Morozova Ekaterina, a student of grade 7

Inf biology design project. */ /*-->*/

Goal: study action   UV on   skin and organs of visionperson.

Tasks:

Find out the value of the sun for the body.

To establish the positive effect of the sun on the human body.

Determine the negative impact of the sun on the human body.

Formulate the basic rules for sunbathing.

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Regional State Autonomous Educational Institution "Education Center" Steps "

Sun exposure

on the human body

Biology Information Project

Performed: Morozova Ekaterina,

grade 7 student

Project Manager:Nomokonova A.A.,

biology and geography teacher

birobidzhan, 2014

1. The purpose and objectives of the project
2. Sunlight - Healer
3. Ozone Depletion Results
4. UV effect on human skin
5. Sunburn
6. The effect of UV on the organs of vision

Literature

Goal: study action   UVI on the skin and organs of vision of a person.

Tasks:

1. Find out the value of the sun for the body.
2. To establish the positive effect of the sun on the human body.
3. Determine the negative impact of the sun on the human body.
4. Formulate the basic rules for sunbathing.

To achieve the goal, I chose the theme "The influence of sunlight on the human body." She picked up literature, analyzed the material, used the resources of the Internet, conducted a sociological survey to study the level of awareness of my friends, acquaintances, and relatives about the effects of ultraviolet rays on the human body. Here is what I got from this:

1. The sun is a friend! (So \u200b\u200bmy friends answered).
2. Sunlight has healing power. Its rays, primarily ultraviolet rays, act on the skin and cause complex chemical transformations in the body, resulting in the formation of vitamin D. (Eighth-graders who study the course of anatomy in biology classes know this)
3. Under the influence of irradiation, the tone increases, the metabolism and blood composition improves, and the activity of the endocrine glands is activated. All this has a beneficial effect on the general condition of man. (This information was voiced by many teachers of our Center)
4. Sunlight has a detrimental effect on pathogenic microbes. In 1903, the Danish doctor N. Finzen used sunlight to treat skin tuberculosis. For these studies, he was awarded the Nobel Prize.

People from time immemorial knew that sunlight is both a healer and a reliable ally in the fight against diseases. Widely used the rays of the sun as a strengthening agent in Ancient Hellas. The largest sports competitions of antiquity - the Olympic Games - were held, as a rule, in the hottest summer months. Exactly at noon, when the sun was unbearably burning, tanned athletes went to the start. They were naked and had no right to cover their heads to protect them from the scorching sun. Even more widespread hardening by the sun was in ancient Rome. As the excavations of Roman cities showed, literally everywhere: on the roofs of houses, in baths, in gladiatorial schools - there were tanning beds - places for sunbathing. In the Roman Empire, special climate stations were created for sun therapy. Patients were sent here to receive the necessary healing procedures. In those days, people could not explain the miraculous power of sunlight.

Now we are well aware of why and how solar energy has a beneficial effect on the human body. It turned out that sunlight consists of visible and invisible rays. The visible part of the spectrum is heterogeneous, consisting of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, blue and violet colored beams, which are clearly visible after a thunderstorm, when the sky is rainbow. Invisible rays are located on both sides of the solar spectrum. Some of them are adjacent to its red part and are called infrared, while others are located behind the violet end and are therefore called ultraviolet. The ultraviolet region of the solar spectrum at the earth's surface accounts for only about 5% of solar radiation. Nevertheless, this region has the greatest biological activity. The effect of magical ultraviolet rays on the body is not the same and depends on the wavelength. Some of them have a vitamin-forming effect - they contribute to the formation of vitamin D in the skin, the deficiency of which causes a violation of the phosphorus-calcium metabolism in the body, leading to the disease of children with rickets. UV rays also strengthen bone tissueour the immune system, increase our body's resistance to many harmful substances, as well as mental and physical performance, help fight colds and skin diseases. But today, sunbathing is becoming dangerous. This is due to the destruction of the ozone layer of the planet, which is also called the ozone shield. It selectively delays the shortwave portion of the ultraviolet radiation of the sun, or hard UV radiation, which saves a person from skin cancer, from the development of cataracts and possible mutations at the gene level. A decrease in the thickness of the ozone layer even by 1% increases the likelihood of these diseases. Human industrial activity (especially the production of plastics) and atmospheric emissions of fluorocarbons (eg, freons) used in aerosol cans and as refrigerants in refrigeration units destroy the ozonosphere. The destruction rate is 0.5 -0.7% per year. This process is uneven, there were periods when the ozone layer thinning reached 40% over certain regions (for example, in the spring of 1996 over Western Siberia).

And now I would like to clarify the practical importance of my information project. During a stay on the sea coast or working on a personal plot during the spring - summer period, the possibility of obtaining more UV radiation is increased, since ultraviolet radiation is much more intense in the countryside than in cities because of the less dusty air. And here we forget that prolonged exposure to the sun can lead to sad consequences: cause burns, heat stroke, disorders of the nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory activity, reduce working capacity. The skin of the hands and face is less susceptible to ultraviolet rays, but due to the fact that it is the face and hands that are the most exposed parts of the body, they are most affected by sunburn. On warm spring days, especially in the first period, when the body does not yet have a tan, in no case should one allow a long (over 30 minutes) exposure to the sun without a shirt. It is necessary to strive to ensure that in sunny weather, especially in the middle of the day, all parts of the body are protected from exposure to all types of sunlight.

When is the best time to sunbathe?   The most favorable time for sunbathing is the period from 9.00 to 11.00, as well as from 16.00 to 19.00. Even animals in the midday heat climb into the shade of trees and shrubs, and the plant produces special pigments that protect them from UV rays.

