If our army is started to be commended with the American and other armies of the world, I will spend the whole hour guessing the story of what became the first hour of my service with the group of radyansky troops near Nimechchina close to thirty years ago.

In the seventy years, it was accepted by the authorities to command the strength of friendly armies. While serving in the artillery, I once had a chance to be present on the first line, as it was carried out between our part and the brotherly German, which is small on the borders of the same harmony and tractors.

Krim Zagalnoviyskovoi Biganini I Pylyanini, the right was the right: a tractor, a viscous of 50 meters, seduced, swayed Garmata, a souvenue, Rozrakhunov Zhdniy. yakim may strike the meta. The standard for everything is 45 seconds. The boundary for the vikonannya tsієї right alone, to that vikonuvayut on cherzі, hto vyrishuvav sektopomіr more. Behind the foal, the Germans, then ours. Offended by the presence, they hurt for their own.

The stopwatch clicked. The Germans have gone. Dіyutko clearly, zalyubuєshsya. The tractor viskakuevano viskakuє on position. The officer stands on the side of the binoculars, not interfering in anything. The sergeant gave orders, the soldiers fired like automatic weapons, the beds were separated, the hoods were taken, the shell was at the barrel. Postril. The meta is hostile. 41 seconds. Nimtsiv have a triumph. For 4 seconds, the standard was blocked! result vіdminny.

Now ours. The tractor veers into position, the garmata doesn’t shift much until the hour of the turn, get up on one wheel, think about it - fall on the wheel or back at the working position. Passed by - fell like a treba. Rozrahunok natovpom to live up to her. The sergeant handed out stusani, the officer huddled behind the bed, let in the binoculars, which they roared at the gunners, mat-remat, which stumbled, loaded, in the fall, like a diva, sent a shell to the breech, shot! The meta is hostile. 17 seconds.

I also realized why the Germans had planned the war. Do not try to stink at the enforcement in an extreme situation. And in us, all life is an extreme situation, and enforcement is the norm of behavior in war. The foolishness of the generals is always compensated by the heroism of the soldiers. They didn’t provide food - so at the peaceful hour they called before th. Did the tanks break through? And mi pіd qі tanks rozvіdrotu kinemo. There is no one to go to the rozvіdku? Rozvіdniki under tanks perished? Volunteers - two steps ahead! The axis is such a Russian style of combat art.

Does the army of the world have such a military post on the right? Nimtsі - the nation is disciplined, to fight, to love, and to fight. Where are the Americans going to go? To finish the rebellion of the American marine infantry near Somalia. They were forced to go to combat operations, not to deliver dry closets to them. Mostly fair. Polish toilets of our type near the tropics - a direct road to the epidemic. And Americans love to live. But let me tell you that the Russian marines were sent to a combat operation, for whatever reason (I don’t seem to be talking about such a curiosity) I can’t in a nightmare. I am afraid, I will not live to see such hours, if our soldiers and officers will be similar to American ones. About generals Rozmov especially ...

ARTILERY
Ever since the 18th century, Russian artillerymen have lost their reputation as good and self-confident soldiers. But the glory of the past fates could not obscure the current failures, tied up with the failure of everything and everything and for nothing, majestic orders for the development of strong artillery.

Polov's Artillery
The Russian field artillery was formed from brigades of six batteries each for the skin, and given to infantry divisions. The guards were supported by the guards artillery, and the grenadier divisions were founded by the grenadier artillery brigades, a special warehouse of such mave emblems
you can see harmonic stems and nuclei on shoulder straps. The trench artillery bula is represented by teams of infantrymen and gunners, who have undergone special training, who have been infantry units.

Kripa artillery
Stationary artillery units were based on such key points as Kronstadt, Brest-Litovsk or Vladivostok. The chase of the soldiers in the strong artillery was of an orange color with a shortened name of the fortress under the emblem of the garmat, to be crossed. stems. In addition, sleeve patches or bandages served as signs. The crossed red ensigns at the upper part served as the emblem of the Zv'yazkivtsiv
left sleeve.

