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A rash is a profuse rash that spreads very quickly throughout the body, including the scalp, face, mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract, and the conjunctiva. The bubbles quickly turn into pustules, merging with each other. The disease proceeds with a constant high temperature, severe toxicosis. Lethality is 30%. With pustular hemorrhagic smallpox, the incubation period is also shortened. There is a high fever, toxicosis. Hemorrhagic manifestations develop already during the formation of papules, but especially intensively - during the formation of pustules, the contents of which become bloody and first give them a dark brown and then black color. Blood is found in sputum, vomit, urine. Development of hemorrhagic pneumonia is possible. Lethality is 70%. With smallpox purpura (smallpox), the incubation period is shortened. The temperature from the first day of illness rises to 40.5 °. Multiple hemorrhages in the skin, mucous membranes and conjunctiva are characteristic. There are bleeding from the nose, lungs, stomach, kidneys. Lethality is 100%.
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Chickenpox (Varicella-Zoster virus, VZV) is an infectious disease characterized by fever and a rash on the skin and mucous membranes in the form of small bubbles with transparent contents. The causative agent is a herpes group virus (identical to the causative agent of herpes zoster - herpes zoster). The virus is volatile, unstable in the environment, not pathogenic for animals.
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The varicella-zoster virus belongs to the herpesvirus family. Despite the fact that the description of the infection was known back in ancient times, and the infectious nature of the disease was proven back in 1875, the virus itself was isolated only in 1958. The varicella-zoster virus infects only humans, In addition to chickenpox itself, the virus causes shingles (the so-called herpes zoster). It is one of the most contagious viruses in nature. If one person in the team gets sick, the probability that everyone else will get sick is about 95% (although this does not apply to those who have had chickenpox before). In this case, the virus can fly not only from one room to another, but also from one floor to another.
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The source of infection is a sick person, representing an epidemic danger from the end of the incubation period until the crusts fall off. The pathogen spreads by airborne droplets. Mostly children from 6 months to 7 years old get sick. Adults rarely get chickenpox, as they usually carry it as early as childhood. In persons with severe immunodeficiency of various etiologies (in a rare case with HIV infection and in patients after organ transplantation; often during acclimatization, decreased immunity caused by severe stress. Susceptibility to V. of the lake is high. Children of preschool and primary school age are more often sick. under the age of 2 months and adults rarely get sick. The greatest incidence occurs in the autumn-winter period.) Re-infection is possible. Epidimology
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The disease usually begins acutely with a rise in temperature, almost simultaneously a rash appears on the skin, scalp and mucous membranes. The rash occurs within 3-4 days, sometimes longer. The primary element of the rash is a small spot or papule (nodule), which very quickly (after a few hours) turns into a vesicle (vesicle) with hyperemia around it (Fig.). Round-shaped chickenpox bubbles are located on uninfiltered skin, burst after 1-3 days, dry out. Drying of the bubble begins from the center, then it gradually turns into a dense crust, after which there are no scars. Since chickenpox elements do not appear all at once, but at intervals of 1-2 days, you can simultaneously see elements of rashes on the skin at different stages of development (spot, nodule, vesicle, crust) - the so-called false polymorphism of the rash. Sometimes the disease begins with a short prodrome (low-grade fever, deterioration of health). Before the rash of chickenpox elements, and more often during the period of their maximum rash, a scarlet or measles-like rash may appear. Symptoms
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Rash on the skin with chickenpox: papules, fresh and drying up vesicles (vesicles), surrounded by a zone of hyperemia.
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Distinguish between typical (light, medium and heavy) and atypical forms of V. of the lake. With a mild form, the general condition of the patient is satisfactory. The temperature is sometimes normal, but more often subfebrile, rarely exceeds 38 °. Rashes on the skin are not abundant, on the mucous membranes - in the form of single elements. The duration of the rash is 2-4 days. The moderate form is characterized by slight intoxication, fever, rather abundant rashes and itching. The duration of the rash is 4-5 days. As the vesicles dry up, the temperature normalizes and the child's well-being improves. The severe form is characterized by a profuse rash on the skin and mucous membranes of the mouth, eyes, and genitals. The temperature is high, vomiting, lack of appetite, poor sleep, and anxiety of the child due to severe itching are observed. The duration of the rash is 7-9 days.