When in the sun, you should definitely use a hat, sunglasses and cosmetics that have both UVB and UVA protective filters. It is better to apply sunscreens 20 minutes before going outside, so that the agent has time to soak into the skin. Today, pharmacies and stores sell special sunscreen creams for the body, for lip protection - lipsticks and lip creams, for hair - mousses and foams with photoprotective properties. And all this must be used to protect yourself from the negative effects of UVI.

Important tips for sunbathers:

Particular protection is required on such parts of our body as the shoulders, knees, chest, forehead, nose, which need to be given special attention and more carefully lubricated with sunscreen. Use sunscreen 20-30 minutes before going out in the sun. This will allow the cream or spray to soak and begin to act.

1. It is known that ultraviolet rays penetrate water to a depth of half a meter, so give your preference to waterproof creams, but they must be applied again after two hours of bathing.
   Even sitting in the shade you need to apply sunscreen.
2. In windy weather, the opportunity to get a sunburn increases significantly.
3. It is best to sunbathe in motion, for example, playing beach volleyball, rather than lying down.
4. Wear hats to avoid sunstroke.
5. Wipe your body with a towel after bathing so that there are no drops that can focus the sun's rays and cause a burn.
6. After the beach, take a shower and rinse with sunscreen. Then apply after sunbathing with moisturizing ingredients and vitamins B5 (restores skin cells) and vitamin E (prevents premature skin aging).

In order to sunbathe correctly, you must also eat properly. It is known that some of the foods that we eat contribute to tanning, and these are well-known apricots, carrots, tomatoes. Products rich in vitamin D (eggs, cottage cheese, milk, fish) will also help protect our skin from ultraviolet rays. With prolonged exposure to the sun, the body's vitamin C content decreases, which means that it is also necessary to include foods rich in this vitamin in your diet (cabbage, currants, parsley, citrus fruits, bell peppers, rosehips).

If you do not abuse the sun, sunbathing is not harmful. But an excess of the sun can cause irreparable harm to the human body, its immune system, accelerate skin aging, lead to photodermatitis, the so-called “sun allergy” and various kinds of malignant formations on the skin. Others have the so-called erythema and pigmentation, i.e., cause redness on the skin.

So what to do if the sun has burned? The burns that a person receives in the bright sun are exactly the same as you can get by accidentally touching the iron or sprinkling boiling water on yourself. They differ from ordinary thermal burns only in that they are caused by exposure to ultraviolet radiation. According to the traditional classification, the most common sunburn first degree . They are characterized by redness and soreness of the skin. Longer exposure to sunlight can cause burns.second degree - with the formation of blisters filled with liquid. Very rarely, solar radiation can cause more severe burns. I learned that several sunburns under the age of 20 significantly increase the risk of fatal melanomaskin cancer.   In addition, excess sun causes early wrinkle formation, premature skin aging, and the appearance of age spots   and even the development of cataracts. A person with fair skin can get a sunburn in just 15-30 minutes of exposure to the sun without adequate protection. The first symptoms of sunburn usually occur two to six hours after the lesion.

Symptoms of sunburn:

1. Reddened, hot to the touch skin
2. Painful sensations in "burned" places, slight swelling
3. Fever
4. Light chills

1. First aid:

1. Hide in the shade immediately. Reddened skin is not a sign that the tan began to “go to bed,” but symptoms of a first degree burn. Further exposure to the sun will only intensify the burn.
2. Look carefully at the burn. If you are experiencing severe pain, your temperature has risen, and the area on which the blisters formed is more than one of your hands or abdomen - immediately consult a doctor. Without treatment, such a sunburn is fraught with complications.
3. Attention!   To reduce inflammation and reduce pain, there are special tools that are sold in pharmacies. In no case should you smear the affected area with oil, lard, urine, alcohol, cologne and ointments that are not intended for the treatment of burns. The use of such funds can lead to a worsening of the condition, as well as infection of the skin.
4. Pay close attention to sunburn in the face and neck. They can cause swelling and shortness of breath. Be prepared to urgently see a doctor if a child has a similar edema.
5. If the burns are minor, take a cool shower or bath to soothe the pain.
6. Regularly moisturize your “burnt” skin with special products designed for this.
7. While sunburns heal, wear loose-fitting clothing with long sleeves and trousers made of natural cotton or silk. Coarse tissue or synthetic materials will irritate the skin, causing pain and redness.
8. Do not take chances. Until the symptoms of sunburn completely disappear and the peeling of the skin does not stop, do not go out into the open sun, even using sunscreen. It may take four to seven days to recover.

UVI negatively affects the organs of vision - the eyes. A typical pathology for exposure to sunlight is photokeratoconjuctivitis - acute inflammation   cornea and conjunctivitis. Depending on the intensity and dose of exposure, it develops in 0.2 -24 hours after irradiation. It is accompanied by a sensation of a solid in the eyes, lacrimation and photophobia. These symptoms usually reach a maximum of 1-3 days and die out after 2-7 days. Unlike skin, the eyes do not develop resistance to increased UVR exposure, and after a new exposure the same symptoms occur. During the period of pronounced photokeratoconjunctevitis, the ability to track moving objects is weakened, the transmission of visible light by the cornea is reduced, and its focus on the retina is apparently difficult. The reactivity of the retina itself also decreases. Prolonged exposure to UVI can cause cataracts, degeneration of the cornea and retina, as well as melanoma of the choroid.

