Menstrual cycle- a whole folding, rhythmically repetitive biological process, which is the body of a woman to vaginosti.

From the hour of the menstrual cycle in the body, periodical changes occur, they are tied from ovulation and end with bleeding from the uterus. Shomіsyachny, cyclically, uterine bleeding is called menstruation (Latin Menstruurum - shomіthyany). When menstrual bleeding appears, it is indicative of the end of physiological processes, the preparation of a woman's organisms to vaginosis, and of the bend of the ovum. Menstruation is the endorsement of the functional ball of the mucous membrane of the uterus.

Menstrual functions are special features of menstrual cycles during the singing period of a woman's life.
Cyclic menstrual changes are repaired in the little girl's body during the statutory period (from 7-8 to 17-18 years). At the end of the hour, the reproductive system is ripe, the physical development of the female organism ends - the growth of the body into the fat, ossification of the zones of the growth of tubular cysts; the formation of a statura and a growth of fatty tissue m'yazovoy fabric for female type. The first of menstruation (menarche) is to appear in vіtsі 12-13 rocky (± 1.5-2 rocky). Cyclic processes and menstrual bleeding can last up to 45-50 rock.
Oscillations of menstruation є the most pronounced manifestation of the menstrual cycle, its triviality is cleverly beginning from the 1st day passed until the 1st day of the onset of menstruation.

Signs of a physiological menstrual cycle:
1) two-phase;
2) triviality is not less than 21 and not more than 35 days (60% of women have 28 days);
3) cycle, moreover, the triviality of the cycle of post-day;
4) triviality of menstruation 2-7 days;
5) menstrual blood loss 50-150 ml;
6) the visibility of sickly manifestations and debris to the body.

Regulation of the menstrual cycle

In the regulation of the menstrual cycle, 5 lanoks take part - the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, hypophysis, ovaries, uterus.
At the core, the localization to the center, which regulates the function of the state system, has not been established. However, the bark of the people, on the view of the creatures, flows into the menstrual function, through it the flow of the new center into the underlying views flows through it.
Extrapothalamic cerebral structures send out impulses from the brain and interoreceptors and transmit them for the auxiliary neurotransmitters (the system of transmission of nerve impulses) in the neurosecretory of the nucleus. Dopamine, norepinephrine, siro-tonin, indol and a new class of morphine-like opioid neuropeptides - endorphin, enkephalin, donorphin are introduced to neurotransmitters.

Finding Lanka in the regulation of the menstrual cycle є hypothalamus, Which is the role of the starting mechanism. The purchase of nerve cells into a new form of nucleus, which is capable of circulating hypophysotropic hormones (releasing hormones) - lyberini, which is responsible for the development of hypophysis hormones, and statin, inguinal. In this hour, we see several liberins (corticoliberin, somatoliberin, thyreoliberin, luliberin, foliberin, prolactoliberin, melanoliberin) and three statins (melanostatin, somatostatin, prolactostatin). The releasing hormone of the luteinizing hormone hypophysis (RHLH, lyuliberin) has been seen, synthesized and reported; releasing hormone of follicle stimulating hormone (RGFSH, foliberin) should not be taken away. It has been reported that RHLH and its synthetic analogs may be able to stimulate the appearance of both LH and FSH by hypophysis. For the hypothalamic gonadotropic liberins, I will call it RHLH - gonadoliberin.
Releasing hormones through a special sudinn (portal) circulatory system are delivered to the anterior part of the hypophysis. A special feature of the system is the possibility of a blood stream in them to hurt the sides, for the reason why the mechanism of the ringing sound will come into play.

T retinal regulation of the menstrual cycle h - the most common for budova and in the functional form of endocrine gland, which develops from adenohypophysis (anterior part) and neurohypophysis (posterior part). The most significant is the adenohypophysis, which is a hormone secret: lutropin (luteinizing hormone, LH), follitropin (foliculo-stimulating hormone, FSH), prolactin (PRL), somatotropin (STH), corrosive the first three are gonadotropic, which regulate the function of eggs and milky vines.
In the pituitary cycle, there are two functional phases - follicular, with an important secretion of FSH, and luteal, with a dominant secretion of LH and PRL.
The follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates growth, development, follicle dosage in the ovary. For the participation of the luteinizing hormone, the follicle repairs the function - synthesizing estrogen; without LH, ovulation and establishment of a new body are not observed. Prolactin spilo s LH stimulates the synthesis of progesterone with the help of til; the main biological role is the development and development of milk vines and the regulation of lactation. In this day, two types of gonadotropin secretion have been revealed: thin, like a sprit of development of follicles and their production of estrogens, and cyclic, which preserves the changes in the phases of low and high concentration, hormones, hormones.
The change in gonadotropins in adenohypophysiasis in the course of the cycle - the initial peak of FSH on the 7th day of the cycle and the ovulatory peak of LH until the 14th day.
Yanchnik is an autonomous endocrine zaliza, a free biological year in the body of a woman, since it’s realizing the mechanism of a ringing sound.

Yachnik vikonuє dvі main functions- generative (dosage of follicles and ovulation) and endocrine (synthesis of steroid hormones - estrogen and progesterone).
The process of folikulogenesis goes into the egg cell without interruption, being repaired in the antenatal period and ending in the Postmen-pause. When up to 90% of follicles are attributed, and only a small part of them go through a new cycle of development from primordial to mature and transform in the future.
In both yachniki under the nationality of the girls, there are up to 500 million primordial foliage. Until the earliest years of age, the number of changes will change. For the entire reproductive period of a woman's life, nearly 400 follicles have matured.
The egg cycle consists of two phases - follicular and lutein. The follicular phase is repaired by the end of menstruation and the end of ovulation; luteal - to recover from ovulation and end with the onset of menstruation.
Call from the ear of the menstrual cycle until the 7th day in the oysters to repair the growth of follicles in one hour. On the 7th day, one of them is viperdzhaє in development іnshі, until the moment of ovulation, reach in diameter 20-28 mm, I can more swivel capillary netting and I will call it dominant. The reasons behind the appearance of the growth and development of the dominant follicle, as long as it is not registered, but at the moment of the first appearance of the follicles, they will increase their growth and development. The dominant follicle is to take revenge on the ovum, the empty one is stored in the follicular line.
Until the time of ovulation, the follicular birth grows 100 times, at a new rate of growth instead of estradiole (E2), for the reason that it stimulates LH wikid with hypophysis and ovulation. The follicle develops in the 1st phase of the menstrual cycle, which is trivial in the middle to the 14th day, and then the ripening of the ripe follicle begins to grow - ovulation.

The very process of ovulation є cutting the basal membrane of the dominant follicle with the release of the ovum, otochened by the exchange crown, into the empty one, and in the underside - into the ampullary end of the uterine tube. When the integrity of the follicle is broken, there is little bleeding from the ruined capillaries. Ovulation of ovum - in between 12-24 o'clock. Ovulation is infused as a result of folding neuro-moral changes in the organism of a woman (the grip of the middle follicle is moving, the yogi protein is lost due to prostatitis, in the presence of a colagenus
Ostannі, as well as oxytocin, relaxin, change the ovary like ovary, wicker the quicker oxytocin of the follicle stem. On the process of ovulation, I infuse the immune damage into the body.

From the hour of ovulation through the opening, the follicular ridina is wiggled and the oocyte is discharged from the cells of the exchange crown.
Unsatisfactory oocyte count in 12-24 years of guinea. When the follicle is empty it quickly grows capillaries, granulosa cells undergo luteinization - the cells start to secrete progesterone.
When the vagina is out, it is just called menstrual, the stage of its development is 10-12 days, and then the development of the development, regression.
The inner shell, granulosa cells of the follicle, just before the injection of hormones into the hypophysis produce steroid hormones - estrogen, gestagen, androgen.
Estrogen include three classic fractions - estron, estradiol, estriol. Estradіol (E2) is the most active. In the ovary in the early follicular phase of the yogo, 60-100 mcg are synthesized, in lutein - 270 mcg, before the time of ovulation - 400-900 mcg / dob.

Estron (E1) is 25 times weaker than eestradiole, the first time from the ear of the menstrual cycle until the time of ovulation of growth from 60-100 mcg / add up to 600 mcg / day.
Estrol (E3) is 200 times weaker than estradiol, є a low-activity metabolite E2 and E1.
Estrogen stimulates the development of secondary signs, regeneration and growth of endometrium in the mother, preparation of endometrium to progesterone, stimulates the secretion of mucus, the rapid activity of smooth muscles of the body; change all the views and exchange of speeches in the process of catabolism; to lower the temperature of thila. Estrogen in the physiological cycle stimulates the reticulo-endothelial system, increasing the antibodies and activity of phagocytes, increasing the rate of the organism to infections; get into soft fabrics nitrogen, sodium, ridine, in the cysts - calcium and phosphorus; to increase the concentration of glucogen, glucose, phosphorus, creatine, vitamins and minerals in the blood and myases; to reduce instead of cholesterol, phospholipids and fat in the liver and blood, accelerate the synthesis of essential fatty acids.
Progesterone is synthesized in the ovary in a quantity of 2 mg / day in the follicular phase and 25 mg / day in the lutein phase; preparation of endometrial and uterus before implantation of postponed egg production and development of vaginosis, and milk formation until lactation; attracting the wakefulness of the measurement. Progesterone can be anabolic and increase in basal temperature. Progesterone is the main gestagen in women.

In physiological minds, gestagenes change instead of aminous nitrogen in blood plasma, increase the secretion of amino acids, increase the increase shlunk juice, Galmut zhovchovidilennya.
The following androgens are produced in the egg plant: androsten-dion (opposite to testosterone) in a dose of 15 mg / day, de-hydroeepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (also alternatives to testosterone) - in small quantities. Small doses of androgens stimulate the function of the hypophysis, great ones block it. Specific target exposure The androgenіv Mauger proyavlyatisya at viglyadі virilnogo efekta (gіpertrofіya klіtora, ovolosіnnya for cholovіchim type rozrostannya cricoid cartilage appears acne vulgaris), antіestrogenny efekta (in Malih doses viklikayut prolіferatsіyu endometrіya i epіtelіyu pіhvi) gonadotropic efekta (in Malih doses stimulyuyut sekretsіyu gonadotropіnіv , take the growth, the dosage of the follicle, ovulation, the approval of the new body); anti-tropic effect (temporal concentration of androgens in the pre-ovulatory period is driven by ovulation and cyclization in the follicle atresia).
Granulosa cells of follicles also have the protein inhibin hormone, which is seen by FSH by hypophysis, and the blood cells of the musculoskeletal system - oxytocyp and relaxin. Oxytocin in the ovary is regressing with the help of tila. Prostaglandini also pretend to be in the ovaries. The role of prostaglandins in the regulation of the reproductive system and female polygens in the participation in the process of ovulation (in preventing the growth of follicle stems for the growth of the speedy activity of the smooth fibers of the follicle membrane and in the reduction of the egg rate) blastocystisation), in the regulation of menstrual bleeding (endometrial structure before the moment of its administration, rapid sensory activity of myometrium, arterioles, platelet aggregation, tightly linked to the processes of prostaglandin synthesis)

The system of hypothalamus - hypophysis - yachniki - is universal, self-regulating, acting for the realization of the law (principle) of the ringing sound.

The law of the ringing sound є the basic law of function endocrine system... Development of negative and positive mechanisms. Practically, due to the length of the menstrual cycle, there is a negative mechanism;
A positive mechanism to the law of the ringing link of straightening to the prevention of the ovulatory peak of LH, which is a reaction to the development of a mature follicle. The drink is surrounded by a high concentration of estradiole, which is seen as a dominant folk. If the follicle is ready to be riveted (as if to move a grip in the steam boiler), the "valve" in the hypochondrium is opened and a large number of LHs immediately go to the shelter.

The law of the vocal link is established along the long loop (hypophyseal - hypophysis), short (hypophysis - hypothalamus) and ultrashort (gonadotropin-releasing factor - hypothalamus neurocyte).
The uterus is the main target organ for the hormones of the cells.
The uterine cycle has two phases: proliferation and secretion. The proliferation phase begins with the regeneration of the endometrial functional ball and ends approximately before the 14th day of the 28-day menstrual cycle with an additional endometrial development. Vona is pummeled with an infusion of FSH and estrogen from the eggplant.
The secretory phase is trivial from the middle of the menstrual cycle to the ear of Cherg's menstruation, when not only a few but also secretory changes are seen in the endometrium. The stench is overwhelmed by the injection of LH, PRL and progesterone.

Even though in this menstrual cycle, vaginism has not come, then you just have to start developing, and then produce estrogen and progesterone to the end of the day. There is blood circulation in the endometrium, it is caused by necrosis and development of a functional ball, i.e., the menstruation is inflicted.

Cyclic processes under the inflow of hormones are brought into the other organs-targets, tubes are carried out to some of the uterus, the tubes, the last organisms, milk deposits, hair follicles, tissues, skin. Clinical organs and tissues replace receptors to state hormones.
The receptor is revealed in the structures of the reproductive system, the sprout in the ovaries - in the granulosa cells of the follicle, and sprint. Smell viznachayut sensitiveness of the cells to the gonadotropins of the hypophysis.

The milk tissue has a receptor for estradiole, progesterone, prolactin, which regulates the secretion of milk.
Menstrual cycles are a characteristic sign of the normal activity of the reproductive system of a woman.
The regulation of the menstrual cycle is not only influenced by the hormones, but by the other biologically active spolucs - prostaglandins, biogenic amines, enzymes, by the infusion of thyroid lobes and supernatant halls.

The menstrual cycle is one of the easily spared biological rhythms of the woman's reproductive cycle. A chain, genetically coding rhythm, stable for its parameters for the skin individual.

Menstrual cycle and damage.

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding.

food:

1. Menstrual cycle.

2. Disruption of the menstrual cycle.

3. DMC - dysfunctional uterine bleeding.

Menstrual cycle.

Menstrual cycle- a sequence of rhythmically repetitive biological processes, such as a woman's organism to vaginosity.

menstruation- uterine bleeding occurs cyclically, cyclically. The first menstruation (menarche) often appears at 12-13 rocky (+/- 1.5-2 rocky). Menstruation lasts more often in 45-50 years.

The menstrual cycle cleverly starts from the first day before the first day of the onset of menstruation.

The physiological menstrual cycle is characterized by:

1.biphasic.

2. Triviality not less than 22 and not more than 35 days (in 60% of females - 28-32 days). The menstrual cycle is trivial less than 22 days is called anteponing, more than 35 days - postponing.

3. Continuously cyclical.

4. Trivial menstruation 2-7 days.

5. Menstrual blood loss 50-150 ml.

6. The emergence of sickly manifestations and destructiveness to the body.

Regulation of the menstrual cycle.

In the regulation of the menstrual cycle, take the fate of 5 lanes:

The cerebral cortex.

Hypothalamus.

Gipofiz.

Yєchniki.

I. Extrapothalamic cerebral structures receive an impulse from the central and interreceptors and transmit them for an additional neurotransmitter (a system of transmission of nerve impulses) in the neurosecretory of the nucleus.

Neurotransmitters are referred to: dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, indole and a new class of morphine-like opioid neuropeptides - endorphin, enkephalin, donorphin.

II. The hypothalamus is the role of the trigger mechanism. The nuclei of the hypothalamus circulate the hypophyseal hormones (releasing hormones) - liberini.

It has been seen, syntheses and descriptions of releasing hormone luteinizing hormone hypophysis (RHLH, lyuliberin). RHLH and its synthetic analogs may stimulate the appearance of LH, as well as FSH by hypophysis. For hypothalamic gonadotropic liberins, I will call it RHLH.

Releasing hormones through a special sudinn (portal) circulatory system are delivered to the anterior part of the hypophysis.

Small. Functional structure of the reproductive system.

Neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin; opioid peptides;

β-endorphin enkephalin); Oxytocin; P-progesterone; E-estrogen;

A-androgen; P-relaxin; I-inhibin.

III. Hypophysis is the third level of regulation.

hipophiz stock up adenohypophysis (Front part) i neurohypophysis (Back part).

adenohypophysis secret of hormone pathways:

§ Gonadotropic hormones:

¨ LH - luteinizing hormone

¨ FSH - follicle stimulating hormone

¨ PRL - prolactin

§ Tropnі hormones

¨ STH - somatotropin

¨ ACTH - corticotropin

¨ TSH - thyrotropin.

The follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates the growth, development and dosage of the follicle in the ovary. For the help of the luteinizing hormone, follicle repairs the function - synthesizing estrogen, without LH ovulation is not observed and the establishment of new body. Prolactin spіlly s LH stimulates the synthesis of progesterone by thіl, its main biological role is the growth and development of milk vines and the regulation of lactation. The peak of FSH is determined on the seventh day of the menstrual cycle and the ovulatory peak of LH - until the thirteenth day.

IV. Yachnik vikonuє two functions:

1) generative (dosage of follicles and ovulation).

2) endocrine (synthesis of steroid hormones - estrogen and progesterone).

In both ychniki at the nationality of the village there are up to 500 million primordial foliage. Until the earliest years of age, the number of changes will change. For the entire reproductive period of a woman's life, nearly 400 follicles have matured.

The egg cycle consists of two phases:

Phase 1 - follicular

Phase 2 - luteal

follicle phase to fix the end of menstruation and to end the ovulation.

luteal phase to stop at ovulation and end at the onset of menstruation.

On the third day of the menstrual cycle in the eggplant one hour they repair the growth of follicles. Today, one of the follicles of the viper is in development, until the moment of ovulation, the reach is 20-28 mm in diameter. The dominant follicle is to avenge the ovum, the empty one is stored by the follicular genus. Until the moment of ovulation, the follicular birth grows 100 times, in a new way it grows instead of eestradiole (E 2), which stimulates LH wikid with hypophysis. The follicle develops in the first phase of the menstrual cycle, usually until the 14th day, and then the ripe follicle grows - ovulation.

From the hour of ovulation through the aperture, follicular ridina and oocyte discharge, discharge with cells of the exchange crown. Unsatisfactory oocyte count in 12-24 years. When the follicle is empty it quickly grows capillaries, granulosa cells undergo luteinization - they start to get ready, cells that synthesize progesterone. When you are out of sight, you will be able to transform into a biluvate tilo. The stage of the functioning of the lumpy body takes 10-12 days, and then the development, regression, takes place.

Granular follicle cells produce estrogen:

- Estron (E 1 )

- Estradil (E 2 )

- Estril (E 3 )

Read more progesterone products:

Progesterone is ready for endometrial and uterus before implantation of expanded egg production and development of vaginosis, and milk formation - before lactation; attracting the wakefulness of the measurement. Progesterone can increase anabolic effect and increase the volume of rectal temperature in another phase of the menstrual cycle.

Androgens are synthesized in the ovary:

Androstendion (alternative to testosterone) in a dose of 15 mg / day.

Dehydroepiandrosterone

dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate

Granulosa cells of follicles have the protein inhibin hormone, which is seen by FSH by hypochondriasis, and the blood cells of the musculoskeletal system - oxytocin and relaxin. Oxytocin in the ovary during the process of regression of the oxytocin. In the egg cell, prostaglandins also become established, as they take part in ovulation.