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Treatment. Patients are usually treated at home; only children with severe or complicated forms of V. of the lake are hospitalized. Careful hygienic care is required to prevent secondary infection (daily baths with a weak solution of potassium permanganate, ironing underwear). Elements of the rash are lubricated with 1-2% aqueous solution of potassium permanganate or 1-2% aqueous or alcoholic solution of brilliant green. Be sure to rinse your mouth after eating. When purulent complications appear, antibiotics are indicated. Consequences: After the disease remains - single scars at the site of the bursting bubbles. They persist for quite a long time (the older the person and the more severe the disease, the longer) and completely disappear only after a few months, and sometimes remain for life (for example, if they are scratched). In addition, a person becomes a lifelong carrier of the herpes virus, it remains in the cells of the nervous tissue and, with a decrease in the body's defenses, stress, can manifest itself in the form of shingles.
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Drafts. The virus is afraid of airing, so arrange them often. Cleaning. Frequent wet cleaning will not hurt, but it will not have any effect on the likelihood of spreading the virus. Prevention Prevention: Isolation. Everyone who communicated with the patient should be isolated for 21 days. Patients can return to the team no earlier than 5 days after the appearance of the last element of the rash.
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Vaccination: All currently available commercial vaccines contain an attenuated live Oka virus. Numerous variations of this strain have been tested and registered in Japan, South Korea, the United States and several European countries. The optimal age for vaccination is 12-24 months. In the United States, vaccinated twice, 4-8 weeks apart, is also recommended for adolescents 13 years of age and older. In most other countries, a single vaccination is limited. This difference in the schedules of vaccines is caused by their different dosage. In response to vaccination, about 95% of children develop antibodies and 70-90% will be protected from infection for at least 7-10 years after vaccination. According to Japanese researchers (Japan is the first country in which a vaccine was registered), immunity lasts 10-20 years. It is safe to say that the circulating virus contributes to the "revaccination" of the vaccinated, increasing the duration of immunity. In addition to purely prophylactic indications, the vaccine can be used for emergency prevention of infection - if the vaccine is given no later than 3 days after the probable contact with the source, the infection can be prevented in at least 90% of cases. Vaccines for the prevention of chickenpox: Okavax vaccine, Biken Institute, (Distributor - Aventis Pasteur) Varilrix vaccine, GlaxoSmithKline
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Chicken pox Worked on the presentation:
Zhirkov Dmitry Plan
- Pathogen characteristics
- Epidemiology
- Symptoms
- Prevention
Chickenpox (Varicella-Zoster virus, VZV) is an infectious disease characterized by fever and a rash on the skin and mucous membranes in the form of small bubbles with transparent contents. The causative agent is a herpes group virus (identical to the causative agent of herpes zoster - herpes zoster). The virus is volatile, unstable in the environment, not pathogenic for animals. The structure of the virus
The varicella-zoster virus belongs to the herpesvirus family. Despite the fact that the description of the infection was known back in ancient times, and the infectious nature of the disease was proven back in 1875, the virus itself was isolated only in 1958. The varicella-zoster virus infects only humans, In addition to chickenpox itself, the virus causes shingles (the so-called herpes zoster). It is one of the most contagious viruses in nature. If one person in the team gets sick, the probability that everyone else will get sick is about 95% (although this does not apply to those who have had chickenpox before). In this case, the virus can fly not only from one room to another, but also from one floor to another.
Varicella-zoster virus
Epidimology The source of infection is a sick person, representing an epidemic danger from the end incubation period and until the crusts fall off. The pathogen spreads by airborne droplets. Mostly children from 6 months to 7 years old get sick. Adults rarely get chickenpox, as they usually carry it as early as childhood. In persons with severe immunodeficiency of various etiologies (in rare cases with HIV infection and in patients after organ transplantation; often during acclimatization, decreased immunity caused by severe stress Susceptibility to V. about. high. Children of preschool and primary school age are more often ill. Children under the age of 2 months. and adults rarely get sick. The greatest morbidity falls in the autumn-winter period.) Re-infection is possible. Symptoms Disease usually begins acutely with an increase in temperature, appears almost simultaneously rash on the skin, scalp and mucous membranes. The rash occurs within 3-4 days, sometimes longer. The primary element of the rash is small spot or papule ( nodule), which very quickly (after a few hours) turn into a vesicle (bubble) with hyperemia around it ( rice.). Round-shaped chickenpox bubbles are located on uninfiltered skin, burst after 1-3 days, dry out. Drying of the bubble begins from the center, then it gradually turns into a dense crust, after which there are no scars. Since chickenpox elements do not appear all at once, but at intervals of 1-2 days, on the skin you can simultaneously see elements of rashes at different stages of development (spot, nodule, vesicle, crust) - the so-called false polymorphism rashes. Sometimes disease begins with a short prodrome (low-grade fever, deterioration of health). Before the rash of chickenpox elements, and more often during the period of their maximum eruptions a scarlet or measles-like rash may appear.
Rash on the skin with chickenpox: papules, fresh and drying up vesicles (vesicles), surrounded by a zone of hyperemia.