Today, many countries around the world offer to protect their eyes with sunglasses. And there are many such “amulets” of our eyes from UV rays on the market. But here's the case: in one Black Sea town, taxi drivers began to complain about a sharp deterioration in vision. It turned out that Chinese-made fashion sunglasses were to blame. Poor quality glasses plus the southern sun - and in one season the young guys became visually impaired. Diagnosis: cataracts and fiber degradation. So how to choose the right sunglasses? It is a misconception that any sunglasses protect your eyes. The most dangerous is the use of glasses with high transmission in the ultraviolet and blue ranges. The pupil reacts to the brightness of red light. In glasses of poor quality, having blue and ultraviolet transparency zones, the pupil expands, and the destructive effect of sunlight on the lens and retina intensifies. And not all dark glass glasses can protect our eyes from ultraviolet radiation, because ordinary glass transmits blue light and very harmful ultraviolet - B. Therefore, glasses through which everything is seen in purple, blue, blue or gray are obviously harmful to vision. The inscription on imported glasses “100%” is a sign of good protective properties of the glasses, but we must remember that they come across on the shelves of our stores and fakes. Glasses have appeared on the modern market that, due to color correction, can not only protect the eyes, but also improve vision. The most important thing - when choosing sunglasses, be careful and purchase them in specialized stores that are licensed and give a guarantee on the goods you purchase.

So, the sun's rays increase metabolism, stimulate blood formation, kill germs. However, you need to use the sun skillfully, without harming your health. In the end, I concluded that the sun's rays are beneficial to humans, as well as harm, if you do not follow the rules of staying in the sun. But tanning in Russia is still in fashion, especially among residents middle strip, The Far East and colder regions, which the sun manages to see only a few months of the year. For them, in almost every city, solarium services are provided - in fitness centers, beauty salons, and even in baths and saunas. But is there any benefit from tanning in a solarium? I will try to answer this question in my next information project. And I want to finish this project with the following words: may there always be a sun that gives a person good, and may his energy help everyone to strengthen their health, gain strength and energy.

Literature:

1. Ado V.L. . Pathological physiology. TSU Publishing House, 1994.
2. Great Soviet Encyclopedia. T. 26. M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1976.
3. Kardashenko. V.N. Hygiene of children and adolescents. M .: Medicine, 1988.
4. Space biology and medicine. T. 3, part 2. - M .: Nauka, 1997.
5. Speransky A.P. Physiotherapy manual. M .: Medicine, 1975.
6. Starina V.L. Hardening of children. M .: Medicine, 1967
7. Popular medical encyclopedia. M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1979.

Heliotherapy - treatment with sunlight - was practiced by the ancient Greeks. Today it is as popular as it was many centuries ago: it is used not only by happy vacationers on the beaches and hardworking summer residents in their areas, with its help in sanatoriums and resorts they rehabilitate people after very serious illnesses.

How does the sun heal?

The father of medicine Hippocrates rightly called the sun a cure for all. Under the influence of sunlight, vitamin D is produced in the human body (it is responsible for the absorption of calcium, which is very important for the development of teeth and bones).

Bright sun rays contribute to the expansion of blood vessels, and the body receives more oxygen, normalizes the work of the heart muscle, pressure returns to normal. Scientists from the UK recently found out that under the influence of the sun, the pineal gland of the diencephalon (pineal gland) produces the hormone melatonin, which protects blood vessels from fragility and prevents the appearance of atherosclerotic plaques.

That is why in the summer the number of deaths from a heart attack is significantly reduced. Solar energy stimulates the brain. Even a short exposure to the sun significantly improves brain activity. The sun's rays also stimulate the immune system. Experts say ultraviolet rays slow growth cancer cells. With the help of sunlight, our body produces substances that successfully fight cancer cells.
  Therefore, in people who are rarely in the sun, scientists say, the risk of getting cancer increases. Under the influence of the sun, muscles become more elastic, metabolism is activated in the body, food is better processed, fats break down faster, protein is more easily absorbed.

Only under the gentle sunlight in the human body the so-called hormones of happiness - endorphins - are produced. Therefore, beach novels are tied up so often, which, unfortunately, quickly disappear in temperate latitudes. Probably not everyone knows that morning sunshine is also good for improving vision. The sun is also favorable for nails: in the summer they harden and grow twice as fast.

Therefore, do not varnish your nails, let them rest too and receive the sun's rays and air. In some cases, after sunbathing on the skin, the so-called vascular network, the blue-purple ugly spider web on the legs, decreases or completely disappears.

Who is shown heliotherapy

It is effective in the treatment of:

- bone fractures, - bone tuberculosis, - poorly healing wounds and ulcers, - psoriasis, seborrhea and others skin diseases, - hypovitaminosis D and rickets, - chronic diseases of the bronchi and lungs, tuberculosis (except for the stage of exacerbation), - chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

For prevention, heliotherapy is indicated for all healthy people, and especially residents of the northern regions.

Who should not fry in the sun

Heliotherapy is contraindicated if there is: - acute inflammatory processes, tumors, - progressive forms of tuberculosis of the lungs and bones, - severe atherosclerosis, - angina pectoris in the acute stage, heart defects, - blood diseases, - hypertension II and III stages, migraine, - endocrine diseases in the acute stage, - systemic lupus erythematosus, malaria , - severe vascular sclerosis, - increased nervous excitability, - bazedova disease.

An overdose of sunbathing is fraught

Excessive enthusiasm for sunlight can provoke: - photoallergy (allergy to the sun), melanoma, - headache, - fatigue, - excessive irritability, - irritability and insomnia.

To avoid these troubles, it is necessary to observe the measure and not be under direct rays of the sun during the period of maximum solar radiation - from 11:00 to 15:00 hours. After bathing in the sea or the river, many remain in a wet bathing suit, allowing it to dry on the body. But this can lead to various diseases, because a warm and humid environment is a paradise for the reproduction of bacteria, for example, you can catch a fungal infection.

Therefore, after swimming, be sure to dress in dry underwear. Doctors do not recommend using soap before sunbathing - it destroys the protective film on the skin, as well as lotions or toilet water - such remedies do skin covering   sensitive to ultraviolet rays.