V. The uterus is a target organ for ovary hormones.

The mother cycle has 4 phases:

1. The phase of desquamation

2. regeneration phase

3. Phase of proliferation

4. Phase of secretion

phase proliferation to repair the regeneration of the endometrial functional ball and end before the 14th day of the 28-day menstrual cycle with a renewed endometrium. Vona was pummeled with an infusion of FSH and estrogen from the eggplant.

phase secrets three times from the middle of the menstrual cycle to the ear of the heart's cycle. If in a given menstrual cycle the vagina is not insistent, then you just need to start developing, to produce estrogen and progesterone to the end of the day. Discern blood in the endometrium; there is a necrosis and a development of a functional ball, so that menstruation ( desquamation phase ).

Cyclic processes under the inflow of hormones are generated in other organs - targets, before pipes, puffs, callous organisms, milk balls, hair follicles, fat, tissue tissue. Clinical organs and tissues replace receptors to state hormones.

Disruption of the menstrual cycle:

The change in menstrual function is caused by the breakdown of the regulation in the winter season, and may be amazed by the coming reasons:

Inspiration and distribution of the functions of the nervous and endocrine system

1.pathology during the statutory examination

2.psychic and nerves

3.Emotional shock

disagreeable eating

professional school

Infectious and somatic illnesses

amenorrhea- the price of menstruation lasting 6 months and more for women 16-45 years old.

Physiological amenorrhea:

- per hour of vaginosti

- pid hour of lactation

- up to the period of the statutory review

- in postmenopausal women

Pathological amenorrheaє a symptom of genital and extragenital malnutrition.

- Help for amenorrhea, with every daytime and menstruation and cyclic processes in the body

- Hybna amenorrhea (kryptomenorrhea) - the appearance of rosacea manifestations, such as menstrual bleeding (if there are cyclical processes in the body): a tendency towards atresia of the disease, the cervical canal,

Help amenorrhea (first and second)

Primary amenorrhea: - the duration of menstruation in a girl at a age of 16 years and older (menstruation nicoli did not bulge).

æPrimary amenorrhea

1. hypogonadotropic amenorrhea.

clinika:

The ailments have eunuchic signs of the statue

Hypoplasia of lactic acidosis with fatty substitutions of oily tissue

Growth of uterus and mothers of women from 2-7 years

lykuvannya: hormone therapy with gonadotropic hormones and cyclic therapy with combined oral contraceptives 3-4 months.

2. Primary amenorrhea on the other symptoms of virilization - tse congenital adrenogenital syndrome (AGS). With a wide range of syndromes, it is genetically impaired in the synthesis of androgens in the cortex of the supra-nirkoval hallux.

3. Primary amenorrhea with a normal phenotype can be mated with vads of the development of the uterus, pіkhvi - syndrome of testicular feminization.

Syndrome of testicular feminization is a rare pathology (1 type per 12000-15000 newborns). To enter up to the number of monogenic mutations - the change of one gene to produce an innate enzyme 5α-reductase, which converts testosterone into more active dehydrotestosterone.

§ The karyotype in ailments is 46 xy.

§ When people are identified, the female type of budov and new statues is used

§ Pіkhva short, slіpe

§ Gonadi in 1/3 of the ailments roztashovani in the black empty, in 1/3 - in the inguinal canals, and in those of them - in the lips. INODI SPOSTTERIGATING VROGEN groin grill, In yak_y take place yєchko.

§ The phenotype of grown-up ailments is female.

§ Dairy zozy rozvineni good. The nipples are underperforming, the area of ​​the area is weakly expressed. State and groin hair is not revealed.

lykuvannya: hirurgic (seeing disagreeable testicles) at the age of 16-18 years after the completion of growth and development of secondary status signs.

4. dysgenesis of the gonads (Genetically accumulated vada development of yachnikiv)

Through a large and obvious defect in the state chromosomes, normal development of the cell tissue is not observed, and on the small cells of the cells, semi-tissue strands are formed, and at the same time, the lack of hormonal hormones is increased.

Dysgenesis of the gonads of 3 clinical forms:

1) Shereshevsky-Turner syndrome

2) "Pure" form of gonadal dysgenesis

3) The form of gonad dysgenesis

The menstrual cycle is a cyclical repetition of changes in the body of a woman, especially in the lankas of the reproductive system, which is the most important manifestation of the blood vision of the state of affairs - menstruation.

The menstrual cycle arises after menarche (the first menstruation) and is preserved through the reproductive, albeit early, period of life of the woman from the time of the birth of the offspring. Cyclic changes in the body of a woman are of a two-phase nature. The first (follicle) phase of the cycle begins with the dosage of the follicle and egg cells in the egg cell, for which the release and release of the egg cells - ovulation. The friend (luteal) phase is tied to the statements of the same body. One hour, in a cyclic mode, in the endometrium, the regeneration and proliferation of the functional ball is last seen, so that the secretory activity of the disease changes. The changes in the endometrium end with the desquamation of the functional ball (menstruation).

Biological changes, which occur during the menstrual cycle in the ovaries and endometries, in the safe reproductive function at stages of the maturation of ovum, during the maturity and implantation. As soon as the delayed egg production is not carried out, the functional ball of endometrium is traded, from the paths there are bloody vision And in the reproductive system, I know, and in the same post-mortem, there are processes that are directed to the preservation of the maturation of the egg.

Menstruation is a repetition of blood-streaked visions with singing intervals throughout the entire reproductive period of a woman's life, the posture of vaginosity and lactation. Menstruation is the culmination of the menstrual cycle and the diagnosis in the end of the luteal phase as a result of the development of the functional ball of endometrium. The first menstruation (menarhe) is a win in 10-12 years. Stretching the onset of 1-1.5 years of menstruation can be irregular, otherwise a regular menstrual cycle will arise.

The first day of menstruation is cleverly taken for the first day of the cycle, and the triviality of the cycle is rooted as the interval between the first days of the two onset of menstruation.

1. triviality from 21 to 35 days (for 60% of women, the average triviality of the cycle becomes 28 days);

2. the triviality of menstrual vision from 2 to 7 days;

3. The amount of blood loss in menstrual days is 40-60 ml (in the middle 50 ml).

In neuroendocrine regulation, it is possible to see 5 rivniv, which interconnect for the principle of direct and vocal positive and negative interconnection.

The first (see) in the regulation of the functioning of the reproductive system, the structure, the warehouse, the acceptor of all calls and internal (from the side of the young people) into the structure of the cerebral cortex, the central nervous system and the extraordinary

It’s good to see about the possibility of menstruation during severe stress (loss of loved ones, during the wartime, etc.) zavagіtnіti).

The internal fluid flows through a specific receptor to the main hormones: estrogen, progesterone and androgen.

The synthesis, vision and metabolism of neuropeptides, neurotransmitters, as well as the establishment of their own specific black receptors, are generated during the synthesis, vision and metabolism of neuropeptides, neurotransmitters.

Norepinephrine, dopamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), acetylcholine, serotonin and melatonin are introduced to the neurotransmitters, i.e. substances-transmitting substances.

Cerebral neurotransmitters regulate the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH): norepinephrine, acetylcholine and GABA stimulate wikids, and dopamine and serotonin stimulate anti-aging.

Neuropeptides (endogenous opioid peptides - EOP, corticotropin-releasing factor and Galanin) are also infused into the function of the hypothalamus and on the balance of the function of all lanes of the reproductive system.

In this hour, 3 groups of EOP are seen: enkefalini, endorphin and dinorphin. For some recent announcements, the EOP was included in the regulation of the GnRG's coverage. The increase in the level of the EOP leads to the secretion of GnRH, and, also, the appearance of LH and FSH, which, perhaps, is the cause of anovulation, and in more important cases - amenorrhea. The assignment of inflammatory receptors (drugs to the type of naloxone) normalizes the level of GnRH, as well as the normalization of ovulatory function and other processes in the reproductive system of the genes in patients with amenorrhea.

In case of a decrease in the level of steroids (in case of a permanent abnormally surgical function of women), the EOP does not shy away from the development of the GnRG, which, in the case of a chronic disease, is a reason for

Thus, an imbalance in the synthesis and onset metabolic transformation of neurotransmitters, neuropeptides and neuromodulators in the neurons of the brain and in the supra-hypothalamic structures will prevent normal interruption of the processes associated with the menstrual ovulatory functions.

Another measure of the regulation of reproductive function is the hypothalamus, sputum, and the hypophysotropic zone, which is stored in the neurons of the ventro- and dorsomedial arcuate nuclei, which may inhibit neurosecretory activity. Cyclinic cells are capable of powering both neurons (generating regulating electrical impulses), as well as endocrine cells, which produce either stimulating (liberini) or blocking (statin) activity. The activity of neurosecretory in the hypothalamus is regulated by both state hormones, which flow from the bloodstream, as well as neurotransmitters and neuropeptides, which are approved in the cerebral cortex and suprahypothalamic structures.

Hypothalamus secretes GnRH, so that the follicle stimulatory-stimulating (RGFSH - folliberin) and luteinizing (RHLH - luliberin) hormones are injected into the hypophysis.

The decapeptide RHLH and its synthetic analogs stimulate the appearance of gonadotrofamy not only from LH, but from FSH. In connection with cym, one term is adopted for gonadotropic liberins - gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).

The synthesis of hypothalamic liberin, stimulating the formation of prolactin, is activated by the TSH-releasing hormone (thyroliberin). Osvita prolactin is also activated by serotonin and stimulating serotonergic systems and endogenous opioid peptides. Dopamine, navpaki, galmosensitizing prolactin from lactotrophs of the adenohypophysis. Stagnation of dopaminergic drugs in the type of parlodel (bromocriptine) allows successfully eliminating functional and organic hyperprolactinemia, which is a widespread cause of menstrual and ovulatory disorders.

The secretion of GnRH is genetically programmed and has a pulsating (circhoral) character, while the secretion of the hormone is trivial, the amount of quiline changes in 1-3-year intervals with apparently low secretory activity. The frequency and amplitude of the GnRH secretion regulate the level of estradiole - wikidi GnRH in the preovulatory period at the time of the maximum vision of the estradiole appear significantly higher, lower in the early follicular and luteal phases.

The third part of the regulation of reproductive function is the anterior part of the hypophysis, hormone hormones are secreted in the hormone hormones - follicle stimulating hormone, follytropin (FSH), lutein prolactin, adrenal hormone, thyroid hormone TTG). The normal functioning of the reproductive system can be deprived of a balanced vision of the skin from them.

FSH stimulates growth and maturation of follicles in ovary, proliferation of granulosa cells; education of FSH and LH receptors on granulosa cells; the activity of aromatases in the maturing follicle (the process of increasing the conversion of androgens to estrogen); production of inhibin, activin and insulin-like growth factor.

LH testing for the establishment of androgens in theca-cells; ovulation (spilno with FSH); remodeling of granulosa cells in the process of luteinization; synthesis of progesterone in the mouth.

Prolactin is nada iznomanitne diyu on the body of a woman. Its main biological role is the stimulation of the growth of lactic acidosis, the regulation of lactation, and also the control of the secretion of progesterone by promoting the activation of new receptors to LH. During the hour of vaginosity and lactation, inhibition of the synthesis of prolactin, as a result of growth in blood, is observed.

Until the fourth level of regulation of reproductive function, peripheral endocrine organisms (ovaries, supra-renal cells, thyroid gland) are introduced. The main role is to lay down the cells, and the main role is to identify the power-specific functions, instantly give rise to the normal functioning of the reproductive system.

Growth and maturation of follicles, ovulation, establishment of new body, synthesis of statotypic steroids are observed in the cells.

When populated in the yєchniks of the village, about 2 million primordial follicles are overbuilt. For an hour of menarche, 200-400 yews are available in the yєchniki. Primordial follicles. Stretching one menstrual cycle, it develops, as a rule, only one follicle per ovum in the middle. At the time of the dosage of a large number, you can have a generous vagina.

Foliculogenesis is repaired by the infusion of FSH in the middle of the lutein phase and the cycle and ends on the cob as the gonadotropin is seen. Approximately 1 day before the ear of the menstrual cycle, the FSH level rises again, so that the entry into growth, or the recruitment, follicles (1-4 days of the cycle), the selection of follicles from the cohort of the same family - follicle (8-12th day) and ovulation (13-15th day). As a result, a pre-ovulatory follicle is formed, and the sieve from the cohort entered the growth of follicles to develop atresia.

It is always from the stage of development and morphological signs that they see primordial, preantral, antral and preovulatory, or dominant, follicles.

The primordial follicle is stored from the immature ovule, the yak is grown in the follicular and granulosa (granular) epithelium. The name of the follicle of effusion is a semi-tissue sheath (teka-klitini). By stretching the skin menstrual cycle from 3 to 30 primordial follicles, they repair the growth, transforming into preantral (primary) follicles.

Preantral follicle. In the preantral follicle, ovocytes grow in size and drain off with a membrane called a blistering membrane (zona pellucida). Clitini of granulosa epithelium proliferate and become rounded, filling the granular ball of the follicle (stratum granulosum), and the ball of the theca fills in the navkolishny stroma.

The preovulatory (dominant) follicle is seen in the middle of growing follicles of the greatest size (diameter up to the moment of ovulation reaches 20 mm). The dominant follicle is less vascularized ball of theca-clitin and granulosa clitins with a large number of receptors up to FSH and LH. The order with the growth and development of the dominant preovulatory follicle in the ovaries, in parallel, the atresia of the other follicles entered the growing (recruited) follicles, and also the atresia of the primordial follicles.

For an hour of maturation in the preovulatory follicle, there is a 100-fold increase in the amount of follicular birth. In the process of maturation of antral follicles, the warehouse of the follicular origin changes.

The antral (secondary) follicle is conceived of emptying, determined to accumulate follicular origin, which is produced by cells of a granulosa ball. The activity of the adoption of statutory steroids at the same rate of growth. Androgens (androstendion and testosterone) are synthesized in theca-cells. Drinking granulosis in the cell, androgens actively receive aromatization, which will increase the conversion to estrogen.

At all stages of the development of the follicle, except for the preovulatory one, the change in progesterone is at a steady and apparently low level. Gonadotropin and prolactin in the follicular origin are even less, less in blood plasma, and the level of prolactin tends to decrease in the world of follicle dosage. FSH starts from the cob to form empty, and LH can only appear in the adult preovulatory follicle with progesterone. Oxytocin and vasopresin can also be taken away from the follicle, and in concentrations 30 times higher, lower in the blood, which may be indicative of muscle education of neuropeptides. Prostaglandines of classes E and F appear only in the preovulatory follicle and only when the ear is eaten by the level of LH, which depends on their direct results in the process of ovulation.

Ovulation is the development of the preovulatory (dominant) follicle and release of the ovum. Ovulation supravoluetsya bleeding from the blistered capillaries, so that the cells are soaked. Impressively, ovulation occurs in 24-36 years for a pre-ovulatory peak for estradiole, which is very fast for the secretion of LH. At the same time, proteolytic enzymes are activated - collagenase and plasmin, which help to destroy the collagen of the follicle and in such a way to change the disease. One hour, the adjustment of the concentration of prostaglandin F2a, as well as oxytocin, induction of follicle growth as a result of stimulation of fast smooth mucus and oocyte growth from the oocyte hump from the follicle emptying is determined. The growth of the follicle is also increased in a new concentration of prostaglandin E2 and relaxin, which will change the rigidity of its walls.

When the ovum is empty, it ovulates the follicle quickly, and the capillaries begin to grow. Eranular cells are susceptible to luteinization, morphologically they appear in the growing number of children and children. The Danish process, which leads to the establishment of the same body, is stimulated by LH, actively interacting with specific receptors of granulosa cells.

Zhovte tilo - transiently hormonally active education, which functions for 14 days right from the backward triviality of the menstrual cycle. As soon as the vagіtnіst did not come, zhovte tіlo regressu. It is less likely to develop only in phase, if in the preovulatory follicle there is an adequate number of granulosa cells viskim vm_stom LH receptors.

In addition to steroid hormones and inhibin, which can enter the bloodstream and may be infused into organisms, in the oysters, biologically active hormones are synthesized and biologically active from highly local hormone-like processes. So, approved prostaglandins, oxytocin and vasopressin play an important role in the quality of ovulation triggers. Oxytocin inhibit and luteolytic effect, preventing regression of body. Relaxin ovulation and nada tokoliticheskogo performance on myometry. Growth factor - epidermal growth factor (EFR) and insulin-like growth factor 1 and 2 (IPFR-1 and IPFR-2) activate the proliferation of granulosis cells and follicle dosage. These factors play a part in spilo with gonadotropins in fine regulation of the processes of selection of the dominant follicle, atresia degeneration of follicles in all stages, as well as in the increased function of the new body.

From receptors to state steroids in the central nervous system, in the structures of the hipocampus, which regulates the emotional sphere, as well as in the centers that control vegetative functions, to link the phenomenon of "menstrual sickness" in the day to overwhelm menstruation. The Danish phenomenon manifests itself in unbalancing the processes of activation and galvanizing in the bark, in the tone of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems (it is especially useful to infuse into the function of the heart-vascular system), as well as in a snake mood for several days. In healthy women, there are changes, protests, do not go over physiological boundaries.

The concepts of regulation of reproductive functions are sensitive to the number of levels of steroids in the internal and external reproductive systems (uterus, uterine tubes, mucous membranes), as well as young. Most cyclic changes are displayed in the endometrics.

Cyclic changes in the endometrium are located on the surface of the ball, which is stored in compact epithelial cells, as well as industrial cells, which take place before the hour of menstruation.

Basal ball, do not open before the hour of menstruation, without the need to renew desquamated balls.

According to the changes in the endometrial cycle, the proliferation phase, the secretion phase and the bleeding phase (menstruation) are seen.

The proliferation phase (follicular) is trivial in the middle 12-14 days, starting from the 5th day of the cycle. At the same time, a new surface ball with twisted pipe-shaped valleys, covered with cylindrical epithelium with increased mitotic activity. The size of the functional ball endometer should be 8 mm.

The secretion phase (luteal) is tied to the activity of the same body, for 14 days (± 1 day). At the end of the period, the endometrium eradicates the secretion of viral secretions, revenge the acids of glucosamines, glucoproteins, glucogen.

The activity of the secretion grows up to 20-21 days. Until the end of an hour, the maximum number of proteolytic enzymes appears in the endometrium, and decidual reincarnation occurs in the stroma. The growth of vascularization of the stroma is indicated - the spinal arteries of rapid development, they form "tangles", which appear in the whole functional sphere. Venirozshirenі. Such changes in the endometrium, which are indicated on the 20-22nd day (6-8th day of ovulation) of the 28-day menstrual cycle, will not be able to get a better mind for implantation of delayed egg production.

Until the 24th-27th day, in connection with the cob regression of the new body and the decrease in the concentration of hormones, the endometrial trophism will break down due to the incremental growths in the new degenerative snakes. In the surface of a compact ball, lacunar expansion of the capillary and blood into the stroma is indicated, which can be done for 1 add. before the ear of menstruation.

Menstruation includes desquamation and regeneration of the functional ball endometrium. An ear of menstruation is a trivial spasm of arteries, which can lead to blood stasis and thrombus setting. Kosty, I saw leukocytes in lysosomal proteolytic enzymes to melt tissue elements. As a result of the trivial spasm of the sudin, the paretic expansion of the blood comes along. At the same time, it means the growth of a hydrostatic grip in the microcirculatory channel and the development of the vessels of the vessels, which until one hour in the world consume their mechanical virtue. The desquamation of necrotic functional ball boxes is active on most of them. Until the end of the 1st day of menstruation, 2/3 of the functional ball will be traded, and again, the desquamation will end on the 3rd day.