Distinguish between typical (light, medium and heavy) and atypical forms of V. of the lake. With a mild form, the general condition of the patient is satisfactory. The temperature is sometimes normal, but more often subfebrile, rarely exceeds 38 °. Rashes not abundant on the skin, on the mucous membranes - in the form of single elements. The duration of the rash is 2-4 days. The moderate form is characterized by a small intoxication, fever, rather profuse rashes and itching... The duration of the rash is 4-5 days. As it dries vesicle the temperature is normalized and the child's well-being improves. The severe form is characterized by a profuse rash on the skin and mucous membranes of the mouth, eye, genitals. The temperature is high, vomiting, lack of appetite, poor sleep, child's anxiety due to severe itching. The duration of the rash is 7-9 days. Treatment. Patients are usually treated at home; only children with severe or complicated forms of V. of the lake are hospitalized. Careful hygiene required careaimed at preventing secondary infection (daily baths with a weak solution of potassium permanganate, ironing underwear). Elements of the rash are lubricated with 1-2% aqueous solution of potassium permanganate or 1-2% aqueous or alcoholic solution of brilliant green. Required rinsing mouth after eating. When purulent complications appear, antibiotics.
Consequences: After the disease remains - single scars at the site of the bursting bubbles. They persist for quite a long time (the older the person and the more severe the disease, the longer) and completely disappear only after a few months, and sometimes remain for life (for example, if they are scratched). In addition, a person becomes a lifelong carrier of the herpes virus, it remains in the cells of the nervous tissue and, with a decrease in the body's defenses, stress, can manifest itself in the form of shingles.
Prevention of Drafts. The virus is afraid of airing, so arrange them often. Cleaning. Frequent wet cleaning will not hurt, but it will not have any effect on the likelihood of spreading the virus.
Prevention: Isolation. Everyone who communicated with the patient should be isolated for 21 days. Patients can return to the team no earlier than 5 days after the appearance of the last element of the rash.
Vaccination: All currently available commercial vaccines contain an attenuated live Oka virus. Numerous variations of this strain have been tested and registered in Japan, South Korea, the United States and several European countries. The optimal age for vaccination is 12-24 months. In the United States, vaccinated twice, 4-8 weeks apart, is also recommended for adolescents 13 years of age and older. In most other countries, a single vaccination is limited. This difference in the schedules of vaccines is caused by their different dosage. In response to vaccination, about 95% of children develop antibodies and 70-90% will be protected from infection for at least 7-10 years after vaccination. According to Japanese researchers (Japan is the first country in which a vaccine was registered), immunity lasts 10-20 years. It is safe to say that the circulating virus contributes to the "revaccination" of the vaccinated, increasing the duration of immunity. In addition to purely prophylactic indications, the vaccine can be used for emergency prevention of infection - if the vaccine is given no later than 3 days after the probable contact with the source, the infection can be prevented in at least 90% of cases. Vaccines for the prevention of chickenpox: Okavax vaccine, Biken Institute, (Distributed by Aventis Pasteur) Varilrix vaccine, GlaxoSmithKline Sources:
- Small Medical Encyclopedia. - M .: Medical encyclopedia. 1991-96
- First aid. - M .: Great Russian Encyclopedia. 1994 3. Encyclopedic Dictionary of Medical Terms. - M .: Soviet encyclopedia. - 1982-1984
- Internet resources http://glavmed.com.ua/
biology teacher
Zaitseva Olga Petrovna
- 6)
Famous smallpox victims; Smallpox
- 7)
List of used literature
- (
lat. Variola, Variola vera
) or, as it was also called earlier, smallpox is a highly contagious (contagious) viral infection that only humans suffer from.
- It is caused by two types of viruses:
1)
Variola major
(mortality 20-40%, according to some sources - up to 90%)
2)
Variola minor
(mortality 1-3%).
- People who survive after smallpox may lose some or all of their vision, and almost always there are numerous scars on the skin in the places of the former ulcers.
- Variolation
(vaccination with an early, unsafe vaccine) has been known in the East at least since the early Middle Ages: in India, records of the 8th century have been preserved about it, and in China in the 10th century.
This vaccination technique was first brought to Europe from Turkey by the wife of the British ambassador in Istanbul in 1718, after which the British royal family was vaccinated.
- At the end of the 18th century, an English physician
Edward Jenner
invented the smallpox vaccine based on the vaccinia virus, which was inoculated in large quantities in Europe.
Vaccinia virus
Edward Jenner (1749-1823.)
Edward Jenner, born May 17, 1749 in the English town of Berkeley. Choosing the profession of a doctor, he went to London to receive medical education.