What is the best way to take a sun bath

1. Protect your head from direct sunlight by a panama. 2. While taking a bath, try to change the position of the body more often so that all its parts are exposed to uniform exposure. 3. After each sunbath, you need a half-hour rest in the shade, then you should swim in the sea, and then take a shower. 4. If during the session there is a heartbeat, headache or significant sweating, you need to hide in the shade. 5. Legs should be facing the sun, not the head. 6. Do not sleep! This can lead to severe burns, sunstroke, and cardiac disturbances. 7. Do not take sunbaths on an empty stomach or immediately after a meal.

For people with dark skin and dark hair, it is enough to use creams with SPF up to 25 units. Blondes with thin skin, red and freckled need more intensive protection - products with an SPF of 30. If you react to a tan extremely poorly or have skin problems, a tendency to photo allergies, purchase funds with an SPF of 50-60 units. The same protection should be in children.

Why is the sun harmful?

With excessive sunburn, the risk of skin cancer increases. It is dangerous to look at the bright sun - you can get burned eyes. If you lie under direct rays for a long time (from 12:00 to 16:00), premature wrinkles will appear on the face, and vitamin C deficiency may occur in the body (which will result in decreased immunity, and cold sores on the lips).

What will help from burns

If you still have a sunburn, use our recipes.

Raw potatoes

Grate the peeled raw potato on a fine grater, apply a thick layer on a gauze napkin and put on a burned place for half an hour. If the burn is very severe, this procedure can be repeated several times.

Carrots and cabbage

Grated peeled raw carrots and mix with beaten egg white. Apply to skin for 20 minutes. Carrots can be replaced with grated cabbage.

Dandelion root

You can prepare a medicine for burns for the future. Take the dandelion root and pour vegetable oil (1:10), insist a day. Then heat in a water bath for an hour and strain. Lubricate your skin three to four times a day. This healing oil infusion helps not only from burns, but also with chronic dermatitis! The product is well preserved.

Anna Ponomareva, correspondent

Outside the window it got warmer, we began to spend more time in the fresh air, enjoy the sun, swim in its rays. How does sunlight affect the human body?

INFLUENCE OF THE SUN ON THE ORGANISM

Natural factors are known to have different effects on health. In essence, in the body of animals and humans there is a continuous process of adaptation to an ever-changing environment. This process depends on the biological rhythms of both the organism itself and the external environment. The most striking from the point of view of rhythm of the earthly phenomenon is the alternation of light and darkness throughout the day, due to the rotation of the Earth around its axis and accompanied by a change not only in illumination, but also in ambient temperature, as well as light, heliomagnetic and other types of radiation.

With an increase in altitude, the amplitude of diurnal fluctuations of individual parameters begins to decrease. So, the amplitude of changes in temperature and humidity decreases, although the amplitude of changes in illumination remains the same. That is, depending on specific conditions (weather, solar activity), the daily fluctuations of these indicators are different, which, in turn, leads to changes in the body's reactions. For example, lowering atmospheric pressure has an exciting effect on the sympathetic nervous system, increases susceptibility to infectious diseases, worsens mood, and reduces working capacity. The increase in atmospheric pressure, on the contrary, causes the excitation of the parasympathetic nervous system.

Heat exchange in the human body depends on air temperature, and air humidity in combination with temperature has a significant effect on sweating, physiological processes in the respiratory tract. Moreover, almost all environmental factors and human activity in one way or another depend on solar activity, in other words, on the constant supply of the radiant energy of the Sun.

It is known that the activity of the Sun increases with an increase in the number of so-called “spots” (large formations on the Sun, the diameter of which varies from several thousand to tens of thousands of kilometers). At this time, the flow of energy particles directed toward the Earth increases significantly, ionization of the ionosphere rises. Solar activity has a noticeable effect on biological phenomena, which, unfortunately, is little taken into account in modern environmental science. However, this is so, and therefore it is worthwhile to recall the rules of useful “communication” with the Sun.

THREE PARTS OF THE SUN SPECTRUM

The spectrum of solar radiation is heterogeneous. At the Earth's surface, it is represented by ultraviolet - UV (1%), visible (40%) and infrared (IR) parts (59%).

It has been established that visible sunlight increases the activity of the cerebral cortex, positively affects the emotional state of the body, affects photochemical processes, metabolism, the cardiovascular system, etc.

IR radiation is almost entirely delayed by the stratum corneum, penetrating the body to a depth of about 20 mm. The therapeutic effect of infrared radiation is precisely due to the temperature difference on the skin surface and deeper, which activates the activity of the thermoregulatory system. The strongest effect on the human body, undoubtedly, has the UV part of the solar spectrum (long-wave UV rays).

The shortest wavelengths of the UV part of the spectrum, harmful to all living things, are absorbed by a layer of atmospheric ozone and do not reach the earth's surface. As for ozone holes, this phenomenon is only part of the complex environmental problem of the depletion of the ozone layer of the Earth (in other words, the reduction of ozone in the atmosphere). The cause of the ozone holes are anthropogenic factors (emissions of freons and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere - products of incomplete combustion of organic fuel of supersonic planes and spacecraft), which contribute to the destruction or depletion of the ozone layer of our planet, which, in turn, leads to an increase in the flux of UV rays dangerous to all living things.

According to the WHO, a decrease in atmospheric ozone by 1% (and, accordingly, an increase in UV radiation by 2%) entails an increase in cancer incidence. Intense UV radiation weakens the human immune system, reduces the effectiveness of vaccination against infectious diseases. However, under the influence of UV rays in the body, functional changes can also occur that positively affect the general state of health and performance: the activity of the adrenal glands, thyroid and other endocrine glands is enhanced, metabolism is improved, the function of hematopoiesis is stimulated, and the body's defenses are strengthened. Due to the photochemical action of UV rays in the body, vitamin D is formed, which is necessary for building a strong skeletal system   and teeth. The bactericidal effect of UV radiation is also significant - it disinfects air, water, soil. Therefore summertime is so rare viral diseasescolds.