Endometrial regeneration should be repaired immediately by sending a necrotic functional ball. In physiological minds, on the 4th day of the cycle, the entire wound surface of the mucous membrane appears to be epithelized.

It has been established that the induction of the receptors to eestradiole, so that the concentration of progesterone in the tissues of eestradiole is to be found.

The regulation of muscle concentration to estradiole and progesterone is mediated in the great world by the appearance of enzymes in the course of the menstrual cycle. The zmist of estrogens in the endometrium is not only in the blood, but in the knowledge. Endometrial women are able to synthesize estrogen with the help of the reintroduction of androstenedion and testosterone for the participation of aromatase (aromatization).

The rest of the hour was established that the endometrial secretion and prolactin were identical to those of the hypophyseal. The synthesis of prolactin endometrium is to be repaired in the other half of the lutein phase (activated by progesterone) and to get rid of the decidualization of stromal cells.

The cycle of activity of the reproductive system is based on the principles of direct and vortexing, which will take care of specific receptors for hormones in the skin. Direct connection of the polyagus in the stimulating action of the hypothalamus on the hypophysis and in the given steroids in the egg. The zvorotn_y zv'yazyk vyshtovaa

At the same time, the lanks of the reproductive system develop "dovgu", "short" and "ultra-short" loops. "Dovga" loop - infusion through the receptor of the hypothalamic hypophyseal system to the viroblast of the state hormones. The "short" loop is the origin of the links between the hypophysis and the hypothalamus. The "ultrashort" loop is a link between the hypothalamus and nerve cells, which is responsible for local regulation behind additional neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, neuromodulators and electrical stimuli.

In the body of the state of mind, the non-safe woman sees the correct repetition of foldable changes, prepares the body to the point of vaginosity. It is biologically important that rhythmically repeated changes are called the menstrual cycle.

The triviality of the menstrual cycle is good. Most women have a cycle of 28-30 days, some of them speed up to 21 days, and women start growing up, for which a 35-day cycle is meant. It is necessary to remember that menstruation does not mean the ear, but the end of the physiological processes, menstruation to indicate the extinguishing of the processes that prepare the body for vaginosity, about the death of the unhealthy egg. At the same time, the menstrual vision of blood є the best way, remembering the manifestation of cyclical processes, it is practical to manually fix the cycle from the first day of the last menstruation.

Rhythmically repeated changes during the menstrual cycle occur in all organisms. Before menstruation, women are more prone to dullness, drowsiness and drowsiness, as they change during menstruation when they see bad growth and strength. Before menstruation, there is also an increase in tendon reflexes, a slight increase in frequency and heart rate, an increase in arterial pressure, an increase in temperature by ten degrees. From the hour of menstruation, the pulse of the trocha is increasing, arterial vise and the temperature drops. During menstruation, all the phenomena are known. Cyclical changes occur in milky vines. In the premenstrual period, the deyake is encouraged to increase the amount of money, spontaneously, and sometimes sensitiveness. During the menstrual period, the phenomenon is known. With a normal menstrual cycle, changes in nervous systems vidbuvajutsya in the boundaries of physiological kolivan and does not lower the praise of women.

Reagulation of the menstrual cycle. In the regulation of the menstrual cycle, five lanoks can be seen: cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, hypophysis, ovaries, uterus. The cerebral cortex pushed nerves to the hypothalamus. Hypothalamus viroblya neuro - hormones, such as boules, are called releasing factors or liberins. Smell in your heart nadaut diyu on gipofiz. The gipofizi have two parts: front and back. The rear part accumulates the hormone oxytocin and vasopresin, which is synthesized in the hypothalamus. In the anterior lobe of the hypophysis, a number of hormones are established, including hormones that activate the activity of the cells. The hormones of the anterior lobe of the hypophysis, which stimulate the function of the ovary, are called gonadotropic (gonadotropin).

In hypophysis, three hormones are violated, which are on the ovary: 1) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH); it stimulates the growth and dosage of follicles in the ovary, as well as the establishment of follicular (estrogenic) hormone;

2) luteinizing hormone (LH), which is the development of the same body and setting in the new hormone progesterone;

3) lactogenic (luteotropic) hormone - prolactin, progesterone production in the presence of LH.

CRIM FSH, LTG, LH of gonadotropins, TSH is produced in the anterior lobe of the hypophysis, which stimulates the thyroid gland to the robot; STH is a hormone for growth, when it does not develop dwarfism, with excess - hygantism; ACTH, I stimulate the robot supra-nirkovy.

There are two types of secretion of gonadotropic hormones: subtle (consistently seen at a low level) and cyclic (increased in the singing phase of the menstrual cycle). The increase in FSH vision is promoted to the ear of the cycle, especially in the middle of the cycle, up to the hour of ovulation. The increase in the secretion of LH is spared to occur immediately before ovulation and in the period of development of the same body.

egg cycle ... Gonadotropic hormones are absorbed by receptors (of a protein nature) in the ovary. From there flowing into the egg, rhythmically repeated changes are generated, as they pass through three phases:

a) follicle development - follicle phase, from the 1st to the 14th - 15th day of the menstrual cycle with a 28-day menstrual cycle;

b) ripening of a ripe follicle - ovulation phase, On the 14-15th day of the menstrual cycle; In the phase of ovulation, there is a release of the adult egg from the follicle, which is growing.

c) development of zhovtoy tila - luteal phase, from day 15 to day 28 of the menstrual cycle;

In the yarn, in the follicular phase viroblyaєtsya estrogenic hormones, they see a fraction of fractions: estradiol, estron, estril. Naybіlsha activity of estradіol, wine in the main inflow on the change, the power of the menstrual cycle.

In the luteine ​​phase(Growth of the young tila), on the follicle, when it grows new, the inner secretion is even more important - chew tilo (corpus luteum), which produces the hormone progesterone. The process of progressive development of the same wood is carried out at a 28-day cycle lasting 14 days and borrows another half of the cycle - from ovulation to the Chergov menstruation. If the vagina does not come, then from the 28th day the cycle will be repaired by the rapid development of the same body. At the same time, the bend of the lutein cells, the desolation of the vessels and the growth of the resulting tissue are seen. At the bag on the back of the body there is a scar - more tilo, which also has a scar. Zhovte tilo establish itself with the skin menstrual cycle; as long as the stay is not insistent, it is called the chewing til of menstruation.

Uterine cycle. Under the infusion of hormones from the egg, which is established in the follicles and the more so, the cyclical changes in the tone, the anxiety and blood circulation of the uterus are detected. However, the most cyclical changes are promoted by the functional ball of endometry. The uterine cycle, so yak and yachnikovy itself, is trivial 28 days (before 21 or 30-35 days). At the new level, such phases are: a) desquamation;

b) regeneration; c) proliferation; d) secretion.

desquamation phase to be manifested by menstrual blood vision, trivializing 3 -7 days; tse vlasne menstruation. The functional ball of the mucous membrane collapses, trades, and appears at once through the space of the uterine corpuscles and blood from the critical vessels. The phase of desquamation endometrium is formed by the cob of bending of the wood into the egg-bed.

regeneration phase The (renewal) mucous membrane should be repaired again in the period of desquamation and will end before the 5th - 7th day of the ear of menstruation. The renewal of the functional ball of the mucous membrane is shown to grow over the growth of the food in the surplus of the balls, which have grown in the basal ball, and the proliferation of the other elements of the ball (stroma, judgment, nerves).

proliferation phase Endometriosis is taken from the dosage of the follicle in the egg and trivial until the 14th day of the cycle (with the 21-day cycle up to the 10-11th day). Injection of estrogenic (follicular) hormone the proliferation (growth) of the stroma and the growth of the mucous endometrium are observed. Zalozi vityaguyutsya in dozhinu, then corkscrew-like zvivayutsya, ale secret not to revenge. The sudin line grows, the number of spinal arteries grows. The mucous membrane of the uterus is to be shown in the whole period in 4-5 times.

secretion phase Get started with the development and distribution of the same til in the bank and three days from the 14-15th day until the 28th, i.e. until the end of the cycle.

Pid injected progesterone in the mucous membranes of the uterus, there is an important and important transformation. Zapyut mend viroblyat the secret, the empty ones will expand. Glucoproteins, glucogen, phosphorus, calcium, microelements and іnshі words appear in mucous membranes. As a result of the significant changes in the mucous membrane, the mind is formed, friendly for the development of the embryo. As soon as the visit doesn’t come, it’s just a funktional ball endometriya, which is a phase of secretion, to trade, menstruation.

The assigned cyclic changes are repeated through the correct intervals for an hour, extending the status of the woman's maturity. The pinning of cyclical processes is connected with such physiological processes, such as the vagina and the year of breastfeeding. Disruption of the menstrual cycle is spontaneous in case of pathological minds (important, mental illness, disagreement, etc.).

Lecture: articles of hormones WOMEN І CHOLOVIKI, ЇХ BIOLOGICHNA ROLE.

In the yєchniki, statues of hormones are established - estrogen, androgen, vyroblyayutsya cells of the inner shell of the follicle, progesterone- chew til. The growth of estrogen is more active (estradiol and estron, or folliculin) and less active (estriol). Due to the chemical structure, estrogen is close to hormones of the same body, cortical speech of the adrenal and human hormones. All the stench in the base may be steroids and come from the buds of the wives.

Estrogenic hormones.

Estrogen is transferred to steroid hormones. Ovaries produce 17 mg for estrogen-estrogen-estradiol. Most of them are seen in the middle of the menstrual cycle (before ovulation), the least - on the cob and in the middle of the menstrual cycle. Before menstruation, the amount of estrogen in the blood drops sharply.

Throughout the cycle, the ovaries circulate about 10 mg of estrogen.

Diya of estrogens on the body of a woman:

1. During the period of the statutory dosage of estrogenic hormones, the growth and development of the uterus, pituitary, and secondary statues of organs appear, as well as the appearance of secondary statutory signs.
2. During the period of maturity, estrogenic hormones undergo regeneration and proliferation of cells of the mucous membrane of the uterus.

3. Estrogen to increase the tone of the muscles of the uterus, to increase the alertness and sensitivity to words, to speed up the uterus.

4. During the hour of vaginosity, estrogenic hormones will prevent the growth of the uterus, overwhelm the nervous system.

5. Estrogen viklikayut ear of patrimonial activity.

6. Estrogen for the development and function of milk vines.

Correcting from the 13-14th term of vaginosity, estrogenic function of taking care of the placenta. With a lack of viral estrogens, the primary weakness of flat activity is more likely to occur, as it is negatively recognized at the mother's bed, especially at the intrauterine fetus, as well as at the newly born fetus. The stench is poured into the rivn and the exchange of calcium in the matrix, as well as the water exchange, so that the woman's mass, tied with the change in the wake of the menstrual cycle, turns into cyclic colds. With the introduction of small and medium doses of estrogens, the organism's opacity increases to infectious diseases.

In this hour, the promiscuity of the release of advanced estrogen preparations: estradiole propionate, estradiole benzoate, estron (folliculin), estriol (Sinestrol), diethylstilbestrol, diethylstilbestrol propionate, dienestrol acetate, demestrol, acrofollin, hogival, ethinylestradiol, microfollin and in.

Records, building neutralization and blocking of specific diets of estrogenic drugs, are called antiestrogens... Before them, androgen and gestagen are referred to.

Chapter 2. neuroendocrine regulation of the menstrual cycle

Menstrual cycle - genetically determined, cyclically repeating changes in the body of a woman, especially in the lanks of the reproductive system, are a key manifestation of how blood is seen from statues of shorts (menstruation).

The menstrual cycle rises during menarche (first menstruation) and is saved during the reproductive (pre-menstrual) period of a woman's life before menopause (last menstruation). Cyclic changes in the organism of a woman are directed towards the possibility of growing offspring and have a two-phase nature: the 1st (follicular) phase of the cycle starts with the growth and dosage of the follicle and egg production, the production of eggs in eggs The 2nd (luteal) phase is tied to the statements of the same body. One hour, in a cyclic mode, the last changes in the endometrium are seen: regeneration and proliferation of the functional ball, so that the secretory transformation of the lobes changes. The changes in the endometrium end with the desquamation of the functional ball (menstruation).

Biological changes, which occur during the menstrual cycle in the ovaries and endometries, in the safe reproductive function for the maturation of the ovum, during the maturity and implantation. As soon as the delay of the egg does not get lost, the functional ball of the endometrium is traded, the blood vision appears from the paths, and in the reproductive system it is new and in the same process, after it is lost

menstruation - no repetition with the singing intervals of blood vision of the state of the way through the span of the reproductive period, including the vagina and lactation. Menstruation is repaired in the end of the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle as a result of the development of a functional ball of endometry. persistent menstruation (Menarhe) winikak u vіtsі 10-12 rokіv. Stretching the onset of 1-1.5 years of menstruation can be irregular, otherwise a regular menstrual cycle will arise.

The first day of menstruation is cleverly taken for the 1st day of the menstrual cycle, and the triviality of the cycle is rooted as an interval between the first days of the two onset, one at one menstruation.

Name parameters of the normal menstrual cycle:

Triviality - from 21 to 35 days (for 60% of women, the average cycle becomes 28 days);

The triviality of menstrual vision - from 3 to 7 days;

The amount of blood loss in menstrual days is 40-60 ml (in the middle

The processes that prevent the normal overrun of the menstrual cycle are regulated by a single functionally linked neuroendocrine system, including the central (integrating) visualization, peripheral (effector) structures, and so on

The function of the reproductive system is ensured by the strictly genetically programmed interconnection of five basic conditions, the skin is regulated by the establishment of food structures according to the principle of direct and vortex, positive and negative interaction (Fig. 2.1).

First (see) rivnem regulation reproductive system є cerebral cortex і extrapothalamic cerebral structures

(Limbic system, hipocampus, migraine is similar). Adequate central nervous system will ensure normal functioning of all lower lanks of the reproductive system. The development of organic and functional changes in the cortex and in the inferior structures can lead to damage to the menstrual cycle. It is good to see the possibility of menstruation in case of severe stress (loss of loved ones, in the wartime, etc.), for without obvious symptoms in case of mental neurological problems ("pacification of the vagina of the menstrual period" - ).

Specific neurons of the brain will receive information about the machine of both the name and the inner middle. internal injection to seek help for specific receptors to steroid hormones in the testicles (estrogen, progesterone, androgen), which is located in the central nervous system. Synthesis, visualization and metabolism are caused by the infusion of factors of the most recent middle stage on the cerebral cortex and extrapothalamic structures. neurotransmіterіvі neuropeptides. In their own cherga, neuro-transmutation and neuropeptides are injected into the synthesis and vision of hormones in the neurosecretory nuclei of the hypothalamus.

To those who have found neurotransmitters, that is, norepinephrine-transmitting nerve impulses, norepinephrine, dopamine, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), acetylcholine, serotonin and melatonin. Norepinephrine, acetylcholine and GABA stimulate the vikid of gonadotropic releasing hormone (GnRH) by the hypothalamus. Dopamine and serotonin decrease the frequency and decrease the amplitude of GnRH viroblasting throughout the menstrual cycle.

neuropeptides(Endogenous opioid peptides, neuropeptide Y, ha-Lanin) also take part in the regulation of the function of the reproductive system. Opioid peptides (endorphin, enkephalin, dinorphin), which interact with opiate receptors, induce the synthesis of GnRH in hypothalamus.

Small. 2.1. Hormonal regulation in the systems of hypothalamus - hypophysis - peripheral endocrinology - organisms (scheme): RG - releasing hormones; TSH - thyroid stimulating hormone; ACTH - adrenocoticotropic hormone; FSH - follicle-stimulating hormone; LH - luteinizing hormone; PRL - prolactin; P - progesterone; E - estrogen; A - androgens; R is relaxin; I - Ingi-bin; T 4 - thyroxine, ADH - antidiuretic hormone (vasopresin)

other rіvnem regulation of reproductive function є hypothalamus. Uninvolved on small sizes, hypothalamus takes part in the regulation of behavioral behavior, control over vegetative-vascular reactions, body temperature and vital vital functions of the body.

Hypophisotropic zone of the hypothalamus It is represented by groups of neurons that store neurosecretory nuclei: ventromedial, dorsomedial, arcuate, supraoptic, paraventricular. Cyclinic cells are susceptible to the power of both neurons (generating electrical impulses), as well as endocrine cells, which vibrate specific neurosecretory for diametrically opposing effects (libre and statin). Li-Berina, abo releasing factor, stimulate the sound of the related tropical hormones in the anterior lobe of the hypophysis. statini nadajut ін-gіbіrue dіu on іх vіdіlennya. In the Danish hour, seven liberins, by their nature, are decapeptide: thyreoliberin, corticoliberin, somatoliberin, melanoliberin, folliberin, lyuliberin, prolactoliberin, and also three statins: melanostatin, somatoliberin, somatoliberin

Lyuliberin, luteinizing hormone (RHLH), visions, syntheses and reports. Vidіliti and synthesize fol-lіculostіmulіruvіy releasing hormone to the present hour is not far. However, it has been established that RHLH and its synthetic analogs stimulate the vision of gonadotrophin not only LH, but FSH. One term for gonadotropic liberins is adopted for the linkage of cysts - "gonadotropin-releasing hormone" (GnRH), according to the day, it is synonymous with luliberin (RHLH).

The main secretion of GnRH is arcuate, supraoptic and para-ventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus. Arcuate nuclei create a secretory signal with a frequency of approximately 1 pulse in 1-3 hours, tobto pulsating abo circchoral regime (circhoral- about a year). The cytoplasm may change the amplitude and periodically increase the rate of GnRH through the portal system of blood flow to the clitin adenohypophysis. Regardless of the frequency and amplitude of the GnRH pulses in the adenohypophysis, the secretion of LH is taken over, or FSH, which, in its own right, the morphological and secretory changes in the ovaries.

The hypothalamic-hypophyseal region is especially special for the sudinn, which is called portal system. A special feature of the given vessel is the possibility of transferring information from both the hypothalamus to the hypophysis and backward (from the hypophysis to the hypothalamus).

The regulation of prolactin vision in the big world is to be found a hundred times in flux. Dophamine, which is established in hypothalamus, is a galmosensitisation of prolactin from lactotrophs of the adenohypophysis. Increased secretion of prolactin is taken with thyreoliberin, as well as serotonin and endogenous opioid peptides.

In addition to liberins and statins, two hormones are produced in the hypothalamus (supraoptic and para-ventricular nuclei): oxytocin and vasopress-syn (antidiuretic hormone). Granules, to avenge hormones, migrate from the hypothalamus along the axons of large neurons and accumulate in the posterior part of the hypophysis (neurohypophysis).

third rivnem regulation of reproductive function є hypophysis, it is stored in the front, rear and industrial (middle) parts. Without a mediation before the regulation of the reproductive function of the anterior part (adenohypophysis) ... Under the infusion of the hypothalamus in the adenohypophysis, gonadotropic hormones are secreted - FSH (abo follitropin), LH (abo lutropin), prolactin (PRL), ACTH, somatotropic (STH) and thyrotropic (TSH) hormones The normal functioning of the reproductive system can be deprived of a balanced vision of the skin from them.