Smallpox is a disease that claimed millions of lives every year. Since ancient times, people have been looking for ways to combat this disease. It was known that smallpox does not get sick again. Liquid from the patient's smallpox abscess was rubbed into the wound on the skin of a healthy person.
- Often this liquid was pre-mixed with drugs. Then the person suffered mild smallpox. From the Latin name this procedure is called variolation. It often led to smallpox epidemics. Edward Jenner could not help but think about how to learn how to protect people without danger to life
- A talented scientist began to collect facts in order to confirm or refute the existing popular observation: a person who has had cowpox, natural, she is black, smallpox is not terrible. Then he came to the assumption that vaccinia and smallpox are two forms of the same disease, and a person who has had mild vaccinia cannot get severe blackpox. The scientist decided to conduct an experiment to confirm his idea.
- The decisive day came on May 14, 1796. For a healthy eight-year-old boy, he made two tiny incisions on the shoulder with a lancet, which he dipped into the pustule on the arm of a milkmaid with cowpox. After a few days of the usual malaise associated with vaccinia, the boy was healthy.
"On July 1, 1796, I took the liquid from the smallpox abscess of a smallpox patient and rubbed it into the boy's wound."
- “I did not sleep for a minute for three days and constantly visited the child. After 3 days it became clear that the boy remained completely healthy. After the first attempt, I repeated the experiment 23 times before officially declaring my discovery. " The vaccine soon became widespread.
- In typical cases, smallpox is characterized by general intoxication, fever, peculiar rashes on the skin and mucous membranes, successively passing through the stages of spots, vesicles, pustules, crust and scar.
- The causative agent of smallpox belongs to viruses of the family
Poxviridae
, subfamilies
Chordopoxviridae
, kind
Orthopoxvirus
; contains DNA, has dimensions of 200-350 nm, multiplies in the cytoplasm with the formation of inclusions.
- When contaminated air is inhaled, the viruses enter the respiratory tract. Possible infection through the skin during variolation and transplacental. The virus enters the nearest lymph nodes and further into the bloodstream, which leads to viremia. Weakening of immunity leads to the activation of the secondary flora and the transformation of vesicles into pustules, and scars are formed.
In the typical course of smallpox, the incubation period lasts 8-12 days.
The initial period is characterized by chills, fever, severe tearing pain in the lower back, sacrum and limbs, severe thirst, dizziness, headache, vomiting. Sometimes the onset of the disease is mild.
- Elizabeth I (
queen of England )
- Mirabeau
- Nikolay Gnedich
(
blind in one eye )
- Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
- Joseph Stalin
- Maria II (
queen of England )
- Joseph I (
emperor
Holy Roman Empire )
- Louis I Spanish
- Peter II
- Louis XV
Worked on the presentation:
Zhirkov Dmitry
Epidemiology
Prevention
The causative agent is a herpes group virus (identical to the causative agent of herpes zoster - herpes zoster). The virus is volatile, unstable in the environment, not pathogenic for animals.
It is one of the most contagious viruses in nature. If one person in the team gets sick, the probability that everyone else will get sick is about 95% (although this does not apply to those who have had chickenpox before). In this case, the virus can fly not only from one room to another, but also from one floor to another.
The source of infection is a sick person, representing an epidemic danger from the end of the incubation period until the crusts fall off. The pathogen spreads by airborne droplets. Mostly children from 6 months to 7 years old get sick. Adults rarely get chickenpox, as they usually carry it as early as childhood.
In persons with severe immunodeficiency of various etiologies (in rare cases with HIV infection and in patients after organ transplantation; often during acclimatization, decreased immunity caused by severe stress
Susceptibility to V. of the lake. high. Children of preschool and primary school age are more often ill. Children under the age of 2 months. and adults rarely get sick. The highest incidence occurs in the autumn-winter period.) Re-infection is possible.
The disease usually begins acutely with a rise in temperature, almost simultaneously a rash appears on the skin, scalp and mucous membranes. The rash occurs within 3-4 days, sometimes longer. The primary element of the rash is a small spot or papule (nodule), which very quickly (after a few hours) turn into a vesicle (vesicle) with hyperemia around it (Fig.). Round-shaped chickenpox bubbles are located on non-infiltrated skin, burst after 1-3 days, dry out. Drying of the bubble begins from the center, then it gradually turns into a dense crust, after which there are no scars. Since chickenpox elements do not appear all at once, but at intervals of 1-2 days, you can simultaneously see elements of rashes on the skin at different stages of development (spot, nodule, vesicle, crust) - the so-called false polymorphism of the rash. Sometimes the disease begins with a short prodrome (low-grade fever, deterioration of health). Before the rash of chickenpox elements, and more often during the period of their maximum rash, a scarlet or measles-like rash may appear.