EXPOSURE OF UV RAYS ON SKIN

First of all, solar radiation affects the skin. UV rays partially penetrate deep into the epidermis (surface layer of the skin), stimulating the production of melanin (melanin is a brown or black pigment found in different tissues of animals and plant organisms), the amount of which depends on the intensity of tanning. Skin pigment, in turn, absorbs ultraviolet light, thereby protecting the cells of the body from harmful excess radiation. The intensity of solar radiation is subject to significant annual fluctuations. It is maximum in May - June, but from the end of June, due to dustiness of the atmosphere and high humidity, it begins to decrease slightly and change during the day by an average of 3-5%.

ABOUT THE USE OF SUNNY BATH

Dosed sun baths are beneficial for most people. With a lack of solar radiation, vitality decreases, anemia occurs, adverse changes in the activity of the central nervous system occur, resistance to infections decreases, and metabolism is impaired. When there is not enough sun
rickets develop in children, osteoporosis in adults, bones fail to heal during fractures, the ligament apparatus of the joints weakens, tooth enamel is destroyed faster.

Sunbathing Guidelines

A tan, or rather its color, depends on the age, sensitivity of the body to sunlight, the condition and type of skin, and also on the thickness of the ozone layer. Children 3-4 years old can best tolerate the sun, followed by a period from 9 to 12 years, then closer to 50 years. The maximum sensitivity falls on the age from 5-8 to 25-30 years.

Our intelligent ancestors protected themselves from the scorching sun by clothes, covering everything that is possible. On a sultry day, arable land worked in white shirts with long sleeves. Peasant women shaded their faces with low-tied shawls, and noble ladies hid them under umbrellas and wide brimmed hats.

Sunbathing (sunbathing procedures, i.e. staying in the sun without clothes) is recommended to be taken in the shade of trees or under an awning and not lying, but in motion. The best time for this is early morning and afternoon hours. Only those whose skin is already accustomed can receive the burning infrared rays of the midday sun. In the morning, the sun is the most “calm”. Sunbathing is recommended between 7 and 11 hours, as well as from 15 hours until sunset.

Try to refrain from sunbathing during the period from 11 to 15 hours, at this time infrared rays are dangerous. Special mention should be made of sunbathing by young children. In order to prevent various infectious and inflammatory diseases   it is necessary to temper children from early childhood, but sunbathing should be taken with caution, since the baby’s skin is more sensitive to irritation and physical effects. Due to the significantly smaller surface of the skin, the density of the sweat glands in a newborn is much higher than in an adult, therefore it is more difficult for an infant to control moisture loss and temperature condition. At an early age, hypothermia and overheating are easier to occur. Children's skin is very prone to sunburn, as its cells produce less melanin. Therefore, direct exposure to newborns and children up to 3 years of age should be avoided. Special baby protective creams help protect the baby from the harmful effects of external irritants.

On the first day of sunbathing, the time spent in the sun should be minimal - 10-15 minutes, depending on the age and condition of the skin (in each case, an individual approach is needed). In general, at first it is recommended to tan not the whole body, but only the legs. No need to strive to become “chocolate” or “bronze” overnight. This can lead to burns, the formation of long healing wounds. He who tans unreasonably tans at risk his health and ages prematurely, acquiring early wrinkles. In the future, it is necessary to gradually increase the duration of sunbathing by several minutes a day - on average by 5-10 minutes. In this case, the eyes should be protected with glasses, cover your head. It is also necessary to protect sensitive skin areas - cheekbones, lips, nose, hiding them under a hat with brim.

Particular care is required: for persons with very white skin, blond or red hair; those with many moles and age spots; people who received sunburn in childhood, as well as those whose close relatives had melanoma.

drink alcohol;

eat spicy and spicy dishes;

wipe the skin with cologne;

wash with soap before and after sunbathing.

RESTRICTIONS FOR SUNBATHING

An overdose of UV rays is fraught with serious consequences. Intensive sun exposure leads to the development of severe erythema (redness) with swelling of the skin, worsening of the general condition (poor health, headaches, fever) and even the development of dermatitis, skin tumors. Over the past decade, WHO experts have warned: due to the thinning of the ozone layer, the intensity of UV radiation has increased, which provokes the incidence of skin cancer. And guilty of this immoderate stay in direct sunlight.

Particular care should be taken for people with diseases of the cardiovascular and nervous systems, and for patients with tuberculosis and cancer, such radiation is absolutely contraindicated. It is forbidden to sunbathe to old people who are sensitive to temperature fluctuations, as well as to people with kidney diseases, with food intoxications, and in a febrile state.

Excessive Sun Protection

Avoid troubles cosmeticsgiving a high light-shielding effect. The selected product should correspond to the condition and type of skin, as well as the intensity of solar radiation. Typically, the amount of the dose to be blocked (number of protective factors) is indicated on the package. For example, photoprotective factor 3 means that you can sunbathe 3 times longer than without this protective agent.

But how to determine the type of skin?

If, even after a short exposure to the sun (3-5 minutes), burns appear after 2-3 hours, then the skin is hypersensitive. She needs creams with a number of light-protective factors for the body - 6, for the face - 8. This, in particular, is oily nourishing creamsretaining a protective layer on the skin.

Skin that first turns red after 30-40 minutes in the sun and then darkens, “turns brown” is normal. However, it must be remembered that prolonged exposure to the sun can destroy it, cause an overstrain of the body's defenses. Creams with a protective factor of 4 to 8 are suitable for such skin.

Even for people who immediately get an even tan, in the early days it is still better to use means with a protective factor of 3, and then you can do without them.