Kinna artillery
The Russian army artillery sounded at the warehouse of the cavalry divisions, and the uniform was similar to that of the dragoons. Uniforms were of the same cut and small cuffs with a bowl. Artillerymen wore chases of red color with light blue edging (with yellow ciphers) or zahisn (for which case the battery number and crossed accordion barrels were light blue). Harem pants did not look like cavalry ones, being gray-blue with red piping or a bad color (officers have different shkiryani inserts). The soldiers were armed with carbines, the officers with revolvers (with red cotton cords).

Polov's Artillery

According to the organization of 1910, the Polish artillery was subdivided into light and kіnnu, girska and kіnno-girska, “mortar” (howitzer) and polov vzhka. Batteries of light and naval artillery were left behind at the 8-garmat warehouse, firearms and mortar batteries were small by six marks, at the floor important batteries there were chotiri harmati.

The need to reorganize bulky 8-harmonic lightweight batteries with larger 6-harmonic and flexible 6- or 4-harmonic batteries was also known to 3- dm. (76-mm) shvidkostrіlnyh harmat arr. 1900 r. As for the pisho-girsky batteries, then from the knowledge of the military in the Caucasus and the Russian-Japanese army artillery, behind the minds of the girsk army, may be the leader of the platoon, that is in two harmonies, on the guns, and only in the winery in the 4-harmonic folding. Therefore, the reorganization of 8-harmonic batteries with 4-harmonic batteries was recognized as necessary even before redesigning them with rapid-fire batteries.

In the autumn of 1902, when the order of the tsar to lose time at 8-harmonic batteries, the oskіlki of the military minister Kuropatkin recognized the bazhanim in front of the z'yasuvati way until the time of the change of the batteries of the changed warehouse. A bill of 3 million rubles, which was necessary for the reorganization of batteries at the 6-garment battery, and for the installation of a tea supply in the country.

Having been transferred to a special commission at the State Agrarian University, approved under the heading of the General Assembly after the end of the war with Japan, the transition to 6-garmat light batteries, with the reinforcement of the skin case for nine fire units (batteries) and 30 garmats, without permission in the air Koshtiv, what you need.

Nareshti, in 1910 naming the transition to the 6-garment organization without a numerical increase in the field light artillery, by way of re-forming into the skin artillery brigade of six batteries of the 8-garmat warehouse in the 6-garment warehouse, and then tsey zahіd buv vіdkhileniy vіdhileniya at the post_ynyh vitrates.

So, ring out, in Tsarist Russia, the important food of defense was sacrificed to the financial rozrahunka. As a result, the Russian army entered the world war with 8-garment light and heavy batteries (as it was guessed more, mortars and fire batteries were small for six bullets, and half-sized batteries for four bullets).

Batteries of three were brought up to divisions, for a little bit of cannon and mortar artillery, which is small divisions of two batteries. At the skin division of the battery, they were fired with the same type of shells, behind the wine of field artillery, de divisions formed leather from two. dm. (152-mm) howitzer batteries and one battery 42- lin. (107-mm) harmat. The light artillery divisions had two artillery brigades each; divisions of film and mortar artillery were not brought up to brigades.

Artillery brigades were ordered by the brigade commander to the heads of infantry divisions; divіzіoni, yakі entered the depot of artillery brigades, were in order: strіlіkі artillery divіzіoni - to the commanders of strіlіysk brigades, iіkі і і divіzіoni were included; film-artillery divisions - to the chiefs of the major cavalry divisions; mortars (howitzers) and police officers - to corps commanders through narcors. More air batteries and divisions were given to artillery brigades.

Other (reserve) artillery parts and artillery parks are no less than others, and the first blacks were molded at the war hour from the attachment of personnel, which are reduced during the first artillery parts. So, for example, in light artillery, reserve (other) and spare batteries were formed from attached personnel - 2 officers and 46 soldiers per battery, added in 1910. outside the states of peace time in the infantry (pershochergovі) batteries of the independent artillery brigades and divisions.