Gonadotropic hormones (FSH, LH) of the anterior lobe of the hypophysis are found under the control of GnRH, which stimulates the secretion and vivility in the bloodstream. The pulsating nature of the secretion of FSH, LH є a lot of "direct signals" from the hypothalamus. The frequency and amplitude of impulses in the GnRH secretion vary in the amount of accumulation during the phases of the menstrual cycle and in the infusion on the concentration and rate of FSH / LH in blood plasma.

FSH stimulyuє in yaєchniku ​​zrostannya folіkulіv i dozrіvannya yaytseklіtini, prolіferatsіyu granulosa klіtin, utvorennya FSH, LH i retseptorіv on poverhnі granuloznih klіtin, aktivnіst aromatase in the ripening follicle (tse pіdsilyuє konversіyu androgenіv in estrogeni) produktsіyu іngіbі-on, i іnsulіnopodіbny activin-like growth factor.

LH sprays androgens into the cell, preventing ovulation (spilo from FSH), stimulating the synthesis of progesterone in lutein-derived cells of granulosis (also called) during ovulation.

Prolactin is nada iznomanitne diyu on the body of a woman. Yogo main biological role - stimulation of the growth of lactic acidosis, regulation of lactation; It also has a fat-mobilizing and hypotensive effect, good control of the secretion of progesterone by a slow way of activating the awareness of new receptors to LH. After an hour of vaginosis and lactation, prolactin in the blood grows. Hy-perprolactinemia is to cause the growth and maturation of follicles in the ovary to the impaired growth (anovulation).

Posterior part of the hypophysis (neurohypophysis) not endocrine zalose, but deprived of the deposition of hormones of the hypothalamus (oxytocin and vasopresin), which are found in the organisms in the viglyadi complex.

ychnyi admit until the fourth rivnya the regulation of the reproductive system and the identification of two main functions. Cyclical growth and ripening of follicles, ripening of ovules, so that generative functions are developed, as well as the synthesis of state steroids (estrogen, androgenic functions - progesterone) are observed in the cells.

The main morphofunctional unit of the ovary є follicle. With the populace in the dwellers of the village, there are about 2 million primordial follicles. The main part of the mass (99%) stretching out life is given to atresia (vortex development of follicles). Only a small part of it (300-400) go through a new cycle of development - from the primordial to the pre-developmental process in the fake living room. For an hour of menarche, 200-400 yews are available in the yєchniki. Primordial follicles.

The egg cycle consists of two phases: follicular and lutein. follicular phase to repair during menstruation, tied to growth

і follicle maturity and ovulation end. luteal phase Loan progression of ovulation until the ear of menstruation is tied to the adoption, development and regression of the same body, cells that secrete progesterone.

Fallen from the stage of maturity see chotiri types of follicles: primordial, primary (preantral), secondary (antral) and vision (preovulatory, dominant) (Fig. 2.2).

Small. 2.2. Budova yachnik (diagram). The stage of development of the dominant follicle and the same body: 1 - ligation of the egg; 2 - bilkovo shell; 3 - judges of the yachnik (kintseva gilka yachnikova artery and veni); 4 - primordial follicle; 5 - preantral follicle; 6 - antral follicle; 7 - preovulatory follicle; 8 - ovulation; 9 - zhovte tilo; 10 - bile tilo; 11 - oocyte (oocyte); 12 - basal membrane; 13 - follicular ridina; 14 - egg-bearing hump; 15 - teka-obolonka; 16 - blisky shell; 17 - granular cells

primordial follicle to be stored from the immature oocyte (oocyte) in the prophase of the 2nd meiotic subtype, the yak is soaked with one ball of granulosa cells.

V preantral (primary) follicle the oocyte grows in size. Clitini of granulosa epithelium proliferate and become rounded, making a granular ball of the follicle. From the navkolishny stroma, a connector-nonwoven sheath is formed - theca (Theca).

Antral (secondary) follicle characterized by further growths: three-fold proliferation of granulosa globules, which produce follicular growths. To pretend to be the origin of the egg to the periphery, to the granular ball, the egg-bearing hump (Cumulus oophorus). The semi-tissue follicle of the follicle is clearly differentiated to the outer and inner sides. Internal shell (The-ca interna) store in 2-4 sharіv kіtin. zovnishnya obolonka (Theca externa) to grow over the interior and is represented by a differentiated semi-tissue stroma.

V preovulatory (dominant) follicle ovum, yak perebuva on the oviparous hump, covered with a membrane, called a blistering shell (Zona pellucida). In the oocytes of the dominant follicle, the process of meiosis will be renewed. For an hour of ripening in the preovulatory follicle, there is a storaze of the follicular line (the diameter of the follicle reaches 20 mm) (Fig. 2.3).

By stretching the skin menstrual cycle from 3 to 30 primordial follicles, they repair the growth, transforming into preantral (primary) follicles. At the onset of the menstrual cycle, follicle-logenesis is difficult and only one follicle develops from preantral to preovulatory. In the process of follicle growth from preantral to antral

Small. 2.3. Dominant follicle in the yєchnik. laparoscopy

granulosa cells are synthesized by anti-Muller hormone, which is a type of development. Reshta have joined the development of follicles to atresia (degeneration).

ovulation - the release of the preovulatory (dominant) follicle and exit from the ovum into the empty cell. Ovulation is accompanied by bleeding from the blistered capillaries, so that the cells are oiled (Fig. 2.4).

When the ovum goes out into the empty follicle, it quickly grows into capillaries. Granular cells grow lute-nizational, morphologically appear in the growing society and the illumination of the young inclusions - to form zhovte tilo(Fig. 2.5).

Small. 2.4. Ovulation follicle. laparoscopy

Small. 2.5. Zhovte tilo yachnik. laparoscopy

Zhovte tilo - transiently hormonally active education, which functions for 14 days just across the backward triviality of the menstrual cycle. As soon as the stay didn’t come, it’s just regressing, when it’s late, it’s functioning right up to the placenta (12th day of vaginosity).

Hormonal function of cells

Growth, ripening of follicles in the eggs and the establishment of the same body is supervised by the production of hormones such as granulosa cells of the follicle, as well as cells of the internal technology and in the small world - the call Estrogen, progesterone and androgen are introduced to the state of steroid hormones. Cholesterol is a useful material for the coverage of all steroid hormones. Up to 90% of steroid hormones are found in a linked station, and only 10% of unrelated hormones produce a biological effect.

Estrogen is divided into three fractions due to their activity: estradiol, estril, estron. Estron - the naymensh is an active faction, is seen by the yєchiks mainly in the old period - in postmenopausal women; The most active fraction is eestradiole, it is significant in the present and in the preservation of vaginosity.

The number of hormones changes during the menstrual cycle. In the world of follicle growth, the synthesis of all statutory hormones, albeit more importantly estrogens, is increasing. During the period of ovulation and before the ear of menstruation, progesterone is synthesized in the ovaries, which can be seen as cells of the same body.

Androgens (androstendion and testosterone) are produced by follicle teccells and industrial cells. Їх рівень stretching the menstrual cycle does not change. Drinking granulosis in the celline, andro-geni are actively used for aromatization, which can lead to conversion into estrogen.

In addition to steroid hormones, ovaries see and are biologically active spores: prostaglandins, oxytocin, vasopresin, relaxin, epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IPFR-2). Vvazayut, that the factor of growth is the proliferation of clitin granulosis, the growth and maturation of the follicle, the selection of the dominant follicle.

In the process of ovulation, the important role is played by prostaglandins (F 2a and E 2), and also to take part in the follicular generation of proteolytic enzymes, collagenase, oxytocin, relaxin.

The cycle of the reproductive system It is based on the principles of a direct and vortex connection, as it takes into account specific receptors for hormones in the skin cells. Direct connection of the pole in the stimulatory action of the hypothalamus on the hypophysis and for the general introduction of steroids in the egg. The zvorotniy zv'yazyk viz. To begin with an increased concentration of statues of steroids on the growth of roztashovani pryvnі, blocking their activity.

In the interconnection of lanks of the reproductive system, they develop "dovgu", "short" and "ultrashort" loops. "Dovga" loop - infusion through the receptor of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal system for the release of state hormones. The "short" loop forms the links between the hypophysis and the hypothalamus, the "ultrashort" - the links between the hypothalamus and the nerve cells, which are triggered by the electrical stimuli for the release of the local neuromuscular regulators.

follicular phase

The pulsating secretion and vision of GnRH is produced to produce FSH and LH from the anterior lobe of the hypophysis. LH for the synthesis of androgenic cells in the follicle. FSH is infused into the oocyte cells and to produce up to the growth of the follicle and the maturation of the oocyte. At the same time, the FSH rin is increased by stimulating the production of estrogens in the granulosis cells by the aromatization of androgens, which is established in the follicle cell, as well as the secretion of inhibin and IPFR-1-2. Before ovulation, the number of receptors up to FSH and LH in cells of theca and granules is increased (Fig. 2.6).

ovulation to be observed in the middle of the menstrual cycle, after 12-24 years to reach an increase in estradiole, a decrease in the frequency and amplitude of the GnRH secretion and a sharp pre-ovulatory effect of the secretion of the lung of the "sound" type of positive sound. At the same time, proteolytic enzymes are activated - collagenase and plasmin, which help to destroy the collagen of the follicle and in such a way to change the disease. One hour, the adjustment of the concentration of prostaglandin F 2a, as well as oxytocin induction of the follicle as a result of their stimulation of the speed of smooth mucus and the growth of the oocyte from the oocyte hump from the follicle, is determined. The growth of the follicle is also increased in a new concentration of prostaglandin E2 and relaxin, which will change the rigidity of its walls.

luteal phase

Ovulation rates of LH decrease in terms of maturity to "ovulation peak". However, a number of LH is given to stimulate the process of luteinization of granulosa cells, which have become abundant in the follicles, and also change the secretion by assuming that progesterone is used. The maximum secretion of progesterone occurs on the 6th-8th day of the dying day, which is the 20th-22nd day of the menstrual cycle. Progressively, until the 28-30th day of the menstrual cycle, the level of progesterone, estrogen, LH and FSH will decrease, more and more regressively and replace with the resulting tissue (more tissue).

p'yaty rіven regulation of reproductive functions are sensitive to the amount of steroids of target organisms: uterus, uterine tubes, mucous membranes, as well as milk prickles, hair follicles, cysts, adipose tissue, central nervous system.

Steroid hormones of cells are injected into metabolic processes in organs and tissues, which may cause specific receptors. Ci receptor can be

Small. 2.6. Hormonal regulation of the menstrual cycle (scheme): a - changes in the level of hormones; b - snakes in the ychnik; в - changes in endometrics

both cytoplasmic and nuclear. The cytoplasmic receptor is strictly specific to estrogens, progesterone and testosterone. Steroids penetrate into target cells, interacting with specific receptors - for example, to estrogens, progesterone, testosterone. Having established the complex to come into the nucleus of the cell, de, z'ednuchis with chromatin, will prevent the synthesis of specific tissue proteins through the transcription of matrix RNA.

uterus to be stored from the last (serous) cover, myometry and endometrium. The endometrium is morphologically composed of two balls: basal and functional. Basal ball stretching through the menstrual cycle does not change. Functional ball endometry is known for structural and morphological changes, which are manifested in the last stages proliferation, secretion, desquamation from behind

regeneration. Cyclic secretion of state hormones (estrogens, progesterone) should be produced to two-phase changes in endometrium, directing it to the release of oocytes.

Cyclic changes in endometrics It is necessary to have this functional (surface) ball, which is stored from compact epithelial cells, which are brought up before the hour of menstruation. The basal ball, which cannot be extended during the whole period, will not allow the renewal of the functional ball.

In the endometrium during the menstrual cycle, such changes occur: desquamation and production of a functional ball, regeneration, proliferation phase and secretion phase.

Transformation of endometrium is taken from the infusion of steroid hormones: the phase of proliferation - before the change of estrogen, the phase of secretion - from the infusion of progesterone and estrogen.

proliferation phase(The growth of the follicular phase in the ovaries) is trivial in the middle 12-14 days, starting from the 5th day of the cycle. At the end of the period, a new surface ball with twisted tubular grooves, covered by cylindrical cells with increased mitotic activity, is established. The thickness of the functional ball endometer should be 8 mm (Fig. 2.7).

Secretion phase (luteal phase in ovaries) tied with the activity of the same body, trivial 14 ± 1 day. At the end of the period of the epithelium of the endometrium, the viral secretion is repaired, it is possible to take revenge on the acids of glucosaminoglycans, glucoproteins, and glucogen (Fig. 2.8).

Small. 2.7. Endometrial at the proliferation phase (middle stage). Loading with hematoxylin and eosin, × 200. Photo by O.V. Zayratyants

Small. 2.8. Endometrial at the secretion phase (middle stage). Filling with hematoxylin and eosin, × 200. Photo by O.V. Zayratyants

The activity of the secretion grows on the 20-21st day of the menstrual cycle. Until the end of an hour, the maximum number of proteolytic enzymes appears in the endometriosis, and decidual-ni re-development occurs in the stroma. The growth of vascularization of the stroma - the spinal artery of the functional ball of development, is important, it sets up "tangles", veins of expansion. Such changes in the endometrium, which are indicated on the 20-22nd day (6-8th day of ovulation) of the 28-day menstrual cycle, will not be able to get a better mind for implantation of delayed egg production.

Until the 24th-27th day, in connection with the cob regression of the new body and the decrease in concentration, the trophism of endometrial progesterone is seen to deteriorate, and degenerative snakes are gradually growing in a new way. From the granular stroma endometrial cells, granules are seen, which are relaxin, and the menstrual mucous membrane is prepared. In the surface of a compact ball, there are lacunar enlargements of the capillaries and blood in the stroma, which can occur in 1 addition to the ear of menstruation.

menstruation including desquamation, processing and regeneration of the functional ball endometriosis. In connection with the regression of the same body and the sharp decrease in the amount of steroids in the endometry of the growth of hypoxia. An ear of menstruation is a trivial spasm of arteries, which can lead to blood stasis and thrombus setting. Hypoxia tissue (tissue acidosis) is increased by the penetration of endothelium, lamellae of the blisters, the number of other hemophilia and massive leuko-

central information. Most importantly, I saw leukocytes in lysosomal proteolytic enzymes for melting tissue elements. As a result of the trivial spasm of the sudin, the paretic expansion of the blood comes along. At the same time, it means the growth of a hydrostatic vise in the microcirculatory channel and the development of the vessels of the vessels, which until one hour in the world consume the mechanics. At the same time, the desquamation of necroticized versions of the functional ball of endometry is active. Until the end of the 1st day of the menstrual cycle, 2/3 of the functional ball is traded, and on the second day of the menstrual cycle, you must end it on the 3rd day of the menstrual cycle.

Endometrial regeneration is repaired immediately by sending a necrotic functional ball. The basis for the regeneration of the epithelial cells of the stroma of the basal ball. In physiological minds, on the 4th day of the cycle, the entire wound surface of the mucous membrane appears to be epithelized. I know how to go through the cycle of endometrial changes - phases of proliferation and secretion.

Last changes during the cycle in the endometrium - proliferation, secretion and menstruation - not only from the cyclical number of steroids in the blood, but from the tissue receptors to hormones.

The concentration of nuclear receptors in the endometrium increases until the middle of the cycle, reaching the end of the endometrial proliferation phase. As a result of ovulation, there is a decrease in the concentration of nuclear receptors in the etidiole, which is triple to the secretory phase, if its expression is lower, lower on the cob to the cycle.

functional mill uterine tubes variability in fallowness during the phase of the menstrual cycle. So, in the lutein phase of the cycle, the vital apparatus of the instantaneous diet is activated, and the rapid activity of the meat ball, which is directed to the optimal transport of the gametes into the empty space of the uterus.

Zmini in extragenital organs-targets

All articles of hormones do not only start functional changes in the reproductive system itself, but they actively infuse into exchange processes in other organs and tissues, but they can deplete receptors to the state of steroids.

In children, injected with estradiole and testosterone, the synthesis of collagen is activated, which leads to an increase in elasticity. Increased sebum, acne, follicle, porosity of the skin and overwhelming hair growth in the growth of androgenic conditions.

In cysts estrogen, progesterone and androgen develop normal remodeling, alternating cyst resorption. The balance of state steroids is injected into the metabolism and growth of adipose tissue in the female organism.

With the infusion of state hormones on the receptor in the central nervous system and structures of the hipocampus, the changes in the emotional spheres and vegetative ones are tied

the reaction of a woman in the day, how to overdue menstruation, is the phenomenon of "menstrual sickness". The whole phenomenon manifests itself in unbalanced processes of activation and galvanization in the cerebral cortex, sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems (especially infused into the heart-vascular system). Significant manifestations of those who are given to serve as a spirit and gratitude. Healthy women do not go outside the boundaries of physiological cordons.

Infusion of thyroid gland and supranircus glands on reproductive function

Thyroid gland viroblyaє two iodaminic acid hormones - triiodothyronin (T 3) and thyroxine (T4), which are the most important regulators of metabolism, development and differentiation of all tissues of the body, especially thyroxine. Thyroid hormones can be used to inflate the blood-synthetic function of the liver, stimulating the globulin, which triggers the steroid status. The goal is to be on the balance of healthy (active) and growing steroids of the egg (estrogens, androgens).

When T 3 and T 4 are unstable, the secretion of thyreoliberin is increased, activating not depriving thyrotrophs, ale and lactotrophies of hypophysis, but not too often the cause of hyperprolactinemia. At the same time, the secretion of LH and FSH decreases with the follicular and steroidogenesis in the ovaries.

Growth of the level of T 3 and T 4 supervises a significant increase in the concentration of globulin, which involves the use of hormones in the liver and leads to a decrease in the significant fraction of estrogens. Hypoestrogenism, in its own right, to produce follicles to the end of the ripening.

Nadnirniki. In the norm of the production of androgens - androstenedione and testosterone - in the supra-nirkovy vines appear the same as in the ovaries. The nadnirniki see the statement of DGEA and DGEA-S, while in the oleaginous androgen it is practically impossible to synthesize. DHEA-S, which is secreted in the most (in some cases, supra-nirkovy androgens), has a relatively low androgenic activity and serves as a kind of reserve form of androgens. Written Chechnya androgens are the order of the androgens of ovarian growth as a substrate for extragonadal estrogen production.

Assessment of the reproductive system and the results of functional diagnostics tests

There is a lot of rock in the gynecological practice, so called to test the functional diagnostics of the reproductive system. The value of tsikh to finish up the simple ones has been preserved until the present hour. The most frequent changes in the basal temperature, the assessment of the phenomenon of "zinitsi" and stagnation (crystallization, stretching), as well as the reduction of the temperature of the basal temperature (CPI,%)

Small. 2.9. Test of functional diagnostics for biphasic menstrual cycle

Basal temperature test Progesterone storage (in the increased concentration) without infusion to the center of thermoregulation in the hypothalamus. When progesterone is injected into the 2nd (lutein) phase of the menstrual cycle, a transient hyperthermic reaction occurs.