Sunblock with SPF-15 EU is recommended for children and those who, while doing sports in the open air, including in winter, often forget about time and the dangerous sun. It is also used to protect the most sensitive parts of the face and body: nose, ear edges, leg rises.

Waterproof Tanning Milk (SPF-16 EU) has a soft protective action   and cares for the skin.

Anti-aging cream (SPF-12 EU), designed for the face, moisturizes the skin, slows down its aging.

High protection sunblock milk contains chamomile extract, which prevents skin inflammation. Milk creates a thin oil film that does not leak water and protects the skin even while bathing.

After sunbathing, reddened and irritated skin is soothing with aloe vera milk.

The victim should be placed horizontally, legs raised to ensure blood flow to the brain, loosen the belt, unfasten the collar, sprinkle cold water on the face and chest. Let him smell ammonia, rub the whiskey, warm your feet with a heating pad, or rub it with something hard. When a person comes to, he will help strong hot tea or coffee. If you faint, call an ambulance.

After losing consciousness, you should definitely consult a doctor, because this may be a sign of a heart disease or central nervous system.

The main thing that should be understood: living in a harsh climate and often cloudy weather, we must learn to use sunlight and heat wisely.

It is far from a secret that the effect of solar radiation on our body can be fatal. But it is under the influence of ultraviolet rays that the human body is able to produce vitamin D. It is very important for the normal functioning of many internal organs   and better absorption of trace elements such as calcium and phosphorus. Such a childhood disease like rickets develops precisely because of a lack of vitamin D. But it is simply impossible to get it from food in the right amount.

Moreover, sunlight can have a beneficial effect on the human nervous system and its psychoemotional state. After all, it is not without reason that during the rest we are drawn to the south.

The most sensitive to the sun's rays are the organs of vision. Only scattered sun rays are useful to the eyes. This is the sun at sunset, or hidden by fog. In this case, drops of moisture block the blue spectrum, which irritates the retina, while the red spectrum of the rays stimulates blood circulation and improves the eye's ability to see the world around it. But increased solar activity can cause allergic conjunctivitis, so watching the sun without special glasses is not recommended. If this still happened, then not only chemicals, but also folk recipes will help relieve the condition.

To do this, a teaspoon of the series is poured with a glass of boiling water, after which the infusion is boiled in a water bath for a quarter of an hour. The cooled infusion is filtered and used inside twice a day, half a glass before meals. At the same time, two drops of infusion are instilled into the eyes. A preventive course of treatment takes 2 weeks. But it’s best to prevent diseases by wearing sunglasses or a cap with a visor.

The harm of ultraviolet radiation can be observed visually: the curtains on the sunny side fade over the season. In those days, when curtains and blinds were absent, the southern windows were hung with sheets, fleeing from the sun. Over the summer, the fabric thinned to dust.

It also reacts to ultraviolet skin, so the sun can cause the transformation of benign cells into malignant. There are much more chances of getting skin cancer in fair-skinned people, especially the pigmentation of their skin is such that sunburns turn out very quickly, so you need to remember the danger when going to sunbathe. The most common skin reactions to excessive and prolonged sunlight are photodermatitis or solar urticaria.

The sun's rays are directly related to immunity. Since the bone marrow and thymus are responsible for immunity in the human body, the activity of which decreases after 40 years, it is believed that immunodeficiency should occur in the body. However, this does not happen, because certain cells located at the surface of the skin are also present in the body. These Langerhans cells are destroyed by excessive tanning.

This causes a decrease in immunity, therefore, so often upon arrival from vacation, people are faced with manifestations of the common cold. Therefore, the best time for sunbathing is before 9 am and after 16 days. During this period, the sun acts beneficially and enhances immunity.

The reaction of the cardiovascular system to overheating is also negative. The increase in heart rate is directly related to heat. Under these conditions, the heart needs much more oxygen to function properly. Whereas with problems with the coronary arteries, when they are affected by atherosclerosis, the proper amount of blood enriched with oxygen does not reach the heart. In the worst case scenario, such a situation can cause an angina attack. A number of heart diseases can pass from a state of remission precisely because of an excess of sunlight.

This is hypertension, dermatomyositis, systemic lupus erythematosus. This is due to the fact that when overheating, it is necessary to use a sufficient amount of liquid, and the treatment of these diseases is often associated with a limitation of its volume, including the use of diuretics. Without enough water, the body overheats, the blood becomes viscous, which increases the risk of clogging of blood vessels by blood clots. Therefore, hypertension is contraindicated in direct sunlight, you can go to the sea only in the morning or in the evening.

Heatstroke

It occurs with general overheating, and most often with increased physical activity. In addition, the risk doubles at high humidity.

The first symptoms of heat stroke are drowsiness, dizziness, lethargy. Body temperature can exceed 40 degrees. An overheated person has a reddened face, feels frequent heartbeats, complains of nausea, and may have diarrhea. In this case, he is on the verge of losing consciousness.

Prevention In order to prevent heat stroke, intense physical activity   in hot weather and reduce the intensity of training. Wear lightweight and well-ventilated clothing and do not overeat. Drink plenty of fluids.

First aid for heat stroke. If you see that a person is just “boiling”, you need to quickly take off all possible clothes, give them cold water and wipe your body with a cold damp cloth. And do not forget to measure temperature, heart rate and blood pressure. If the patient has lost consciousness, it is necessary as soon as possible to lower the body temperature to 38 degrees by all available means. And, of course, you need to immediately call an ambulance.

Sunstroke

It occurs when exposed to direct sunlight, which cause overheating of the head and brain in particular, and not the whole body.

