some infectious diseases are peculiar only to people.: Asian cholera, natural pack, typhoid typhus, suction typhus, etc.

There are also common diseases for humans and animal diseases.: Siberian ulcers, sap, lush, Psyctacity, Tulyarai, etc.

In 1996, the incidence of AIDS in Russia, compared with 1995, grew 2 times. Every day, the AIDS virus is infected in the world of 6,500 adults and 1000 children. Since 2000, the number of people infected with this terrible disease exceeded 40 million people.

In the event of a focus of infectious infection on the affected area, a quarantine or observation is introduced. Permanent quarantine events are also carried out by customs at state borders.
Quarantine - This is a system of anti-epidemic and regime measures aimed at full insulation of the focus of infection from the world and the elimination of infectious diseases in it. Armed guard is established around the focus, entry and departure are prohibited, as well as the removal of property. The supply is performed through special items under strict medical control.
Observation - This is a system of insulating-restrictive measures aimed at restricting entry, departure and communication of people in the territory announced dangerous, strengthening medical observation, preventing the distribution and elimination of infectious diseases. The observation is introduced when the causative agents of infection, not related to the group, especially dangerous, as well as in areas directly contacting the boundary of the quarantine zone.

For the prevention of epidemicsit is necessary to improve the cleaning of the territory, water supply and sewerage, increase the sanitary culture of the population, to comply with the rules of personal hygiene, to proceed correctly and store food products, limit the social activity of the bacillos, their communication with healthy people.

c) social emergency situations

Social Character - This is a situation on a certain territory, which has developed as a result of dangerous contradictions and conflicts in the sphere of social relations, which may entail or entailed human sacrifices, damage to people's health or environment, significant material losses or violation of the living conditions of people.

At the heart of the emergence and development of a society emergency, there is a violation of various reasons for the equilibrium of social relations (economic, political, inter-ethnic, confessional), which causes serious contradictions, conflicts and war. Their catalysts can be different circumstances, causing social tensions - unemployment, corruption, crime, mass riots, acts of terrorism, government crises, inflation, food problems, social and consumerism, household nationalism, locality, etc. The long-term impact of these factors leads to Chronic physiological and mental fatigue of people, to severe extreme states, such as depressed, suicides, etc., to attempts to submily accumulated negative energy to active participation in socio-political and military conflicts.

Social hazards are very numerous. These include:

various forms of violence (war, armed conflicts, terrorist acts, mass riots, repression, etc.);

crime (banditism, theft, fraud, charlatanism, etc.);

consumption of substances violating mental and physical equilibrium of man (alcohol, nicotine, drugs, medications), suicides (suicide), etc., capable of damage to human health and life.

Causes, types and classification of social emergencies will be considered in a separate lecture.