The patient will be able to measure the temperature in the rectum of the virus, not getting up from the lid. The results are displayed graphically. With a normal biphasic menstrual cycle, the basal temperature in the 1st (follicular) phase of the menstrual cycle does not change 37 ° C, in the 2nd (luteal) phase, an increase in the rectal temperature by 0.4-0.8 ° C is indicated in some cases. ... On the day of menstruation, for 1 to add a corncob to the egg, it will regress, the level of progesterone will change, and the basal temperature will drop to extreme values.

A persistent two-phase cycle (basal temperature is required for 2-3 menstrual cycles) to indicate ovulation, as well as functional potency of the same body. The daily temperature in the 2nd phase of the cycle depends on the duration of the ovulation (anovulation); For the first time, it’s short (increased temperature for 2-7 days) or lack of food (by 0.2-0.3 ° C) - on the incomplete function of the same body, so that there is a lack of viroblasting progesterone. Hybnopositive result (an increase in basal temperature when the day is out) is good with hospitals and chronic infections, with some changes in the central nervous system, which are supervised by an increased malaise.

Symptom "zinitsi" a number of and stan- dard secretions are shown in the canal of the uterine cervix, which lie in the form of estrogenic organisms. The phenomenon of "zinitsi" sowing on the extended zovnіshny zіvu of the cervical canal through accumulation in a new prognostication obstetric mucosa and to assess when looking at the shyki of the uterus behind the additional dirkal. Falling as the swelling of the symptom "zinitsi" evaluate for three steps: +, ++, +++.

The synthesis of cervical slime during the 1st phase of the menstrual cycle grows to a maximum without an average before ovulation, which is associated with the progressive growth of estrogen in the Danish period. At the preovulatory day of the enlargement of the openings, the canal of the cervix of the uterus has a nagadu zinitsyu (+++). In the 2nd phase of the menstrual cycle, the number of estrogens changes, progesterone is more importantly circulated in the ovaries, so the amount of mucus changes (+), and before the menstruation and it’s during the day (-). The test can be vikoristovuvati with pathological changes in the cervix.

Symptom of crystallization of cervical lysis(Phenomenon of "papules") When the maximum bends are hanging before the hour of ovulation, at the time of crystallization, it gradually changes, and before the menstrual period it is high. Crystallization of the slime, hanging in the evening, can also be evaluated in balls (from 1 to 3).

Slime tightness symptom directly proportional to the level of estrogens in the female organism. To carry out a test with a forceps, twist the mucus in the canal, twist the jaws to the instrument, and tighten the feet (see, on the mucus, "rip"). Optimally, a cervical slime (up to 10-12 cm) is introduced during the period of the greatest concentration of estrogens - in the middle of the menstrual cycle, when ovulation occurs.

On mucus, it can negatively inflate ignition processes in the body organs, as well as damage to the hormonal balance.

karyopiknoticheskiy index(KPI). Before the inflow of estrogen is seen proliferation of clines of the basal ball of the bagatosharovy flat epithelium, in conjunction with which in the surface sphere a number of keratinizing (seemingly) clams are growing. The first stage of the bend of the cell is the wrinkle of the nucleus (karyopycnosis). KPI - the price of the ratio of the number of cells from the picnotic nucleus (tobto keratinizing) to the backward number of epithelial cells in the smear, which is rotated in the vine. On the ear of the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, the KPI becomes 20-40%, in the preovulatory days it moves up to 80-88%, which is associated with progressive changes in estrogen. In the lutein phase of the cycle, the estrogen level decreases, and the KPI decreases to 20-25%. In such a rank, the number of spinal cells in the smears of the mucous membrane of the past allows one to judge about the abundance of organisms by estrogens.

In the given hour, especially in the extracorporeal prenatal program (EKZ), follicle dosage, ovulation and approval of the same body, start with a dynamic SPL.

Control food

1. Describe a normal menstrual cycle.

2. Introduce equal regulation of the menstrual cycle.

3. Overreach the principle of direct and buzzing sound.

4. What changes are seen in the ovaries during the normal menstrual cycle?

5. What changes are seen in the mother during the normal menstrual cycle?

6. Name the test of functional diagnostics.

Gynecology: doctor / B. І. Baisova і ін .; ed ed. G. M. Savel'voi, V. G. Breusenko. - 4th ed., Revised. і add. - 2011 .-- 432 p. : Ill.

The list is very fast:

ADH - antidiuretic hormone
ACTH - corticoliberin
Arg-Gn - agonist releasing hormone gonadotropin
LH - luteinizing hormone
OP - hydroxyprogesterone
RG-Gn - releasing hormone of gonadotropin
STH - somatoliberin
SEF - the endothelial growth factor
TSH - thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyroliberin)
FSH - follicle stimulating hormone
FFR - Fibroplastic growth factor

Normal menstrual cycle

menstruation- the blood-borne vision of the women’s state of affairs, periodically due to the development of the functional ball of endometrium in the end of the biphasic menstrual cycle.

The complex of cyclical processes, as they occur in the female organism and the processes of menstruation, are called the menstrual cycle. Menstruation is to be repaired as a reaction to the replacement of steroids produced by the egg workers.

The triviality of the menstrual cycle in the active reproductive period of a woman becomes in the middle 28 days. The triviality of the cycle from 21 to 35 days is normal. Great advances are spared before the hour of state maturation and climax, which can be a manifestation of the third anovulation, which can occur at the most frequent hour.

Name the menstrual period from 3 to 7 days, the amount of blood, which is consumed insignificantly. Uko-Rochen abo podovzhennya menstrual bleeding, as well as the appearance of minuscule abnormal menstruation can be a manifestation of a number of gynecological ailments.

Characteristics of a normal menstrual cycle:

Triviality: 28 ± 7 days;

The triviality of menstrual bleeding: 4 ± 2 days;

Blood loss during menstruation: 20-60 ml * ;

Average watt rate: 16 mg

* 95 healthy women consume less than 60 ml of blood with cutaneous menstruation. Blood loss of more than 60-80 ml will decrease due to the decrease in hemoglobin, hematocrit and syrovatosis.

Physiology of menstrual bleeding:

Bezposredno before menstruation develop spasm of spasm of spinal arterioles. For dilatation of spinal arterioles, menstrual bleeding is repaired. A collection of platelet adhesion in the vessels of the endometrium is attributed, ale, due to the transudation of blood, when the blood clots are sealed with internal vascular thrombi, which are stored with thrombocytes and fibroids. After 20 years, after the ear of menstruation, if the endometrium is already large, a swirling spasm of spinal arterioles develops, for which hemostasis is reached. Endometrial regeneration will be repaired in 36 years after the onset of menstruation, unaffected by those who have not yet finished the endometriosis.

Regulation of the menstrual cycle by a folding neurohumoral mechanism, which will support the participation of 5 main regulatory lanes. They are referred to: cerebral cortex, cerebral cortex, podkirkovy centri (hypothalamus), hypophyses, statues, peripheral organisms and tissues (uterus, uterine tubes, pichva, milk pricks, hair follicles, cysts), adipose tissue. I will continue to call them organ-targets, detecting receptors, sensitive to hormones, such as viroblasts through the menstrual cycle. Cytosol receptors are cytoplasmic receptors that can be specific to estradiole, progesterone, testosterone, at that time, nuclear receptors can be acceptors of such molecules, such as insulin, glucagon, aminopeptide.

Receptors for the state hormones are found in the structures of the reproductive system, as well as in the central nervous systems, shkiri, fatty tissue. knitted fabric and milk salmon. The strong molecule of the steroid hormone will be consumed by a specific cytosol receptor of the protein nature, so that the complex is translocated into the cell nucleus. In the nucleus there is a vinikova complex with a nuclear protein receptor; the whole complex links with chromatin, which regulates the transcription of mRNA, which takes part in the synthesis of a specific tissue protein. An internal mediator is a cyclic adenosine monophosphoric acid (cAMP) that regulates metabolism in cells of tissue targets, depending on the needs of the body in response to hormone injection. The main mass of steroid hormones (close to 80% are in the blood and transported in tied vigels. The sterocytes can be viewed as a free buffer system, controlling the access of steroids to the receptors of the target cells.

Cyclic functional changes, which are seen in the body of women, it is cleverly possible to distribute changes in the systems of hypothalamus-hypophysis-cells (cell cycle) and matrices (in the first place in the shell).

The order of the cym, as a rule, is caused by cyclic destruction in all organs and systems of the woman, spine, in the central nervous system, heart-vascular systems, thermoregulation systems, metabolic processes, etc.

hypothalamus

The hypothalamus is a part of the brain, it is tied over the green cross and the bottom of the third louse is fixed. The whole of the old and the stable component of the central nervous system, the backbone of the organization, which changed little in the process of the evolution of people. Structurally and functionally hypothalamus of dressings with hypophysis. There are three hypothalamic regions: anterior, posterior and intermediate. The skin area is approved by nuclei - the purchased bodies of neurons of the singing type.

Krim hypophysis hypothalamus is infused into the limbic system (migraine, hipocampus), thalamus, misst. Appointments are also directly or indirectly infused into the hypothalamus.

Hypothalamus secretes lyberini and statini. The whole process of regulating hormones, such as three loops of a ringing sound: dovgu, short and ultra-short. Dovg the ring of the ringing ring will make the circulating hormones circulate, which will ring with the receptors in the hypothalamus, short: hormones of adenohypophysis, ultrashort: lyberini and statin. Liberin and statin regulate the activity of adenohypophysis. Gonadoliberin stimulates the secretion of LH and FSH, corticoliberin - ACTH, somatoliberin (STH), tiroliberin (TSH). In addition to liberins and statins, the antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin are synthesized in the hypothalamus. The hormones are transported to the neurohypophysis, the stars are consumed at the roof.

On the view of the capillaries of the other areas of the brain of the capillary, the funnel of the hypothalamus is fenestrated. The stench itself makes the first capillary fringe gateway systems.

In the 70-80s, pp. Bula Vikonana series of experimental robots on maws, which allowed the development of the function of neurosecretory structures of the hypothalamus in primates and grisons. In primates and humans arcuate, the nucleus of the mediobasal hypothalamus is one of the most common insight and vision of RG-LH, which is indicative of the gonadotropic function of the hypophysis. The secretion of RH-LH is genetically programmed to appear in a singing pulsating rhythm with a frequency of approximately once a year. Tsey rhythm otrimav naming zirchoralny (sentry). The region of the arcuate nuclei of the hypothalamus is called the arcuate oscillator. The circhoral nature of the RG-LH secretion is confirmed by a path of direct visibility of it in the blood of the portal system and of the hypophysis and the jugular vein in the mawp and in the blood of females with an ovulatory cycle.

hormones of the hypothalamus

LH releasing hormone has been seen, synthesized and reported. Vidіliti and synthesize follіberіn until the present hour is not far. RG-LH and its synthetic analogs may be able to stimulate the appearance of LH and FSH by the anterior part of the hypophysis, thus, in the given hour of taking one term for hypothalamic gonadotropic liberins - releasing hormone gonadotropin.

Gonadoliberin stimulates the secretion of FSH and LH. Tse decapeptide, secreted by neurons of the funnel nucleus. Gonadoliberin is not secreted permanently, but in an impulse mode. Vіn duzhe shvidko ruinua with proteases (the period napіvіvіynovanomu become 2-4 min), that thіth impulses is guilty of regularity. Frequency and amplitude of gonadoliberin wikis fluctuate with the duration of the menstrual cycle. For the follicular phase, the characteristic part of the colony is a small amplitude of the level of gonadoliberin in the blood. Until the end of the follicular phase, the frequency and the amplitude are growing, and then the lutein phase decreases.

hipophiz

In hypophysis, there are two parts: anterior - adenohypophysis and posterior - neurohypophysis. Niy-hornypophysis is a neurogenic activity and is an extension of the hypothalamus funnel. Neuropathy with blood from the lower hypophyseal arteries. Adenohypophysis grows from the echoderm of Ratko's intestine, which is why it is stored from the salty epithelium and not a direct link with the hypothalamus. Synthesized in hypothalamus liberini and statini are used in adenohypophysis through a special portal system. The blood flow of the adenohypophysis was mostly dying. The blood in the gate system of the cross-over comes through the upper hypophyseal arteries. In the area of ​​the funnel of the hypothalamus, the stinks establish the primary capillary boundary of the gate system, from which the gates are formed, which enter the adenohypophysis and give an ear of the second capillary hedge. A spirited flow of blood through the gate system. The peculiarities of blood flow and the appearance of the hematoencephalic bar in the area of ​​the funnel of the hypothalamus will prevent bilateral ligaments between the hypothalamus and the hypophysis. It is usually caused by hematoxylin and eosin secretory cells of adenohypophysis to chromophilic (acidophilic) and basophilic (chromophobic). Acidophilic cells secrete STH and prolactin, basophilic - FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH

hormones, hypophysis

In the adenohypophysis, STH, prolactin, FSH, LH, TSH and ACTH are established. FSH and LH regulate the secretion of statovih hormones, TSH - secretion of thyroid hormones, ACTH - secretion of hormones from measles supra-nyx. STH stimulates growth, volodyne anabolic activity. Prolactin stimulates the growth of lactic acidosis for an hour without a break and lactation for a bed.

LH and FSH are synthesized by gonadotropic cells of adenohypophysis and play an important role in the development of ovarian follicles. For the structure, it is referred to the glucoprotein. FSH stimulates follicle growth, proliferation of granulosa cells, induction of LH receptors on the surface of granulosa cells. When injected FSH grows instead of aromatases in the maturing follicle. LH stimulates the adoption of androgens (alternatives to estrogens) in theca-cells, and stimulates the synthesis of progesterone in luteinized cells of granulosis to ovulate the follicle.

The secretion of LH and FSH is not valid and is modulated by ovarian hormones, especially estro-genes and progesterone.

In such a rank, the low level of estrogen is necessary to drive the effect on LH, in that case it is a high stimulus for hypochondria. In the middle of the follicular phase, the level of syrovatous estrogens can reach the high, positive effect of a vocal ring to start, so that a pre-ovulatory peak of LH is approved. I, navpaki, during the therapy with combined contraceptives, the level of estrogens in the syrovatz blood is located in the boundaries, which causes a negative vortex ring, which leads to a decrease in the gonadotropin.

The mechanism of a positive ringing tone is produced before the adjustment in the receptors of the concentration and production of the RG-Gn.

Against the estrogen effect, a low level of progesterone can be positively influenced by the reaction of the vocal ring to the secretion of LH and FSH by hipophys. This should be done before ovulation and to produce FSH wikid. A high level of progesterone, which is indicated in the lutein phase, changes in the hypophyseal production of gonadotropins. A small amount of progesterone stimulates vi-free gonadotropin on the basis of hypophysis. The negative effect of the vocal connection to progesterone is manifested by a shift in the decrease in the response of the RG-Gn and the decrease in sensitivity to the RG-Gn on the level of hypophysis. The positive effect of the ringing sound of progesterone appears on the hypophysis and includes in itself sensitivity to WG-Gn. Estrogen and progesterone are not the only hormones, which are injected into the secretion of gonadotropin by hypophysis. The same effect of the hormones inhibin and active. Inhibin induces the secretion of hipophyseal FSH, activates stimulates it.

prolactin- the whole polypeptide, which is stored from 198 amino acid surpluses, is synthesized by lactotropic adenohypophysis cells. The secretion of prolactin is controlled by dopamine. Wine is synthesized in the hypothalamus and the secretion of prolactin. Prolactin is nada iznomanitne diyu on the body of a woman. Its main biological role is the growth of lactic acidosis and regulation of lactation. Wine Volodya is also a fat-mobilizing effect and nadaє hypotensive effect. Increased prolactin secretion є one z common reasons bezplіddya, so as to increase the level of blood in the blood, steroidogenesis in the ovaries and the development of follicles.

oxytocin- a peptide that can be stored in 9 amino acid surpluses. Vin is established in the neurons of the large-cell part of the paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus. The main targets of oxytocin in humans are to serve as smooth uterine cells and myepithelial cells of lactic acidosis.

antidiuretic hormone(ADH) is a peptide that can be stored in 9 amino acid surpluses. It is synthesized in the neurons of the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus. The main function of ADH is the regulation of BCC, AT, osmolality of plasmas.

egg cycle

In the ovaries, there are three phases of the menstrual cycle:

1. follicular phase;
2. ovulation;
3. luteal phase.

Follicular phase:

One of the main moments of the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle is the development of ovum. The egg of a woman is a collapsible organ that can be stored in a bag of components, as a result of the interaction of which steroid hormones are secreted, and the egg is ready before the delay of the ovum at the end of the cycle.

steroidogenesis

Hormonal activity from the preantral to perovulatory follicle is described as the theory of "two cells, two gonadotropins". Steroidogenesis occurs in two follicle cells: in the current and granulosa cells. In theca-cells, LH stimulates the androgen production of cholesterol. In granulosa cells, FSH stimulates the transformation of androgens into estrogen (aromatization). In addition to the effect of FSH aromatization, it is itself considered for the proliferation of granulosa clitins. I would like to see the mediators in the development of the foliage of the yogurt, the theory is the main one for the Nimann processes that go into the follicles of the yogurt. It was revealed that for a normal cycle with sufficient amount of estrogen, hormone offense is necessary.

The development of androgens in the follicles can regulate the development of the preantral follicle. Low level of androgens due to the process of aromatization, more and more growth of estrogens, and navpaki, high - galmuє process of aromatization and cyclic follicle atresia. The balance of FSH and LH is necessary for early follicle development. The optimal wash for the cob stage is follicle development є low level of LH and high FSH, which is less on the cob of the menstrual cycle. Yakscho Rivn LH is high, teka-clytini vibrate a great number of androgens, and thrive atresia of follicles.

Vibir of the dominant follicle

Growth of the follicle of supernatant secretion of steroid hormones with the addition of LH and FSH. Tsi gonadotropin capture a group of preantral follicles from atresia. However, in the norm, only one of the follicles develops to preovulatory, which later becomes dominant and becomes dominant.

Dominant follicle in the middle follicular phase є the most and most blame in the jug. Already in the first days of the menstrual cycle, the diameter is 2 mm and it lasts 14 days until the moment of ovulation increases in the middle to 21 mm. For Tsey hour vіdbuvaєtsya 100x zbіlshennya obsyagu folіkulyarnoї rіdini, Quantity vistilayut bazalnumembranu klіtin granulozi zbіlshuєtsya 0,5h10 of 6 to 50h10 6. Taqiy folіkul Got nayvischu aromatizuyut aktivnіst i nayvischu kontsentratsіyu іndukovanih retseptorіv FSH to LH that domіnuyuchy folіkul vidіlyaє nayvischu Quantity estradіolu i inhibin. Dali inhibin generates the synthesis of androgens injected with LH, which is a substrate for the synthesis of estradiole.

On the basis of the level of FSH, which in the world of increasing the concentration of estradiol is reduced, the level of LH is produced in growth (in low concentrations, estradiol is halmic in the secretion of LH). Same trivial estrogenic stimulation ready ovulatory peak of LH. At the same time, the preparation of the dominant follicle before ovulation is taken from the cycle: from the muscular dose of estrogen and FSH on granular cells, a number of LH receptors grow. Wikid LH to produce until ovulation, the establishment of a new body and an increase in the secretion of progesterone. Ovulation will take place in 10-12 years for a peak in LH, or in 32-35 years for an ear of corn for the first time. Only one follicle ovulates.