Many of us do not know that the risk of overheating can be significantly reduced by proper nutrition. When the weather is hot, you need to diversify your diet with fermented milk products, but it is better not to eat porridge, as this will lead to an increase in blood acidity. On especially hot days, eat 35% of your daily diet for breakfast, 25% for lunch, and 40% for dinner. Dinner should be large, but light: fruits, vegetables, herbs, some seafood or low-fat fish.

The first symptoms of sunstroke are: redness of the face, severe headache, dizziness, nausea, darkening in the eyes, vomiting. The result may be loss of consciousness.

Prevention Everything is very simple: take care of the head. Be sure to wear a hat. What do you like most - a hat, a scarf, a scarf - the main thing is that it is light. If you are on the beach, then this is even easier: from time to time plunge into the water with your head.

First aid for sunstroke. Having noticed the first signs of sunstroke, you need to hide in the shade, drink cold water, cover your head and forehead with a handkerchief dipped in cold water. If the condition of the victim is serious, an ambulance should be called.

Dehydration

Many people become dull of thirst, and therefore run the risk of dehydration. If you are rarely thirsty, you should be guided by the following rule: 1 cup of water per day for every 30 cm of your height. In the heat, this amount doubles.

First aid in case of dehydration. It's simple: lie down and drink (at least 1.5 liters of sparkling mineral water). If you feel unwell, it is best to call an ambulance: only a doctor can determine the degree of dehydration and take appropriate measures.
  bodyperfection.ru

About the benefits of sunlight and sunbathing started talking about a hundred years ago. It became fashionable to sunbathe and bikinis were born. Recent decades have passed under the banner of fear of the sun - they started talking about the fact that they cause skin cancer. And superclosed bathing clothes came into being. And how are things really - how much solar radiation is beneficial or harmful to our health?

Life-giving rays

They talked about the benefits of the sun in ancient times. In ancient Rome and Hellas, it was believed that exposure to the sun strengthens the spirit and tempers health. Then they forgot about it for many centuries, until at the beginning of the twentieth century, sun baths and long walks were again prescribed by doctors to sick and recovering people. And this is not surprising, since people, especially those living in temperate climates, noted that mood and well-being improves on sunny days and worsens on a cloudy autumn.

The influence of sunlight on all living things is difficult to overestimate. And the fact is that the sun emits a whole spectrum of waves, ranging from color to invisible. Invisible include ultraviolet and infrared rays. We cannot see them, but we feel them in the form of heat. Invisible rays have a great effect on a living organism.

It is infrared rays that improve blood circulation in the body. And consequently. and contribute to the activation of all life processes, improve mood, a surge of vigor and the appearance of energy. They help get rid of apathy, depression, loss of vitality. In addition, the infrared spectrum has a mild analgesic effect.

Ultraviolet rays account for 5% of the spectrum. But this is more than enough, because in large quantities they become deadly for life. The invigorating effect of ultraviolet radiation is manifested in various fields. It improves the immune system, destroys pathogenic bacteria, normalizes the endocrine system, and it is under its influence that the production of vitamin D begins in the body.

The sun emits several types of ultraviolet rays. They differ in wavelength and affect the body in different ways. There are rays A (UVA), B (UVB) and C (UVS). C. rays are deadly to life. They are held back by the ozone layer of the Earth. That is why thinning of the ozone layer is also dangerous for people - as soon as the layer becomes thinner than a certain level, C rays begin to reach the surface of the earth and sunlight begins to affect a person no longer beneficially, but destructively. Rays A and B are very useful for a person, but basically that part of the rays that has an average wavelength in the region of 297 nm. They stimulate the production of vitamin D, regenerative processes in the body, improve well-being.

Rays A can theoretically cause burns and skin lesions. Rays B stimulate the production of melanin, which determines the tanned skin color, which is designed to protect against overheating of the skin and its damage. They also thicken the skin layer, making it less susceptible to burns. That is, the sun itself also protects from itself - this mechanism was developed in humans in the process of evolution for a safe life under the rays of the sun.

Useful properties of the sun

The sun strengthens bones and participates in calcium metabolism:   without sunlight, the production of vitamin D (calciferol), which we already wrote about on our website, is problematic. Deficiency of this vitamin leads to a violation of calcium metabolism and calcium absorption. And then, no matter how much cottage cheese we eat, calcium will still be washed out of the bones. In adults, the infamous osteoporosis develops - bone fragility leading to fractures out of the blue, while children develop rickets. It is difficult to ensure the supply of vitamin at the expense of products, because it is extremely small in them. Need sun rays. Under the influence of ultraviolet light, dehydrocholesterol contained in the skin turns into the right vitamin   calciferol. In addition, it is necessary for the proper functioning of the adrenal glands, thyroid and parathyroid glands, pituitary gland, immune system, and maintaining cholesterol balance.

The sun extends life:   Recently discovered another unique property of vitamin D. It prolongs life. It turned out that people with a low content of this vitamin have a good chance of dying prematurely - 26% higher according to scientists from the A. Einstein College of Medicine in the United States. Vitamin deficiency provokes the development of hypertension and increases the tendency to overweight.

The sun is good for asthmatics: According to recent studies at Harvard, those with asthma who lacked calciferol and lived in latitudes with rare sunny days had asthma attacks more often and were more severe. They also had a more pronounced allergy. Empirically, mankind has understood the use of the sun for asthmatics a long time ago - in the last century, doctors recommended that.

The sun heals skin diseases:   the condition of patients with various dermatitis improves in the summer. As a rule, acne, acne and various inflammations on the skin disappear in the sun. In addition, cuts heal much easier in the summer. And all because ultraviolet rays have a bactericidal effect and kill bacteria, viruses and fungi. Particularly well, sunlight copes with lichen and other fungal skin lesions. Under the sun, fungi disappear, and healthy skin forms faster on the affected area. Similarly, the condition of patients with psoriasis improves.