The skin infantry division of the first black was taken care of by the first artillery brigade of six light batteries; the skin reserve infantry division (other black) took off its other artillery brigade during the mobilization, also from six light batteries. In addition, 36 spare batteries were formed from the recruited personnel.

By organization 1910 p. at the time of peace, 42 heavy batteries were reduced, before them, at the time of war, only one heavy battery was added from the attached personnel.

The battle value of the howitzers was utterly outrageous after the end of the war with Japan (by all, the French Crimea); the steel of the Russian army for howitzer artillery was respected threateningly. Ale in 1910, in response to the "extreme shortage of cats", formed for the skin corps one double-battery division (12 howitzers per corps), a total of 74 howitzer pershochergovі batteries; before them, at the time of war, nine howitzer batteries of another cherga (reserve) were added, which are formed from attached personnel, which are divided into hulls fallow in the form of recognition of those other minds of the situation.

According to the organization of 1910, the howitzer artillery was essentially a single corps artillery, which was already weak.

Behind the new staffs of field batteries, the necessary special teams of rozvіdnіv, posterigachіv, orderlies, telephone operators and signalists were introduced, the horsemen and harness horses were added, the battery harness was strengthened at peacetime, moreover, a two-fold battery warehouse was installed: 1) settlements for batteries, close quarters to intimidating cordonies - at the harness of chotiri harmati and chotiri charging boxes; 2) the largest number of batteries - the harness has two charging boxes.

The warehouse of a light battery for the new state of peacetime without attaching personnel for other rows of units - 6 officers, 155 soldiers and 63 horses - it was the weakest one, which started before 1910, and with attached personnel - 8 officers, 201 soldiers and 65 horses -. 54

The introduction of hired personnel did not give the expected corsity. Navpaki, tsya world yak bi zvertala first part of the artillery in the reserve. With batteries with attached personnel, a large artillery mine of other rows, spare and park parts was taken, moreover, for the morning of that lane, in order to mobilize readiness, a lot of people were needed, especially in the heat of the year, if the deputy had to take from the field, it was possible to clean the destruction of the material other row parts too thinly. n. Turboti about mine, vodvolіkayuchi a special warehouse for the drill navchannya, not only did not spit the combat training personnel and units that are fired from them, but they also helped prepare for the firing of the first firing batteries, tight-fitting with other rows of artillery personnel and other military reserve preparations parts, which were founded before 1910. at the personnel warehouse independently at the peaceful hour. 55

By organization 1910 p. the government was transferred from the batteries of the management of the artillery brigades to about 100 artillery divisions, and on the cob of war it was left in batteries, the crime of some mortar (howitzer) divisions, in which the government had, as it were, the management of the division. As before, as it was before the reorganization of 1910, the battery commanders, revantaged by long-term turbotries about the "prosperity" of the battery state, turned their head respect on the new and could not always cope with their direct duties from the combat training of the batteries. The preparation of batteries for a technical and tactful attitude was supervised by the commanders of artillery divisions. Perevaga organization 1910 r. the field lung, the horses and the howitzer artillery fought in the greater single-mandate commensurate with the greater organization. At the skin corps of the new warehouse (of 32 battalions) there were 96 garmats and 12 howitzers, for a total of 108 garmats, or, approximately, 3.4 garmats per battalion - 1000 bagnets. Tse spіvvіdnoshnja number znaryad per 1000 bagnetіv significantly acted Nіmechchinі, scho is small to the cob of war on 6 znaryad per battalion. Particularly significant was the turn of Nimechchina for the number of howitzers and important artillery.

The decision to be satisfied with a modest number of light howitzer batteries (two batteries per hull) was taken as early as 1906. commission under the heading of the General Assembly. The decision, the crime of saving money, was explained by distrust of ballistic authorities. lin. (122-mm) howitzers, as well as hypnosis, which give rise to undoubted advances. dm. (76-mm) polovy garmati in maneuverable combat. Irrespective of the lessons of the Russian-Japanese war, whose hypnosis continued in the Russian army until the beginning of the first light war, although in the smaller world, lower in the French army, it recognized its 75th. mm polov garmatu zdatnu virishuvati all combat tasks, yakі can zustrіtisya in the minds of maneuverable warfare.