For an hour, the choice of follicle level of FSH will decrease in response to a negative effect due to estrogen, that is, the dominant follicle is dinym, which progresses its development with a falling level of FSH

Yєchnikovy-hypophyseal vocalizations є res-shu in case of vibration of the dominant follicle and in the development of atresia of the follicles.

Inhibin i activin

Growth and development of egg production, the function of the same type of development is observed in the case of interrelated autologous and paracountry mechanisms. It is necessary to take into account two follicular hormones, which play a significant role in steroidogenesis - inhibin and activin.

Inhibin is a peptide hormone, which is violated by granulosa cells of growing follicles, reducing the production of FSH. Moreover, it is infused into the synthesis of androgens in egg-nika. Inhibin is infused into foliculogenesis by an offensive rank: change FSH to such a level, when only dominant follicle develops.

Activin is a peptide hormone that is circulated in granulosa cells of follicles and hypochondriasis. For the data of the authors, activin also circulates through the placenta. Activation of the production of FSH by hypophysiosis, the process of linking FSH with granulosa cells.

Insulin-like growth factor

The insulin-like growth factor (IFR-1 and IFR-2) is synthesized in the liver in response to hormone growth and, possibly, in the granulosa cells of follicles, as paracrini-ni regulators. Before the ovulation change ІФР-1 і ІФР-2 in the follicular age, go for a drink of the increase in the number of the very age in dominant follicle... IFR-1 takes care of the process of estradiole synthesis. IFR-2 (epidermal) galmose synthesis of steroids in ovaries.

ovulation:

The ovulatory peak of LH should be produced to the food-grade concentration of prostaglandins and protease activity in follicles. The process of ovulation itself є breaking up the basal membrane of the dominant follicle and bleeding for an hour when the capillaries are squeezed out, so that theca-clitini can be tasted. Changes in the preovulatory follicle stage, which will prevent vitality and growth, are added to the infused collagenase enzyme; The main role is played by prostaglandins, too, to take place in the follicular origin, proteolytic enzymes, which are established in granulosa cells, oxytopin and relaxin. As a result, in the stage of the follicle, a small opening is established, through which the ovum is introduced. Bezposredni vimiri showed that the grip of the middle follicle before the hour of ovulation does not increase.

In the end of the follicular phase, FSH is injected onto the LH receptor in granulosa cells. Estrogen is a general viscous cofactor in the whole effect. In the world, the development of the dominant follicle of estrogen production grows. As a result, the amount of estrogens is increased to increase the secretion of LH hypophysis, and then it can be brought to a higher level. The addendum is seen more frequently (from the 8th to the 12th day of the cycle), then quickly (from the 12th day to the cycle). For an hour, LH activates luteinization of granulosa cells in the dominant follicle. In such a rank, the vision of progesterone is considered. Progesterone was given due to the effect of estrogens on the secretion of LH hypophysis, leading to an increase in the rate.

Ovulation lasts 36 years for an ear of LH. The registration of the LH wikid is one of the shortest methods, which is the start of ovulation and is carried out with an additional attachment "ovulation form".

Periovulatory peak of FSH, immediately, is seen as a result of a positive effect of progesterone. In addition to the admission of LH, FSH and estrogens, before the hour of ovulation, the increase in the level of serovate androgens is determined. Androgenism is seen as a result of the stimulating effect of LH on the theca-clitini, especially in the dominant follicles.

Increase in the place of androgens is injected into the hardening of the libido, pidtverzhuyuchi, so the period in women is the most fertile.

Rivn LH stimulates meiosis, for which spermatozoa are consumed in the ovum. When an oocyte is seen from the ovary in ovulation, a rupture of the follicle wall occurs. The rate is regulated by LH, FSH and progesterone, which stimulate the activity of proteolytic en-Zimov, such as plasminogenous activators (which see plasmin, stimulating activity of collagenase) and prostaglandins. Prostaglandins do not only increase the activity of proteolytic enzymes, but they do not even have an ignition-like reaction in the follicle and stimulate the activity of smooth muscles, which stimulates the output of the oocyte.

The importance of prostaglandins in the process of ovulation has been brought to light, as a decrease in the vision of prostaglandin can lead to oocyte absorption from the ovary during normal steroidogenesis (syndrome of not developing luteal follicularis). So, as SNLF is not a good reason, for women who want to start, it is recommended that they receive prostaglandin synthesized for the reason.

Luteal phase:

Budova zhovtogo tila

By sending the ovum from the ovary to the empty follicle, capillaries are quickly formed; granulosa cells are susceptible to luteinization: an increase in cytoplasm in them and the formation of lipid inclusions. Granulosa cells and tekocyti establish zhovte tilo - the main regulator of the lutein phase of the menstrual cycle. Clients, who have taken the follicle, accumulate the lipid and the new lutein pigment and repair the secretuvati progesterone, estradiol-2, inhibin. Poozhna pozhdenna fryzhna contributes to the proper hormones of the same body in the systemic bloodstream. Only in quiet drops, if in the preovulatory follicle an adequate number of granulosa cells with high LH receptors is established in the preovulatory follicle. The increase in the growth of the same body during ovulation is mainly due to the growth of the growth of granular cells, at that time, as the number of them does not increase through the daylight. In people, it’s not just progesterone, but eestradiol and androgen. Mechanisms of regression of the same body of vivchenia are insufficient. Seemingly, luteoliticheskim dієyu volodyut prostaglandini.

Small. Ultrasound picture of a "thick" yellow body with a vaginosity of 6 types. 4 days. Energetic kartvanny mode.

Hormonal regulation of the luteal phase

As soon as the journey does not come, there is an evolution of the new body. The whole process is regulated by the mechanism of a negative vocal link: hormones (progesterone and estradiol), secreted by the hormone, acting on the gonadotropic cells of the hypophysis, causing the secretion of FSH and LH. The secretion of FSH is also driven by inhibin. Reducing the level of FSH, as well as the miscellaneous diyu progesterone, the development of a group of primordial follicles.

Іsnuvannya zhovtogo tila lie in the level of secretion of LH. With this decrease, start in 12-16 days after ovulation, to see the evolution of the new body. On the yogo mіsci, it is bіle tіlo. Mechanism of involution of nevidomas. Shvidshe for everything, she is pummeled with parakrіnnimі injections. In the world of innovation, there is a decrease in estrogen and progesterone to increase the secretion of gonadotropic hormones. In the world of FSH and LH, a new group of follicles is being developed.

As a result of the delay, the development of the new body and the secretion of progesterone leads to the development of good chorionic gonadotropin. In such a rank, implantation of the embryo can lead to hormonal changes, which can help you to save yourself.

The triviality of the luteal phase in a large female is about 14 days old.

hormones

The folding process of steroid biosynthesis is completed by the introduction of estradiole, testosterone and progesterone. Steroid-producing tissue from eggs є cells of granulosis, whistling empty follicles, cells of the internal theca and in a meaningfully smaller world of stroma. Clitini granulosis and teka-clitini synergistically take part in the synthesis of estrogens, clitini of tecal shells, the head dzherel of androgens, as in insignificant number they take part in the stroma; progesterone is synthesized in theca-cells and granulosis cells.

In the ovary in the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, 60-100 mcg of estradiol (E2) is secreted, in the lutein phase - 270 mcg, before the time of ovulation - 400-900 mcg per supplement. Nearly 10% E2 is aromatized into the ovary for testosterone. The amount of estron, which is established in the early follicular phase, becomes 60-100 mcg, before the time of ovulation, the synthesis of its growth is up to 600 mcg per dobu. Only half of the amount of money for the estron to become a junkie. The other half is flavored in E2. Estril is an inactive metabolite of estradiol and estrone.

Progesterone is established in the ovary in a dose of 2 mg / day in the follicular phase and 25 mg / day in the lutein phase of the menstrual cycle. In the process of metabolism, progesterone in the egg is converted into 20-dehydroprogesterone, which is often associated with little biological activity.

In the eggplant, the following androgens are synthesized: androstenedione (an alternator of ti-stosterone) in a dose of 1.5 mg / day (the style of androstenedione is established in the supra-nirkovy loses). From androstenedione is established close to 0.15 mg of ti-stosterone, approximately the same number of it is established in supranirkovy vines.

A short look at the processes that are seen in the cellars

Follicular phase:

LH stimulates the production of androgens in theca-cells.

FSH stimulates estrogen production in granulosa cells.

Most follicles in the middle of the follicular phase become dominant.

To improve the understanding of estrogens and inhibin in the dominant follicle, according to the FSH vision by hypophysiosis.

Decrease of the level of FSH to the atresia of all follicles of the dominant one.

ovulation:

FSH іndukuє LH receptor.

Proteolytic enzymes in the follicles are produced until the oocyte is destroyed and the oocyte is developed.

Luteal phase:

Zhovte tilo set up from granulosa і teka-kіtin, so we were spared from ovulation.

Progesterone, which is seen as a positive hormone, is a dominant hormone. With the onset of vaginosity, luteolysis occurs after 14 days of ovulation.

uterine cycle

Endometries are stored in two balls: functional and basal. The functional ball changes its structure from the state of hormones, even though the vagina has not come, it starts trading before the hour of menstruation.

Proliferative phase:

On the cob of the menstrual cycle, vvazayut the 1st day of menstruation. After the end of the menstruation, the endometrium should be 1-2 mm. The endometrium is stored up to the bottom of the basal ball. Close the university, straight and short, with a low cylindrical epithelium, the cytoplasm of the cytoplasm of the cytoplasm of the cytoplasm of the cytoplasm is not growing. In the world of improvement, a functional ball is being formed: the endometries are prepared until the implantation of the embryo. Get in the air and get vibrant. The growing number of mitosis. In the world of proliferation, the height of the epithelial cells grows, and the epithelium itself is from a single-row old age until the moment of ovulation. The stroma was swollen and released, and the nuclei of the clitin and cytoplasm were swollen into them. Judge peacefully.

Secretory phase:

In the norm, ovulation occurs on the 14th day of the menstrual cycle. The secretory phase is characterized by a high level of estrogen and progesterone. However, as ovulation occurs, the number of estrogen receptors in endometrial cells decreases. The proliferation of endometrium is steadily galling, DNA synthesis is decreasing, the number of mitosis is decreasing. In such a rank, progesterone is added to the endometrium in the secretory phase.

In endometriosis gulls, there are vacuoles that regulate glucogen, which appear behind an additional SHIK-reaction. On the 16th day, the cycle of vacuoles is to reach great, є to all cells and to be found in nuclei. On the 17th day, the kernels, trapped by vacuoles, grow in the central part of the clitini. On the 18th day, vacuoles appear in the apical part, and the nuclei - in the basal part of the clitin, the glycogen is seen to enlighten the valleys with the path of the apocrine se-Cretu. Naykrashi for implantation start on the 6-7th day of ovulation, so on the 20-21st day of the cycle, if the secretory activity of the vines is maximum.

On the 21st day of the cycle, the decidual reaction of the stroma endometrium is repaired. The spinal arteries are quick to sound, more often than not, the stroma bulge is reduced, it can be seen clearly. Once again, there are decidual clientele, who step by step approve the purchase. On the 24th day of the purchase cycle, perivascular eosinophilic muffs are formed. On the 25th day, the island of decidual cells is set. Until the 26th day, the cycle of decidual reaction grows in the number of neutrophils, which migrate there from the blood. Neutrophilic infiltration is replaced by necrosis of the functional ball endometrium.

menstruation:

As the implantation is not vidbulasya, it ceases to produce a secret, but in the functional ball of endometrial degenerative changes are repaired. The best reason for this trade is a sharp decline in the amount of estradiole and progesterone as a result of the new energy trend. In the endometrium, the venous growth is decreasing and the enlargement of the vessels is increasing. The distance to the sound of arteries, to produce up to the ischemia and production of fabric and functional endometriosis. There is a possibility of bleeding from fragments of arterioles, which have become obscured in the basal ball of endometrium. Men-structure to creep in with sound arteries, endometries are renewed. In such a rank, bleeding in the vessels of the endometrium leads to hemostasis in other parts of the body.

As a rule, bleeding is caused by the purchase of platelets and the deposition of fibrin, which can lead to scarring. In endometrial scarring can lead to the loss of its functional activity (Asherman's syndrome). An alternative system to hemostasis is required for uniqnennya of cich inheritances. Rapid Sudin є by the mechanism of bleeding in the endometrium. With a complete scarring, it is minimized by fibrinolysis, such as ruined blood clots. After renewal of endometrium and establishment of new blood-bearing vessels (angiogenesis), bring the bleeding to completion for 5-7 days per ear of the menstrual cycle.

The infusion of estrogen and progesterone consumption during menstruation is clearly indicated, but the role of paramedical mediators is not clear. Vasoconstrictors: prostaglandin F2a, endothelium-1 and platelet-activating factor (TAF) can be carried out in the boundaries of endometrial and brotherly fate in fast-paced sudin. So the very stench of smelling the ear of menstruation and the little control over it. Tsi mediatori can be regulated by inflow of vascular dilating agents, such as prostaglandin E2, prostacyclin, nitrogen oxide, which are violated by endometrium. Prostaglandin F2a causes a decrease in the size of the vessel, due to the spasm of the arteries and the ischemia of the endometrium;

Renovation of endometrium includes glandular and stromal regeneration and angiogenesis. Sudden endothelial growth factor (SEF) і Fibroplastic growth factor (FGF) is found in endometrial and є strong angiogenesis agents. It has been revealed that estrogen-produced saline and stromal regeneration will be able to cope with the flow of epidermal growth officials (EFR). Such growth factors as a transformative growth factor (TFR) and interleukin, especially interleukin-1 (IL-1), may be of great importance.

A short look at the processes that are seen in the endometrics

menstruation:

The main role on the cob of menstruation is arteriol spasm.

Functional ball endometriya (top, which becomes 75% of the product) is traded.

Menstruation is prone to cramps and endometrial renewal. Fibrinoliz pereshkojaє approved spikes.

Proliferative phase:

It is characterized by inductive estrogens by proliferation of vines and stroma.

Secretory phase:

It is characterized by progesterone-induced secretion of secretions.

At the beginning of the secretory phase, decidualization is induced.

Decidualization is a non-gate process. With the onset of the vaginosity in the endometrium, apoptosis is observed with the further appearance of menstruation.

Already, the reproductive system is a supersystem, functionally overburdened by the vocal afferentation of the warehouse subsystems. Vidіlyayut: dvg the ring of the vortex ring between the hormones of the ovary and the nuclei of the hypothalamus; mіzh hormones ovary and hіpophіz; a short loop between the anterior lobe of the hypophysis and the hypothalamus; ultrashort mіzh RG-LH and neurocytes (nerve cells) of the hypothalamus.

The zvorotn_y zv'yazyk in a state-of-the-art woman has a negative, as well as a positive character. With the use of a negative link є strengthening the vision of LH by the anterior lobe of the hypophysis at a low level of eestradiole in the early follicular phase of the cycle. Applying a positive vocal link є wikid LH and FSH in response to the ovulatory maximum changes in estradiole in the blood. For the mechanism of a negative ringing sound, the RG-LH approval is improved with a decrease in the LH level in the cells of the anterior lobe of the hypophysis.

summary

Gonadoliberin is synthesized by the neurons of the funnel nucleus, then it is consumed in the portal system of the hypophysis, and it enters the heat-legs. Secretion of gonadoliberin is impulsive.

The early stage of development of a group of primordial follicles does not lie in FSH.

In the world of innovation, the secretion of progesterone and inhibin is decreasing and the level of FSH is increasing.

FSH stimulates growth and development of a group of primordial follicles and their secretion of estrogen.

Estrogen prepares the uterus before implantation, stimulating proliferation and differentiation of the functional ball endometrial and at the same time with FSH to develop follicles.

According to the two-cell theory of the synthesis of statovih hormones, LH stimulates the synthesis of androgens in the tech- nology, since then, when the FSH is injected, it is converted into estrogen in granulosa cells.

Concentration of the estradiole behind the mechanism of negative ringing, loop

how to get stuck in the hypophysis and hypothalamus, driving the secretion of FSH.

A follicle that will ovulate in a given menstrual cycle is called dominant. On the basis of some of the follicles, as growth has begun, there is not a large number of FSH receptors and the synthesis of a larger number of estrogens. Tse allows the youmu to develop, unaffected by the reduction of the FSH level.

Adequate estrogenic stimulation of the offensive stimulates the ovulatory peak of LH. Win, in his own heart, vicious ovulation, approval of the new body and secretion of progesterone.

The function of the zhovtoy tila is to deposit in the form of the LG. When you lower it, you just give up innovation. Call the price for the 12-16th day of ovulation.

As soon as the late period has arisen, when the new body is depressed, the hormonal gonadotrophin is normal. Zhovte tіlo prodovzhu secretuvati progesterone, necessary for the preservation of vagіtness in early terms.

The changes in the female organs of reproduction with more visions of a bloody character from the pichvy - the price and the menstrual cycle. Equal regulation of the menstrual cycle is not the same in young women, so it can be found in the individual organism.

The menstrual cycle does not arise all at once, but in a step-by-step manner; In most cases, the reproductive period will start at 12-13 years old and end at 45-50 years old. If the cycle is trivial, then it will be from 21 to 35 days. The triviality of menstruation itself is from three to seven days. Blood loss during menstruation is close to 50-150 ml.

Until today, the cerebral cortex has not yet been implanted. Aside from the remarks and confirmed the fact that mental and emotional experiences are strongly associated with the regularity of the people. Stress can be vicious as it is bleeding, as it is not for the graph, so it’s to catch up. However, there is a fallout, if the woman has suffered from an accident, but the scheme of the regularity of the cycle does not break down. In order to lay it down as an individual organism.

Today, according to the results of the bagatoh doslidzhen, the fahivtsi can be changed, the regulation of the cycle is distributed to the rivn, the five:

рівень 1

The regulation of the cycle is presented for the help of measles to the brain. Vona regulates not only the vision, but all the processes as a whole. For additional information, it is necessary to come from the latest light, to start the social camp. And also whether the change of the situation is tightly tied with the camp of the woman's psyche.

The walking of severe chronic stress strongly influences the appearance of ovulation and period. at negative injections zovnishnich officials, see changes in the menstrual cycle. Butt can be seen as amenorrhea, which is often found in women at the hour of the war.

рівень 2

Hypothalamus takes the fate of another equal regulation. Hypothalamus is called the suction of sensitive cells, which vibrate hormones (liberin, as well as the releasing factor). Smell nadayut diyu on viroblenya type of hormones, albeit the adenohypophysis. It is located in the anterior part of the hypophysis.

On activation of neurosecrets and other hormones viroblast, or galmuvannya strongly infused:

• neurotransmiter;
• endorphini;
• dopamine;
• serotonin;
• norepinephrine.

In the area of ​​hypothalamus, vasopresin, oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are actively violated. The stench vibrates with the posterior part of the hypophysis, called neurohypophysis.

рівень 3

Clinics of the anterior lobe of the hypophysis are actively taking part in the third level of regulation. In the tissues of the hypophysis, the number of gonadotropic hormones is violated. The stench stimulates the hormonal functions of the eggs to be correct. Hormonal regulation of the menstrual cycle - to reduce the folding process. They take their fate:

• Luteotropic hormones (responsible for the activation of the growth of milk vines, as well as lactation);
• luteinizing hormone (stimulates the development of mature follicles and eggs);
• hormones, which stimulate the development of follicles (with the help of growth and ripening follicles).