The sun improves mood and tone:   the sun's rays stimulate the production of serotonin and endorphin in the body. Endorphins are called the hormone of joy and happiness - they improve mood and tone. Studies have shown that residents of northern countries are more likely to suffer from depression than southerners. This is due to a lack of sunlight. Deficiency of the sun reduces as a result of decreased tone and mental and physical performance. Serotonin is also called the hormone of joy. But besides, it is needed for normal sexual arousal, protection against allergies and normal blood coagulation.

The sun reduces pressure:   everyone knows the recommendations for hypertensive patients not to be in the heat in the sun due to the fact that pressure can jump sharply. But scientists from Edinburgh claim the opposite - in their opinion, the sun, on the contrary, reduces pressure and reduces the risk of blood clots. And all because under the influence of sunlight in the human body begins the release of nitric oxide and its conversion into nitric oxide and nitrate. And these substances also reduce pressure and prevent thrombosis. Therefore, being in the sun,. The apparent contradiction can be explained if we consider that sunlight is important at any time of the year and is quite accessible on cool days. And the sun is good for the heart and blood vessels precisely in this period - when it is not hot and sunny.

The sun will save you from sclerosis: Scientists have proved the beneficial effects of sunlight, and especially ultraviolet radiation in this area. It was found that if a person in childhood was not deprived of sunbathing, then in adulthood he has a lower risk of developing multiple sclerosis than children who grew up in conditions of sun deficiency.

The sun on guard of men's health:   frequent exposure to the sun reduces the risk of developing prostate cancer. And again, this effect is achieved due to the production of vitamin D by the rays of the sun. It blocks the spread of cancer cells and helps the growth of healthy cells.

The sun helps to lose weight:   if you are in the sun in the morning, it’s easier to fight overweight   and it’s easier to maintain normal weight all the time without much effort.

The Sun Against Diabetes:   The British found that sunlight reduces blood sugar, thereby protecting against the risk of diabetes.

The myth of modernity

The scariest accusation that the sun has ever thrown is that its rays cause skin cancer. This conclusion is based on observations made in the southern states of the USA in the middle of the last century.

Quite recently, this persistent opinion about the harmfulness of the sun to the skin has come under attack and doubt. New studies have not found a close association between exposure to the sun and the incidence of skin cancer. Moreover, scientists have discovered a strange thing - the percentage of skin cancer increases with the use of sunscreens from ultraviolet radiation. They compared the data for those who did not use creams and those that were used regularly. And they came to the conclusion that the danger of the natural rays of the star was exaggerated. But artificial substitutes for the sun - ultraviolet lamps, tanning salons are just extremely harmful and can cause all the horrors that are attributed to the sun - it is the artificially created ultraviolet radiation that penetrates deep into the skin, damages collagen fibers, cell DNA and promotes the growth of cancer cells.

Dr. Ainsleich (California) concluded that sunscreens reduce the production of vitamin D by the skin. And this ultimately makes the skin and the body as a whole more vulnerable to the sun and ... contributes to the development of skin cancer. He reads that the growth of breast cancer in the USA in recent years by 17% is connected with the fascination with the fight against the sun and sunscreens!

Studies have shown that the sun prevents the development of other types of cancer, including the reproductive and digestive systems.

Sun damage

In large doses, the sun can be harmful. The first and most famous negative consequence of a long exposure to the sun is sunburn. Particularly fast sunburns are people with fair skin. And they are also at risk of developing skin cancer under the influence of sunlight. And all because people with fair skin produce less melanin.

If the sun's rays are in excess, they begin to dry the skin. As a result, premature wrinkles appear, caused by a violation of the production of collagen in the skin. This fact has both scientific and everyday evidence. It is difficult to dispute the fact that northerners look younger than southerners at the same age and have fewer wrinkles, especially small ones.

The infrared rays of the sun cause a large amount of overheating of the body and, in combination with ultraviolet light, the well-known sun stroke. Its manifestations are diverse - from lightheadedness, dizziness and fever to loss of consciousness. Prolonged overheating can cause death.

At small amount   people celebrated hypersensitivity   to sunlight - photosensitivity, which is manifested by rashes of the type of allergic. It can be triggered by the use of a number of ointments and creams, as well as drugs.

Sun rays can cause a retinal burn. Prolonged exposure to sunlight on the eye can trigger the development of cataracts. You can avoid this if you use high-quality sunglasses and do not look directly at the sun. By the way, bad sunglasses are more dangerous for the eyes than a complete lack of protection from the sun's ultraviolet radiation. They incorrectly focus the rays and send them inside the eye, causing a burn and impairing vision.

Excessive solar radiation can, on the contrary, weaken the immune system. Here is the reason for the northerners who went south, if they immediately actively begin to sunbathe at sea for hours, in the first days herpes worsens, or signs of the common cold appear.

When is it better to be in the sun

The best time for sunbathing is morning and evening, and to be precise, the periods from 6 to 11 in the morning and from 16 hours to sunset. In this morning, the sun invigorates and tones the body, and in the evening - it soothes and pacifies. In the afternoon, the sun can be too aggressive. It is during the daytime that solar radiation is too intense and can cause harm to health. This once again confirms that everything is poison and everything is medicine, and it depends on the dosage.

Sun exposure in medicinal purposes called sunbathing or solar hardening. Accordingly, you need to use the sun correctly. The first procedures should be short in time - about 10 minutes. Every day you need to add a few minutes to this time, until a figure of one and a half to two hours is reached. The hardening effect increases with active movement. It follows that when setting out to sea, one must actively swim and play beach volleyball or walk along the shore in the mornings and evenings. But lying in the sand and sunbathing is far from being as useful as many people think. This causes rapid overheating of the body, heat or sunstroke and skin burns.

Without the sun, life would be impossible. And its health benefits are invaluable. But, like any medicine, you need to be able to use the sun!