Most Russian artillerymen at that time underestimated the value of 122- mm howitzers, yaks, on my mind, in the wake of their low damage resistance, were more accessories for defense, lower for the offensive. Fighting action showed the opposite.

It was more obvious that, on the basis of the confirmation of the Russian-Japanese war, they recognized for the necessary mother at the warehouse of the field artillery the special field artillery, which could have a great range and destroy the power of the fire. For this reason, we knew our mothers at the warehouse of the field artillery battery 152- mm howitzer to reduce ruinous fire and batteries 107- mm garmat for increasing the range of the shooter. 56 .

Tsar's order on May 12, 1909. it was ordered to form 8 field important divisions of the reserve type for the quarter artillery, which 20 divisions are fired at the war hour; the skin division has three 4-harmonic batteries - two batteries 152- mm howitzer and one battery 107- mm harmat. In a flash at the military hour, mothers of 60 important batteries were transferred, of which 41 batteries with howitzers and 19 batteries with garmats, as if they were attacking the armies, apparently to a combat situation.

During the reorganization of the army in 1910. There was a change in the procedure for disgorging the floor of important batteries at the hour of mobilization. At the time of peace, the skin of the floor coat battery is small three cocks, for which two cocks. mm howitzers and the third platoon z 107- mm harmates; in the divisions of the first and other batteries, they were less harnessed by the first platoon with howitzers, and the third battery - only by the third platoon of harmats; at the time of the war, the skin platoon turned up to the battery, and the battery to the division. 57 With such weak personnel and harnesses in peacetime, neither diligent training nor combat readiness of the field important artillery was ensured. Until then, the preparation of shvidkostrіlnyh 152- mm howitzer ta 107- mm garmat, the signs of some of them were adopted by the residual less than 1910, transferred to the end of 1914. 58

Zagalom, the military significance of the field important artillery, although it was recognized, but it was adequately secured by the Russian military ministry, and the life of the artillery was carried out in full at the minimum sizes. At the same time, the military ministry can hardly help the army with field artillery and bring the number of її to one tributary division per corps, so that the mother can have a better rank of artillery in the corps, and not army artillery. The defense commission of the State Duma went ahead of the plan and repeatedly called the military ministry to the government, which did not forcefully command the koshtiv, the necessary development of artillery.

Stacking the GUGSH record about coming in 1910. how to strengthen the state defense 59 they said: “come in, not again, for us, for the marriage of cats, our field artillery is still insufficiently developed, like before, we are left with 8-harmonic batteries, so that we don’t give the opportunity to victorize power as a whole. modern rapid-fire artillery, which requires a change in the number of projectiles in the battery, so we put up with the insufficient number of field howitzers, the number of which should be brought up to approximately 18 (three batteries) per corps ”and so on.

Визнаючи нову організацію польової артилерії незадовільною, член Державної думи Гучков у своїй промові зі звинуваченнями за адресою ДАУ (замість звернутися до справжнього винуватця - військового міністра) говорив, між іншим, що «через швидкий прогрес, досягнутий нашими майбутніми західними противниками повинні визнати себе вкрай відсталими . Nimechchina has already brought its artillery to 144 garmats per corps, and in our corps we have 96 garmats and transfer more 12 howitzers. Otzhe, the German corps is the strongest for our artillery twice a second time, and when we fight, that our corps is numerically superior to the German one, we must be known that the Germans are strongest for us in number.”...

Not respecting the orders of the State Duma, the ministerial ministry, as if it were respecting, first for everything, with the thought of state control, the ministry of finance and the heads of the heads for the sake of the ministers, did not provide sufficient peace for the Russian army to the beginning of the artillery.