For viroblasting of gonadotropic hormonal ovaries, the appearance of the adenohypophysis. And the hormones are responsible for the correct work of the state organs.

рівень 4

The workers and the robots are admitted to the fourth level of regulation. Yak vіdomo, in the ovaries ripening and growing the maturity of ovulation (before the hour of ovulation). I also see the purging of hormones.

Through the follicle-stimulating hormone, the development in the ovaries of the head follicle is brought about with the onset of the ovum. FSH is a building block for stimulating estrogen, which is responsible for the processes in the mother, as well as for the correct operation of the milk production.

In the process of ovulation, the fate of luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones for the effective release of progesterone (Danium hormone is injected on the effectiveness of the new body).

Winning processes in yachniki are cyclically generated. Їх regulation of vines in vigyads of sounds (straight and animal) with hypothalamus and hypophysis. For example, if there is a level of FSH admissions, then the wine is maturing and growing of the follicle. Tse zbіlshu concentration of estrogens.

With accumulated progesterone, a decrease in LH viroblast is observed. Vibrating the female hormones for the help of the hypophysis and hypothalamus activates the processes that occur in the mother.

рівень 5

The concept of regulation of the menstrual cycle is the end of the cycle, taking the fate of the uterine tube, without the uterus, tube and tissue. Mothers have wicked snakes in case of hormonal infusion. The species can be seen in the endometrium itself, or all lie in the phase of the menstrual cycle. For the results of the bagatokh toddzhen, see the chotiri stages of the cycle:

• desquamation;
• regeneration;
• proliferation;
• secretion.

As a woman is a reproductive worm, then the sight of a month old is seen regularly. Menstruation, with normal minds, is generous, painless or with minor discomfort. If there is a triviality at a 28-day cycle, then it will take 3-5 days.

Phase of the menstrual cycle

When a female organism is inoculated, it has been brought to a new number of female and human hormones. The stench is called androgens. In the regulation of the menstrual cycle, the role of a woman's hormones is greater. The skin menstrual cycle is a process of preparation of the body to the potential for vaginosity.

There are several phases in the menstrual cycle of a woman:

persha phase

Before the first phase, carry out the follicular. Wait an hour to show the development of egg cells, with the old endometrical ball traded - this is how the month is repaired. At the moment of a fast uterus, there are painful symptoms in the lower part of the abdomen.

As a result of the peculiarities of the body, women may have a menstrual cycle in two days, and only a few days. At the first half of the cycle, the follicle develops in the ovaries, and in an hour the ovum is ready until the end of the oocyte. This process is called ovulation. Already, the phase is determined from 7 to 22 days. Tse lay down to the body.

In the first phase of ovulation, it is often from 7 to 21 days of the cycle. The eggs are recovered on the 14th day. Dal, egg cells move to the tubes of the uterus.

friend phase

The emergence of a new body is seen before the hour of another phase, like once in the post-ovulation period. A follicle, which bursting, will transform itself into the mouth, it will begin to circulate hormones, including progesterone. We are prompted for the availability and reception.

It’s just another phase to see the endometrium in the mother. This is how the preparation is carried out until the delayed eggs are taken. The upper ball zbagachutsya for the help of lively speeches. Call us, the hour of the phase is about 14 days (the first day of the day of ovulation is used). If the delay is not seen, then there is a vision - a month. So the preparation of endometries goes.

In most cases, the menstrual cycle is repaired on the first day of vision. For the reasons the menstrual cycle gets involved from the first day, you see a vision - until the first day of the coming months. With normal minds, the pattern of the menstrual cycle can be extended from 21 to 34 days.

When it comes to egg production and spermatozoa, it is a delay. The distance, the egg cells move closer to the wall of the uterus, where the endometrial ball is located, and it sticks to the new (growth). A fruit egg test is displayed. Pislya tsyogo, female organism To overdrive and repair the hormones in a great number, who are guilty of taking part in a free “vicious” menstrual cycle, stretching out the term of vaginosity.

For the help of natural hormonal involvement, the organism of maybutny mothers prepares to maybutnyh canopy.

Causes of Irregular Menstrual Cycle

The reasons why the woman's destruction of the millennials is vicious:

• use of hormonal drugs;
• accelerating the development of diseases of the organ organs (pukhlina of the eggs, uterine myoma, endometriosis);
• traces of sugar-coated diabetes;
• traces of abortions and mimic wikis;
• traces of chronic and state-of-the-art infectious pathologies, including infectious diseases, which are transmitted for additional information;

• firing the pelvic organs (endometritis, salpingo-oophoritis);
• in case of improper growth of spirales of the uterus;
• accelerated development of supporters of endocrine maladies, tied with a thyroid gland, supra-nirkovy;
• detection of frequent stressful situations, mental trauma, improper harassment;
• the destruction of all the middle of the yachnik (the stench is rattling and filled).

Destruction will be slow, everything will lie in the individual organism and its peculiarities.

Menstrual ligament with ovulation

The internal motorcylinders are covered with a special ball of keratin, which is called endometries. When passed the first half of the cycle, until ovulation is determined, the endometrial cells grow and spread, proliferate. For the first half of the cycle, the endometrical ball is ready for use. The uterine walls are prepared until the accumulated ovum is accepted.

After an hour of ovulation, the progesterone changes its functionality. The process of growing up of the delayed ovum - zygote - is the process for the client to adhere to and replace the vision of a special secret.

If the delay is not due to, but endometriosis is strong, then a large dose of progesterone is required. If a clitini does not get it, then the sound of the sudin will be repaired. When the fabric is lost, the stench comes out. Closer to the end of the cycle, 28 days - the judgment will burst, and there will be shelter. I will be able to see the endometrium from the empty uterus.

After 5-7 days, the vessels burst and new endometries appeared. Menstrual vision change and lean back. Everything is repeated - the chain of the offensive cycle.

Amenorrhea and manifest

Amenorrhea is good to appear during the day of the menstruation with a hand, or even more. Є two types of amenorrhea:

• pomilkov (most of the cyclical changes in the state of the system are seen, but there is no bleeding);
• True (supervising the daily cycle of changes is not only in the life of the system, but in the whole organism).

With pardon amenorrhea, blood is destroyed, in which case atresia can be manifested in new stages... Warehouse can be diagnosed with more foldable diseases.

For amenorrhea buvaє:

• pathological;
• physiological.

In case of primary pathological amenorrhea, there may be signs of menstruation at 16 or 17 years. In case of a secondary pathology, it is possible to see that the men have been pinned down in women, in which everything is in order.

Signs of physiological amenorrhea are more common among women. If during the day the activity of the systemic connection of the hypophysis-hypothalamus. Also, physical amenorrhea is more susceptible to pregnancy.

In the body of the state of mind, the non-safe woman sees the correct repetition of foldable changes, prepares the body to the point of vaginosity. It is biologically important that rhythmically repeated changes are called the menstrual cycle.

The triviality of the menstrual cycle is good. Most women have a cycle of 28-30 days, some of them speed up to 21 days, and women start growing up, for which a 35-day cycle is meant. It is necessary to remember that menstruation does not mean the ear, but the end of the physiological processes, menstruation to indicate the extinguishing of the processes that prepare the body for vaginosity, about the death of the unhealthy egg. At the same time, the menstrual vision of blood є the best way, remembering the manifestation of cyclical processes, it is practical to manually fix the cycle from the first day of the last menstruation.

Rhythmically repeated changes during the menstrual cycle occur in all organisms. Before menstruation, women are more prone to dullness, drowsiness and drowsiness, as they change during menstruation when they see bad growth and strength. Before menstruation, there is also an increase in tendon reflexes, a slight increase in frequency and heart rate, an increase in arterial pressure, an increase in temperature by ten degrees. From the hour of menstruation, the heart rate of the trocha increases, the arterial grip and the temperature of the trocha go down. During menstruation, all the phenomena are known. Cyclical changes occur in milky vines. In the premenstrual period, the deyake is encouraged to increase the amount of money, spontaneously, and sometimes sensitiveness. During the menstrual period, the phenomenon is known. With a normal menstrual cycle, changes in the nervous system occur in the boundaries of physiological colds and do not reduce the rate of return of women.

Reagulation of the menstrual cycle. In the regulation of the menstrual cycle, five lanoks can be seen: cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, hypophysis, ovaries, uterus. The cerebral cortex pushed nerves to the hypothalamus. Hypothalamus viroblya neuro - hormones, such as boules, are called releasing factors or liberins. Smell in your heart nadaut diyu on gipofiz. The gipofizi have two parts: front and back. The rear part accumulates the hormone oxytocin and vasopresin, which is synthesized in the hypothalamus. In the anterior lobe of the hypophysis, a number of hormones are established, including hormones that activate the activity of the cells. The hormones of the anterior lobe of the hypophysis, which stimulate the function of the ovary, are called gonadotropic (gonadotropin).

In hypophysis, three hormones are violated, which are on the ovary: 1) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH); it stimulates the growth and dosage of follicles in the ovary, as well as the establishment of follicular (estrogenic) hormone;

2) luteinizing hormone (LH), which is the development of the same body and setting in the new hormone progesterone;

3) lactogenic (luteotropic) hormone - prolactin, progesterone production in the presence of LH.

CRIM FSH, LTG, LH of gonadotropins, TSH is produced in the anterior lobe of the hypophysis, which stimulates the thyroid gland to the robot; STH is a hormone for growth, when it does not develop dwarfism, with excess - hygantism; ACTH, I stimulate the robot supra-nirkovy.

There are two types of secretion of gonadotropic hormones: subtle (consistently seen at a low level) and cyclic (increased in the singing phase of the menstrual cycle). The increase in FSH vision is promoted to the ear of the cycle, especially in the middle of the cycle, up to the hour of ovulation. The increase in the secretion of LH is spared to occur immediately before ovulation and in the period of development of the same body.

egg cycle ... Gonadotropic hormones are absorbed by receptors (of a protein nature) in the ovary. From there flowing into the egg, rhythmically repeated changes are generated, as they pass through three phases:

a) follicle development - follicle phase, from the 1st to the 14th - 15th day of the menstrual cycle with a 28-day menstrual cycle;

b) ripening of a ripe follicle - ovulation phase, On the 14-15th day of the menstrual cycle; In the phase of ovulation, there is a release of the adult egg from the follicle, which is growing.

c) development of zhovtoy tila - luteal phase, from day 15 to day 28 of the menstrual cycle;

In the yarn, in the follicular phase viroblyaєtsya estrogenic hormones, they see a fraction of fractions: estradiol, estron, estril. Naybіlsha activity of estradіol, wine in the main inflow on the change, the power of the menstrual cycle.

In the luteine ​​phase(Growth of the young tila), on the follicle, when it grows new, the inner secretion is even more important - chew tilo (corpus luteum), which produces the hormone progesterone. The process of progressive development of the same wood is carried out at a 28-day cycle lasting 14 days and borrows another half of the cycle - from ovulation to the Chergov menstruation. If the vagina does not come, then from the 28th day the cycle will be repaired by the rapid development of the same body. At the same time, the bend of the lutein cells, the desolation of the vessels and the growth of the resulting tissue are seen. At the bag on the back of the body there is a scar - more tilo, which also has a scar. Zhovte tilo establish itself with the skin menstrual cycle; as long as the stay is not insistent, it is called the chewing til of menstruation.

Uterine cycle. Under the infusion of hormones from the egg, which is established in the follicles and the more so, the cyclical changes in the tone, the anxiety and blood circulation of the uterus are detected. However, the most cyclical changes are promoted by the functional ball of endometry. The uterine cycle, so yak and yachnikovy itself, is trivial 28 days (before 21 or 30-35 days). At the new level, such phases are: a) desquamation;

b) regeneration; c) proliferation; d) secretion.

desquamation phase to be manifested by menstrual blood vision, trivializing 3 -7 days; tse vlasne menstruation. The functional ball of the mucous membrane collapses, trades, and appears at once through the space of the uterine corpuscles and blood from the critical vessels. The phase of desquamation endometrium is formed by the cob of bending of the wood into the egg-bed.

regeneration phase The (renewal) mucous membrane should be repaired again in the period of desquamation and will end before the 5th - 7th day of the ear of menstruation. The renewal of the functional ball of the mucous membrane is shown to grow over the growth of the food in the surplus of the balls, which have grown in the basal ball, and the proliferation of the other elements of the ball (stroma, judgment, nerves).

proliferation phase Endometriosis is taken from the dosage of the follicle in the egg and trivial until the 14th day of the cycle (with the 21-day cycle up to the 10-11th day). Injection of estrogenic (follicular) hormone the proliferation (growth) of the stroma and the growth of the mucous endometrium are observed. Zalozi vityaguyutsya in dozhinu, then corkscrew-like zvivayutsya, ale secret not to revenge. The sudin line grows, the number of spinal arteries grows. The mucous membrane of the uterus is to be shown in the whole period in 4-5 times.

secretion phase Get started with the development and distribution of the same til in the bank and three days from the 14-15th day until the 28th, i.e. until the end of the cycle.

Pid injected progesterone in the mucous membranes of the uterus, there is an important and important transformation. Zapyut mend viroblyat the secret, the empty ones will expand. Glucoproteins, glucogen, phosphorus, calcium, microelements and іnshі words appear in mucous membranes. As a result of the significant changes in the mucous membrane, the mind is formed, friendly for the development of the embryo. As soon as the visit doesn’t come, it’s just a funktional ball endometriya, which is a phase of secretion, to trade, menstruation.

The assigned cyclic changes are repeated through the correct intervals for an hour, extending the status of the woman's maturity. The pinning of cyclical processes is connected with such physiological processes, such as the vagina and the year of breastfeeding. Disruption of the menstrual cycle is spontaneous in case of pathological minds (important, mental illness, disagreement, etc.).

Lecture: articles of hormones WOMEN І CHOLOVIKI, ЇХ BIOLOGICHNA ROLE.

In the yєchniki, statues of hormones are established - estrogen, androgen, vyroblyayutsya cells of the inner shell of the follicle, progesterone- chew til. The growth of estrogen is more active (estradiol and estron, or folliculin) and less active (estriol). Due to the chemical structure, estrogen is close to hormones of the same body, cortical speech of the adrenal and human hormones. All the stench in the base may be steroids and come from the buds of the wives.

Estrogenic hormones.

Estrogen is transferred to steroid hormones. Ovaries produce 17 mg for estrogen-estrogen-estradiol. Most of them are seen in the middle of the menstrual cycle (before ovulation), the least - on the cob and in the middle of the menstrual cycle. Before menstruation, the amount of estrogen in the blood drops sharply.

Throughout the cycle, the ovaries circulate about 10 mg of estrogen.

Diya of estrogens on the body of a woman:

1. During the period of the statutory dosage of estrogenic hormones, the growth and development of the uterus, pituitary, and secondary statues of organs appear, as well as the appearance of secondary statutory signs.
2. During the period of maturity, estrogenic hormones undergo regeneration and proliferation of cells of the mucous membrane of the uterus.

3. Estrogen to increase the tone of the muscles of the uterus, to increase the alertness and sensitivity to words, to speed up the uterus.

4. During the hour of vaginosity, estrogenic hormones will prevent the growth of the uterus, overwhelm the nervous system.

5. Estrogen viklikayut ear of patrimonial activity.

6. Estrogen for the development and function of milk vines.

Correcting from the 13-14th term of vaginosity, estrogenic function of taking care of the placenta. With a lack of viral estrogens, the primary weakness of flat activity is more likely to occur, as it is negatively recognized at the mother's bed, especially at the intrauterine fetus, as well as at the newly born fetus. The stench is poured into the rivn and the exchange of calcium in the matrix, as well as the water exchange, so that the woman's mass, tied with the change in the wake of the menstrual cycle, turns into cyclic colds. With the introduction of small and medium doses of estrogens, the organism's opacity increases to infectious diseases.

In this hour, the promiscuity of the release of advanced estrogen preparations: estradiole propionate, estradiole benzoate, estron (folliculin), estriol (Sinestrol), diethylstilbestrol, diethylstilbestrol propionate, dienestrol acetate, demestrol, acrofollin, hogival, ethinylestradiol, microfollin and in.

Records, building neutralization and blocking of specific diets of estrogenic drugs, are called antiestrogens... Before them, androgen and gestagen are referred to.

Menstrual cycle- a whole complex of folding biological processes that are introduced into the body of a woman, which is characterized by cyclical changes in all lankas of the reproductive system and signs for the prevention of conception and development of vaginosity.

Menstruation is cyclic non-trivial uterine bleeding, As a result of the development of a functional ball endometrial in the end of the biphasic menstrual cycle. The first day of menstruation is taken for the first day of the menstrual cycle.

The triviality of the menstrual cycle becomes an hour between the first days of the two last menstrual periods, and it goes up in the norm from 21 to 36 days, in the middle - 28 days; triviality of menstruation - from 2 to 7 days; blood loss - 40-150 ml.

Physiology of the reproductive system of women

Neurohumoral regulation of the reproductive system is organized according to the іnrarchіchny principle. I see
Five pores, skin cells are regulated by the establishment of food structures behind the mechanism of the vortex ring: cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, hypophysis, testicles, uterus and tissue targets for hormonal hormones.

Bark of the brain

We look for the regulation of the cerebral cortex: specialization of neurons to recognize information about the state of the internal and external middle level, to transform it into neurohumo-ral signals, such as through the system of neurotransmutation in the neural network. The function of neurotransmitters is to detect biogenic amino-catechol-mini - dopamine and norepinephrine, indol - serotonin, and also opioid neuropeptides - endorphin and enkephalin.

Dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin help to control hypothalamic neurons that secrete gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH): dopamine generates GnRH secretion in arcuate nuclei, as well as adipocytes; norepinephrine regulates the transmission of impulses to the prebiotic nuclei of the hypothalamus and stimulates the ovulatory wikid of GnRH; serotonin control of cyclic secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH). Opioid peptides induce LH secretion, induce stimulating dopamine, and the antagonist, naloxone, viklikau rіvnya іvnya GnRH.

hypothalamus

The hypothalamus is one of the main devices for the brain to take part in the regulation of vegetative, visceral, trophic and neuroendocrine functions. The nuclei of the hypophysis-otropic zone and the hypothalamus (supraoptic, paraventricular, arcuate and ventromedial) vibrate a specific neurosecret, with diametrically opposed pharmacological effect: Releasing hormones, which release hormones of the pathways in the anterior lobe of the hypophysis and the state of the art, during the visualization.
In a given hour, there are 6 releasing hormones (RH): gonadotropic RH, thyrotropic RH, adrenocorticotropic RH, somatotropic RG, melanotropic RH, prolactin-RH and three statins: melanotropic inhibitory hormone, somatot-
Rin inhibiting hormone, prolactin-inhibiting hormone.
GnRH vivilnyaє into the portal bloodstream in a pulsating mode: 1 time in 60-90 min. The whole rhythm is called circular. The frequency of the wikidu GnRH is genetically programmed. By stretching the menstrual cycle, it changes in small gaps: the maximum frequency is restructuring in the preovulatory period, the minimum is in the II phase of the cycle.

hipophiz

Basophilic cells of adenohypophysis (gonadotropy) see hormones - gonadotrophies, which take an unequal part in the regulation of the menstrual cycle; to them are carried: follitropin, or follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and lutropin, or luteinizing hormone (LH); a group of acidophilic cells of the anterior lobe of the hypophysis - lactotropocyti produce prolactin (PRL).