Gromіzdkіst of 8-harmonic light batteries, known as early as 1900 r. and confirmed by the sign of the Russian-Japanese war, was given signs of the first days of the holy war. Qi batteries did not match the rate of fire of the projectile, tactful vimogam and the nature of the targets. At the battery, the skin znaryaddy vikoristovalos was less than half of its productive capacity in addition to the rate of fire; The robot of the commander of an 8-harmonic battery became unbearable for him, as if he had to spend a lot of years to assess and appreciate the great number of shootings that are released in a short interval of an hour.

The tightness of the 8-harmonic battery turned out to be inappropriate when dismembering it and for the necessary shelling by artillery fire of impersonal other, but important targets - guns, sightings and command posts, trenches and ammunition.

The presence of a yakomog was needed for a large number of fire units - batteries, even if they were of low harmonics. As a result of this, in the war, even in the maneuvers of the її period of 1914, it was widely practiced to crush the batteries on the pіvbatareї by chotiri and wind on the platoons in two rounds.

Pragnennya zbіlshennya kіlstі vіdnevіh odinі slyakhі novіv molіvvanі batteries, less cumbersome, easier kerirovanіhі more vіdnіh vіdnіh takіnіnі vіdnosіnі, brіvіdnі іn taktіvіv naprikіntsi 1914 r. until the decision is made, reorganize the field light artillery and switch from 8 to 6-harmonic batteries. On the fronts, the transition to 6-harmonic batteries began to rise quite a bit before the top rate. 60

Mira tsya viklikana was bula, mizh іnshim, and without a match for the increase in expenses incurred in the battles, so the mobilization reserves of the znarad were emptied on the cob of vine, and the Russian backwaters in 1914 had not yet caught fire mm harmat.

During the reorganization of the 8-harmonic batteries, the 6-harmonic infantry division was deprived as early as six light batteries, after which the number 76- mm polovih harmat changed by 25% - from 48 to 36 znarad.

Rosiyska Pikhotnaya Diviziyi, so small, little artillery at his worship, and to the new staff of the 6 -year -old Bonaneva, the strength of the marvelous for Kilkista Vyazniyada Vyedichi for the weak for Nimeska 36 Light Paul Garmat Garmat Garmate Garmate Garmate Garmate Garmates. 61

The military Russian army was dissatisfied with a similar reorganization of artillery, because with the fire of the artillery, the support of the artillery was changed by a significant world. For example, as can be seen from the confirmation of the commander of the 1st army on the 21st of July 1914. The commander-in-chief of the armies of the Pivnichno-Zahidny Front, in the army in many states did not receive 30 garmats, and in the new organization 92 polov and light garmats appeared, as buildings were seen in the front 62.

At the dopovіdі GUGSH 21 babies, 1914. vіyskovіy radі about zatverdzhennya staff 6-garmatnoї battery power about easing the firepower of the division zі zmenshennyam kіlkostі 76-, scho perebuvayut nіy. mm the genital garmatas, to my mind, were not destroyed. The Viyskova Rada, having strengthened the staff of a 6-harmonic battery, also did not give up respect. At the additional GUGSH z yakikhos mirkuvan (imovirno ekonomіchnogo order) did not think about those who “great program” of the army was transferred one hour with the transition to 6-harmonic batteries from more to nine to the infantry div4zіyu, diviz mother - mm garmat zamіst 48 (and not change to 36 garmat).

At the additional GUGSH, the following mirkuvannya were induced 63: “For the remembrance of the troops of the 13th and 15th army corps, which perished at the sickle of 1914. under the hour of the operation of the 2nd army of General Samsonov at the Skhidniy Prussia, light batteries of a six-garment warehouse were formed.

The food about the transition from 8- to 6-harmonic field batteries turned out to be a positive sensation before the war. It’s not enough to grow up from the quarter of 1915, the yakby war didn’t pinch in, to establish the so-called “great program” for the development of our military forces. The war began, if light batteries were at eight garmats for the state of 1910. And after the loss of the material part, it was possible to bring the majority of our batteries of the dignified army to a 6-garment warehouse. Dosvіd vіyni showing how and slid ochіkuvati, scho 6-harmonic batteries are practically zowsm not to be compromised in combat terms to 8-harmonic batteries (like combat units). An amendment was made in such a way to the organization of 1910. adopted to the young army, so be moving, "on a whim", even though the staff of light batteries do not change. The staffs of the 6-harmonic battery, split up for the "great program", passed a one-hour transition to the regimental (divisional) government for the most advanced staffs of the divisions. For 6-garment light batteries, before which the infantry army moved in 1914, new states were expanded, based on the old state of the 8-garmat battery with battery statehood, and the shortening of the special and kіnsk warehouse through the upgrade of batteries for three platoons of deputy chotirioh and the need for service by people and stones 6 znaryad and 12 charging boxes instead of 8 zaryad and 16 charging boxes.

The state of the 6-harmonic field light battery was approved on 2 (15) September 1915. and by the order of the supreme commander-in-chief, it was assigned for the hour of the army to the second light (harmonious) batteries, and with the addition of 10% of the artillery horses per battery. 64 When moving up to 6-garment batteries, it was necessary to send a creme of garmat and charging boxes, to a skin battery for 1 officer, 52 soldiers and about 40 horses.

Osobistiy and k_nsky warehouse, scho zvіlnyaєtsya, buv vikoristany on the molding of new parts of the field and important artillery.

In 1916 Insignificant changes were made to the staff of a 6-harmonic light battery (the number of telephone horns was increased to three instead of two, the number of horses and 65 was increased).

Until the end of the war on the Russian front, the majority of light batteries actually appeared to be 4-harmonic, which, due to the failure of special anti-aircraft artillery, happened to be seen from batteries of the so-called anti-aircraft platoons on especially attached non-robust installations.

Molding of floor mortars (howitzer) and grist batteries was carried out, especially near the first river of war, without a plan, like light batteries, at times of need and fallow due to the availability of stocks of material parts. The back of the batteries were molded either for the main hardened states - in the mortar battery 6 half 122- mm howitzer, the gunnery battery has 8 gunny garmats, but after changing the states with a changed number of bullets - the mortar battery has 4 half-width 122- mm howitzers;

Only in the serpni of 1915, after the end of the fate of the war, pishov the solemn order of the commander-in-chief to burn the skins of the double-battery mortar division in three 4-harmonic batteries 122- mm howitzer. 66

In the red of 1916, then after 2 years of war, they were approved by the Department of State of mortar batteries and mortar park divisions, with which there were few 4 fields in the mortar battery. mm howitzers, 16 charging boxes, 3 telephone carts and convoys (artillery - 1 instrumental and 3 boys, 15 doubles; quartermaster - 29 boys). 67

Hot batteries, fired 76- mm gіrsky garmatami sp. 1909 r., trooped in an 8-garmat warehouse and for participation in combat actions, they were divided into platoons. At the fierce 1916 p. to all girsky batteries with garmats 1909 r. Letter of assignment of Timchasovy 6-garmaty state. But in the order of our top, a guard was broken, so that, with the first possibility, 6-harmonic fatty batteries could be brought to an 8-harmonic warehouse after being confirmed on May 16, 1910 by the old states. 68

Hіrskі batteries, ozbroєnі old gіrsk harmaty sp. 1904, moved at the 8-garment warehouse, and were molded again in the 8-, 6- and navit at the 4-garment warehouse. At once, with batteries, the commanders of the artillery divisions and brigades were formed.

Molding for the hour of warfare of the floor light, heavy and mortar (howitzer) batteries was carried out with the method of securing artillery anew, or for the purpose of not securing parts of the infantry, as well as for the renewal of batteries that perished in battles. Moreover, in 1914-1915 years. Some of the light field batteries were formed to protect parts of the parts of the sovereign militia with artillery (div. below Tables 1 and 2).