The secretion of prolactin is the circadian rhythm of the vision.

There are two types of gonadotropin secretion - thin and cyclic. A subtle vision of gonadotropins in the development of follicles and estrogen production by them; cyclic - will prevent the change of phases of low and high secretion of hormones, sprout, and pre-ovulatory peak.

Biological activity of FSH: stimulates growth and dosage of follicles, proliferation of clitin granulosis; Inducement of LH receptors on the surface of clin granulosis; pіdvischu aromatase rіven in the ripening follicle.

Biological action of LH: stimulates the synthesis of androgens (in contrast to estrogens) in theca-cells; activating prostaglandin and proteolytic enzymes, which can be used to produce vitamins and follicles; luteinization of klitin granulosi (approval of zhovtoy tila); spilo with PRL stimulates the synthesis of progesterone in the lutein-aided cells of granulosis to ovulate the follicle.

Biological activity of PRL: stimulates the growth of milk vines and regulates lactation; volodyne fat-mobilizing and hypotensive effect; in incremental quantities it increases the growth and maturation of the follicle; take part in the regulation of the endocrine function of the living body.

ychnyi

The generative functions of the cells are characterized by cyclical follicular dosages, ovulation, ovulation seen before conception, and by the unhealthy secretory changes in the endometries, which are necessary for the egg production.

The main morphofunctional unit of cells is follicle. According to the International Histological Classification (1994), there are 4 types of follicles: primordial, first, second (antral, empty, powdery), adult (preovulatory), graffiti.

Normal follicles are established on the fifth month of the intrauterine development of the fetus (as a result of meiosis, the haploid set of chromosomes in them is replaced) Until the time of the people in both yєchniki, close to 300-500 yew will be revenged. Primordial foliage, in a given number, it drops sharply and up to 40 rocky becomes close to 40-50 yew. In addition to physiological atresia.

The primordial follicle is stored from the ovum, prepared in one row of the follicular epithelium; its diameter does not overlap - 50 µm.

The stage of the primary follicle is characterized by the increase in the proliferation of the follicular epithelium, the cells that inflate the granular bud and make the granular (granular ball). The secret is to be seen as a clientele of the whole ball, to accumulate in the small space. The size of the ovule gradually increases to 55-90 microns in diameter.
In the process of the formation of the secondary follicle, the expansion of the secondary follicle is expanded: the growth in the whole follicle does not grow anymore (until the given moment the diameter of the follicle becomes 100-180 microns), however, the diameter of the follicle itself becomes 20-24 mm.

In a mature egg follicle, it is laid in an egg-bearing hump, covered with a hole in a sheath, on which granular cells it grows in a radial straight line and makes a change.

Ovulation - the ripening of a mature follicle from the outgoing egg,
and in a false tube in the ampoule of the uterine tube. The destruction of the integrity of the follicle is found in the most opaque and subtle part, which is called stigma.

In a healthy woman, one follicle is ripening during the menstrual cycle, moreover, for the entire reproductive period, nearly 400 eggs ovulate, and those oocytes are atresia. The life of egg production is taken over 12-24 years.
Luteinization є specific follicle transformation in the postovulatory period. As a result of luteinization (farming in zhovty kolir accumulation of lipochromic pigments - lutein), proliferation and growth of the granular membrane clitin ovulate the follicle to form a new light. In quiet cases, if the delay does not occur, there is still a 12-14 day period, and at the same time there is a great development.

In such a rank, the ovary cycle is composed of two phases - follicular and lutein. The follicular phase is repaired during menstruation and ends with ovulation; the luteal phase of the loan between ovulation and ear of menstruation.

Hormonal function of cells

Clitins of the granulosa membrane, the inner membrane of the follicle and the same body during the period of their development, function of the inner secretion and synthesize the three main types of steroid hormones - androgen, gestagenia.
Estrogen is secreted by cells of the granular membrane, inner shells, in the small world, interstitial cells. In an insignificant number of estrogens, estrogen is established in the gum til, the cerebral ball of the supra-nirkoval hallux, in vaginal ones - in the placenta. The main estrogens of the ovary are estradiol, estron and estril (it is necessary for the first two hormones to be synthesized). The activity of 0.1 mg estrone is taken as 1 IU of estrogenic activity. For the Allen and Doisy test (the least amount of the drug, which is the most active in estrus in castrated Misha), the most active volodya is estradiol, dal estron and estriol (ratio 1: 7: 100).

Metabolism of estrogen. Estrogens circulate in the blood of a person who is associated with a white (biologically inactive) person. From the blood, estrogens come to the liver, are de-inactivated by the way the guys are approved with the help of syrup and glucuronic acids, as they come into the ovens and go through the cross-section.

The injection of estrogens on the body is realized in the following way:

Vegetative infusion (strictly specific) - estrogens produce a specific effect on the organisms;
- generative infusion (less specific) - estrogens stimulate trophic processes during the ripening of the follicle, take the formulation of the growth of granulosis, approve the ovum and develop the new til - prepare the goner to the bitter throat;
- overgrowth (nonspecifically) - estrogens in the physiological tissue) stimulate the reticuloene-prethelial system (increase in the release of antibodies and the activity of phagocytes, increase the calcification of the organisms before To increase the concentration of glucogen, glucose, phosphorus, creatine, vitamins and minerals in the blood and myases; to reduce instead of cholesterol, phospholipids and fat in the liver and blood, accelerate the synthesis of essential fatty acids.

Gestagenes are secreted by luteal cells of the luteal thylum, luteinizing cells of granulosis and follicle sheaths, and also by the cortical cells of the supra-nirkoval hallux and placenta. The main gestagen in women is progesterone. For progesterone, ovaries synthesize 17a-hydroxyprogesterone, D4-pregnenol-20a-OH-3, D4-pregnenol-20v-OH-3.

Efekti gestagens:

Vegetative infusion - infusion of gestagenes on the state of the organisation for anterior estrogenic stimulation: adjust the proliferation of endometrium, wicclicate with estrogens, let the secretory reintroduce into the endometrium; in case of delayed ovarian cancer, gestagenis induce ovulation, change the speed of the uterus (“protector” of vaginosity), develop the development of the alveoli in the milk lobes;
- generative infusion - gestagens in small doses stimulate the secretion of FSH, in the great ones - block FSH and LH; victories of the temperature-regulating center, localized in the hypothalamus, which manifests itself in changes in the basal temperature;
- zagalny inflow - gestagenes in physiological minds to change instead of aminous nitrogen in blood plasma, to increase the amount of amino acids, to increase the amount of slurry juice, to fumigate to see milk.

Androgens are secreted by cells of the inner membrane of the follicle, interstitial cells (in insignificant numbers) and the cleft of the cortical zone of the cortical speech of the supra-nirkovy zalosis (mostly dzherelo). The main androgens of the cells are androstendion and dehydroepiandrosterone, testosterone and epistosterone are synthesized in small doses.

The specific effect of androgens on the reproductive system is to be found in the form of a certain level of secretion (a small dose stimulates the function of the hypophysis, and a large dose of it blocks), and it can be manifested in the vigilante of the onset of effects:

Virilny effect - great doses of androgens viklikayut hypertrophy of the clitoris, hairy type, cricoid cartilage growth, acne;
- gonadotropic effect - small doses of androgens stimulate the secretion of gonadotropic hormones, stimulate growth and dosage of follicle, ovulation, luteinization;
- antigonadotropic effect - high r_ven Concentration of androgens in the pre-ovulatory period causes ovulation and follicle atresia;
- estrogenic effect - in small doses, androgen is affected by proliferation of endometrium and food intake;
- antiestrogenic effect - great doses of androgens block the proliferation processes in the endometrium and produce acidophilic cells in the vaginal smear.
- zagalny infusion - androgens may develop anabolic activity, support the synthesis of white tissue; to absorb nitrogen, sodium and chlorine into the body, reduce the amount of vivenity. Accelerate the growth of cysts and ossification of epiphyseal cartilages, increase the number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin.

Іnshi hormones of ovaries: inhibin, which is synthesized by grain cells, adding galmus to the synthesis of FSH; oxytocin (manifestations in the follicular genus, zhovtom tili) - in the cells of the volodya luteoliticheskim infusion, spriy regression zhovtogo til; relaxin, to establish itself in the cells of granulosis and also to ovulation, ovulation, development of myometries.

uterus

Due to the infusion of hormones in the testes in myometries and endometries, cyclical changes, such as follicular and lutein phases in the testes, are promoted. The follicle-cool phase is characterized by hypertrophy of the keratin of the ovary ball of the uterus, for the lutein phase - the hyperplasia of the lutein. Functional changes in endometry are represented by the last change of stages of regeneration, proliferation, secretion, desquamation (menstruation).

The regeneration phase (3-4 days of the menstrual cycle) is short, characterized by the regeneration of the endometrium from the basal milking cells.

Epithelization of the surface of the wound is seen from the marginal views of the valleys of the basal ball, as well as from not breaking away from the large views of the functional ball.

The proliferation phase (evolving folliculin phase) is characterized by re-infusions, which occur when estrogen is injected.

The early stage of proliferation (up to 7-8 days of the menstrual cycle): the surface of the mucous membrane is covered with cylindrical epithelium;

The middle stage of proliferation (up to 10-12 days of the menstrual cycle): the surface of the mucous membrane is whitened with a high prismatic epithelium, it gets podovzhuyutsya, it grows more intense, the stroma is swollen, released.

Disease of proliferation stage (before ovulation): it grows very bright, spur-like, educates and expands, food, whistles, bagate, juice stroma, spinal arteries on top of the reach

The secretion phase (appearing lutein phase) appears as a change, zooming in with progesterone.
The early stage of the secretion (up to the 18th day of the menstrual cycle) is characterized by a further development of loses and expanded education, most characteristic sign tsієї stadії - appearing in the epithelium of subnuclear vacuoles, which is to revenge the glycogen.

The middle stage of the secretion (19-23 days of the menstrual cycle) is an image of the transformation, characteristic of the period of development of the same body, to the period of the maximum gestagenic mass. The functional ball becomes larger, clearly distributed on a large and superficial ball: glib - spongy, spongy; superficial - compact. Fold up, the walls become foldable; in the enlightenment of zloses there is a secret to avenge the glycogen and acid mucopolisaccharide. Spiral arteries are quick to sound, to create "tangles" (the most reliable sign, which is the sign of a luteinizing effect). The structure and functional standard of endometry on the 20-22 day of the 28-day menstrual cycle represent the optimal mind for implantation of the blastocyst.

Decrease in the stage of secretion (24-27 days of the menstrual cycle): the processes associated with the regression of the new body are accelerated, and the decrease in the concentration of hormones is produced - the trophism of endometrium is destroyed, the degenerative degradation is formed.

Morphologically endometrial regression, there are signs of this ischemia. At the same time, the sapiness of the fabric will change, so that the functional ball will be wrinkled up to the shrinkage of the stroma. The stockpile of the stinks of the lozenges is to grow. On the 26-27th day of the menstrual cycle in the superficial zones of the compact ball, lacunar enlargement of the capillaries and the appearance of blood in the stroma are prevented; In addition to the melting of fibrous structures, there are some roses, such as clitin stroma and food of salmon. The new standard of endometriosis is changed to "anatomical menstruation" and without a priori before the clinical menstruation.

The bleeding phase, desquamation (28-29 days of the menstrual cycle). In the mechanism of menstrual bleeding, it is of great importance to impair blood circulation, to enlarge the arteries with spasm (stasis, thrombus setting, lameness and penetration of the vertebral column, hemorrhage in the stroma, leukocyte). Pidsumkom cich re-making є tissue necrobiosis і її melting. As a result of the enlargement of the sudins, it is insisting on a trivial spasm, a great amount of blood comes into the tissue of the endometrium, and it is necessary to bring up to the opening of the sudin and vidtorgnennya - desk - vamace - necrotizing of the endometrial bloodstream

Tissue-targets are the points of application of the state hormones. They are referred to: moss tissue, statues of organisms, milk deposits, hair follicles and skin, bristles, adipose tissue. Clinical organs and tissues replace receptors to state hormones. The mediator of the whole level of regulation of the reproductive system is cAMP, which regulates metabolism in the cells of tissue-targets, depending on the needs of the organism in response to hormone injection. Prostaglandins can also be introduced to micro-regulators, as they formulate non-saturated fatty acids in all tissues of the body. Diya of prostaglandins is realized through cAMP.

Mozok-organ-target for body hormones. Hormones can be infused into neurons and cells through growth factors. State hormones are injected on the formation of signals in quiet areas of the central nervous system, which take part in the regulation of reproductive behavior (ventromedial, hypothalamic and migraine-like nuclei), as well as in areas that regulate the synthesis of arterial preoptic area).

In hypothalamus, the main target for state hormones is neurons, which form the arcuate nucleus, in which GnRH is synthesized, which can be seen in pulsed mode. Opioid can put pressure on the nerves of the hypothalamus. Estrogen stimulates the synthesis of receptors to endogenous opioids. v-endorphin (v-EF) is the most active endogenous Opio-id peptide, which is infused into behavior, analgesia, taking part in thermoregulation and volodya by neuroendocrine powers. In postmenopausal women and during ovarioectomy, there is a decrease in the level of r-EF, which is associated with food-grade, And also changes to the mood, behavior, monotonous porushen. Estrogen stimulates the central nervous system through an increase in the sensitivity of receptors to neurotransmitters in estrogen-sensitive neurons, which leads to a normal mood, increased activity and antidepressant effects. Low levels of estrogen in menopause enhance the development of depression.

Androgens also play a role in a woman's sexual behavior, emotional reactions, and in cognitive function. Deficiency of androgens in menopause before a decrease in pubic hair, muscle strength and decrease in libido.

Uterine tubes

The functional mill of the uterine tubes varies from phase to phase of the menstrual cycle. So, in the lutein phase of the cycle, the Vіychasty apparatus of the instantaneous etiology is activated, the growth of the thirsty cells, a secret accumulates over the apical part of the cycle. The tone of the meatball to the ball of the pipes also changes: before the moment of ovulation, the battle is restructuring and getting stronger, it’s very fast, it’s pendular, so it’s an obverse-forward character. Myazov activity is unequal in different types of organ: peristaltic symptoms are more characteristic for distal types. Activation of the blinking apparatus of the blinking epithelium, the labiality of the mucous tone of the uterine tubes in the luteal phase, the asynchronism and the characteristic speedy activity in the early indications of the organ in the body for optimal deterioration

In addition, in the developmental phase of the menstrual cycle, the nature of microcirculation in the uterine tube vessels changes. During the period of ovulation, the funnel does not hunt for the funnel and penetrate into the bump of the fimbria, to replenish with blood, if the tone of the fimbria and funnel is close enough to the oviparous, hunted When blood stagnation in the ring veins of the funnel is pushed back, the remains are seen from the surface of the egg cell.

pikhwu

By stretching the menstrual cycle, the structure of the penis is recognized as a proliferative and regressive phase. The proliferative phase evolves into the follicular stage of cells and is characterized by growth, enlargement and differentiation of epithelial cells. During the period, during the early follicular phase, the growth of the epithelium appears, the head rank, for the growth of the basal ball, until the middle of the phase, it grows in the place of the intermediate cells. In the pre-ovulatory period, if the cells reach the maximum range of 150-300 microns, the activation of the maturation of the surface globular cells is promoted.

The regressive phase evolves into the lutein stage. At the ts_y phase of the growth of the epithelium, the development of its development changes, the part of the clitin is ma zorotny development. The desquamation phase will end with great and compact groups.

Milk starts to grow during the menstrual cycle, fixing at the moment of ovulation and reaching the maximum until the first day of menstruation. Before menstruation, the blood flow becomes stronger, it grows in place of the line in the full tissue, the development of the interlobular filling, the enlargement of the interlobular ducts, and to produce an increase in milk formation.

Neurohumoral regulation of the menstrual cycle

The regulation of the normal menstrual cycle works on the basis of specialized neurons in the brain, in order to receive information about the state of the internal and external center, to transform it into neurohormonal signals. Stop through the neurotransmitter system to enter the neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus and stimulate the secretion of GnRH. GnRH through the local blood-borne boundary of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal vascular system penetrates directly into the adenohypophysis, deadens the circulatory vision and the glycoprotein gonadotropin wikid: FSH and LH. The smell comes into the ovaries according to the circulatory system: FSH stimulates the growth and dosage of the follicle, LH - steroidogenesis. When fed with FSH and LH, the cells produce estrogens and progesterone for the participation of PRL, which, in their own heart, cause cyclical reintroduction in the target organs: matts, uterine tubes, nipples, and also hair in the bones brain.

The functional camp of the reproductive system is regulated by the singular with the received lanes and the storage systems:
a) a single loop between the cells and the nuclei of the hypothalamus;
b) a continuous loop between the hormones of the testicles and the hypophysis;
c) an ultrashort loop between gonadotropin-releasing hormone and hypothalamic neurocytes.
Vzaєmini mіzh tsimi pіdsystems are based on the principle of a ringing sound, yaka maє yak negative (vzamodiya type "plus-minus"), so positive (vzaєmodiya type "plus-plus") character. The harmony of the processes that occur in the reproductive system is due to: increase in gonadotropic stimulation; normal functions of the students, especially the correct progression of the processes in graffiti and bulging and to form on the other hand; correct interaction of peripheral and central lankas - vocal afferentation.

The role of prostaglandins in the regulation of the reproductive system of women

Prostaglandins represent a special class of biologically active fluids (non-saturated hydroxylated fatty acids), which practically appear in all tissues of the body. Prostaglandins are synthesized all over the middle of the clitine and they sound in the quiet clitines, on the smell of the smell. Tom prostaglandins are called cell hormones. In the body of people, there is a supply of prostaglandins, as the stench, if appropriate, at the roof is inactivated in a short period. Estrogen and oxytocin stimulate the synthesis of pro-prostaglandins, progesterone and prolactin repair galvanic infusion. Let’s put down antiprostaglandinovym for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

The role of prostaglandins in the regulation of the reproductive system of women:

1. Participation in the process of ovulation. With the infusion of estrogen, prostaglandin growth in cells of granulosis reaches the maximum until the moment of ovulation and prevents the growth of a mature follicle (prostaglandin rapidly stimulates the activity of smooth elements of the follicle membrane) Prostaglandins can also be attributed to health before luteolysis - a regression of the body.
2. Transport of eggs. Prostaglandins are infused on the rapid activity of the uterine tubes: in the follicular phase, the rapidity of the tubes is thrown, in the luteine ​​- the weakness, the peristalsis of the ampulla is strengthened, and the maturation of the ovum is penetrated. In addition, prostaglandins are injected into the myometrium: from the tubal grooves right down to the bottom of the uterus, the stimulating effect of prostaglandins is changed by the malleable and, in such a rank, the formation of the blastocyst.
3. Regulation of menstrual bleeding. The intensity of menstruation does not start only by the structure of endometrium until the moment of its start, ale and speedy activity of myometrium, arteriole, aggregation of platelets.

The designated processes are tightly tied in stages for the synthesis and degradation of prostaglandins.