According to the plan of Upart, confirmed by the top on the example of the date of 1916, the molding was carried out by the chotiri chergi: we were to form the first divisions behind the rakhunk for the infantry divisions, like a fire of the artillery; for a friend - to form other divisions of the same infantry divisions, like the first divisions; at the third - other divisions of the same divisions, which already form the first divisions; in the fourth - other divisions for divisions, which will be formed by the first divisions ahead of them.

As a result, the skin is sharp and re-formed, and the infantry division is small, b each with 36 light or heavy garmats and leather, with a strong body - one mortar division at the warehouse of 12 field 122- mm howitzers (over artillery divisions).

Light artillery divisions were small: garmatn - at the warehouse of three 6-garment batteries, howitzers - at the warehouse of three 4-garmat leather batteries; senior divisions - at the warehouse of three 8 harmonic batteries.

Fighting stocks were brought in with batteries in harmonic limbers and charging boxes (behind the states of light batteries there were two charging boxes per arm), one half of them became a battery, and the other half a divisional reserve.

Eating of the artillery brigades was carried out by transporting ammunition from the charging boxes of the park artillery brigades, which formed the skin of three parks 69 . The skin infantry division was attacked by one park artillery brigade.

Okremi artillery divіzіoni, for the wine-artillery vine, 70 replenished with ammunition from the second park divіzіonіv, which are made up of two leather parks.

Mortars (howitzers), horses and field batteries were little popovnyuvatisya from the most important artillery parks, which were assigned one park per skin battery.

In 1916 it was decided not to form the park artillery brigades, to squash the quarters of the commander of the park artillery brigade, to move the park artillery brigades to the park artillery divisions and to form the parks, which unite in threes, to the park divisions. 71

In total, according to the plan of the Upart, it was decided to re-form the following number of artillery elements in the inner districts of European Russia and in the Caucasus:

Following the same plan, it was planned to form 4 mortar divisions, including 3 divisions for the security of the corps, so as not to miss the corps artillery, and 1 division for the formation of a new corps.

The end of the designation of the molding was transferred to the fallow, in the form of the removal of the material part of the offensive term: light harmonic artillery - the first black to the lime 1916, the other black to the lime 1917, the third black to the breast 1917. that fourth black to the lime 1918 p. .; mountain artillery - for example, spring - zhovtnya 1916; mortar artillery - until sickle 1916 72

Prote minliva situation in the war did not allow to carry out the whole plan. I didn’t get far enough to shoot one at a time for the hull of the relevant mortar divisions. For a failure of howitzer artillery, the divisions were assigned to the cob of warfare at the front of the army. As a result, the deyak corps fell back without howitzer artillery, and the mortar divisions so mixed up that their numbers did not match the numbers of the corps. For example, the 28th mortar division lasted 19 months, beginning in the spring of 1914, having taken part in the battles at the warehouse of the 27th corps on the Western Front, and for an hour of a three-year sleepy combat life, the flooring was born with it, which brought it up to its 28th go. mu corps did not go far to the Pivnichny front.

Naprikintsy 1916 the headquarters with the initiative of General Gurk, having replaced the ailing nastavier Aleksiev, virishila reorganize the infantry and see the quarter battalions during the transition to the tribattalion regiments, to form new offensives of 48 divisions: on the Pvdenno-Zakhidyu. th and 6th Finnish Striletsky, 8th Turkestan, 19th Siberian, 4th and 3rd Trans-Amur; on the Western Front 168-178th infantry, 5th grenadiers, 16th and 17th Siberian; on the Pivnіchny frontі 180-187th pіhotnі, 18th and 20th Siberian, 4th special fіkhotnі. With the help of the security of these divisions of artillery, it was transferred to the field light artillery to switch to 6- to 4-harmonic batteries (I would like to use a less active Pivnіchny front), so that the guards, who are calling, are transferred to the formation of new 4-harmonic batteries.

Gurko allowed to form new infantry divisions with the help of the corps themselves. The corps were responsible for the provision of new formations by the command depot and convoys, loosening their already useless personnel and confused convoys.

The advantages of the 12-battalion organization of the infantry in the divisions of the 16-battalion non-transparency, the scarcity of the new infantry divisions, taken by the squadron from the different parts, and before that, not without the provision of artillery, it is necessary to recognize the great sumnivnoy. The reorganization was conceived by Gurko with the help of the corps themselves, which could have weak personnel, who were on the verge of material and technical equipment, was even untimely.

Against Gurko’s plan, having strongly quarreled Aleksiev’s mountain, to the idea of ​​some kind of “feeding was more than protective of himself”: “Not to mention the need to strengthen the army,” writing Aleksiev, “it’s impossible to forget that the enemy can start his operations and want us at that moment , if all the known military parts may be weakened by the sightings of headquarters, personnel, a special warehouse and the molding of new parts, not seeming about those that they themselves stink in incomplete sets. Until then, the newly-created parts will be still unknown before any serious combat work. Especially not far away was the decision to carry out reforming in the boundaries of the corps, for which reason all the corps could be confused at once. Regardless of everything, the new infantry divisions began to move quickly in all corps, destroying the organization of the essential parts and introducing new units of the selected warehouse into the army with the usual negative features of this kind of improvised organization.

Behind Gurko's pressure, who was blown away by his stubborn character, the reorganization work began in the chest in 1916. and in the first two months of 1917 choked all the armies, indulging the respect of the bosses in the direct line, manage and call it confusing and so weak personnel of the military (in the regiments of the 18th corps, for example, in the middle leash 5 regular officers per regiment).

To drive the reformation of field artillery into 4-harmonic batteries, to transfer the formation of new 4-harmonic batteries, the necessary provision of artillery to new divisions, and they made different thoughts. The commander-in-chief of the armies of the Pivnichny Front, having taken into account that the transition to 4-harmonic batteries, without a doubt, to weaken all the military parts of the army, even with 6-harmonic batteries, it was important to cope on a wide front. “May remember, - having reminded the wine, - that the enemy does not change the number of artillery, dowry to the singing of the main unit. Tim an hour passed to 4-harmonic field batteries, with the transfer of the shells, which are being molded to the molded parts, sensitively change the number of the gunnery to the infantry division and take it from the front to the front or to the reserve of the great number of the gunnery. Parts that change after important battles will go to the front and take their artillery with them. As a result, the artillery forces of the project approach will be irreparably and chronically weakened. In addition, when designing the transfer of up to 4 harmonic batteries on the Pivnichny front, we cannot be sure that the buildings with such batteries will always be stocked on that front: regrouping is necessary and inevitable. Zreshtoy, it’s impossible to say that the Pivnichny Front will forever be left passive. ”

The commander-in-chief of the armies of the Western Front, having vowed for the possibility, through the difficulties of forming artillery units, to destroy the new divisions without artillery. In case of any fault, they were cherished by such mirkuvannya: “Infantry burns at the fire, and divisions go out of battle through the sack of infantry, even like artillery units, which, due to the nature of their service, incur less expenses, are still deprived of all the military personnel. Mayuchi in the hands of new organized il bigsovsky z'ydnannya, they don’t like his artillery, we can eat the serpenti pykhotni, the Matteriyalni of the Position of the part of the unit, the same beat in position. Such fluctuations were already richly developed in a small place, moreover, the artillery was already ready with a buffoon, on which the units were arranging for replacement »73.

Commander-in-Chief of the Armies of the Pvdenno-Zakhidny Front, from his side, pronouncing: 1) either see the artillery brigades in the warehouse of the divisions at the order of the corps commander, such a division of the artillery behind the divisions is clear to the minds of the combat situation; 2) or to form a new artillery brigade for the 3rd division of the corps with a path to see the third and sixth batteries of the supporting two artillery brigades to the corps and to see the squadron of two divisions of the double-battery warehouse. The Glavkoyz knew that it was possible to settle down with this approach, soaring in the air, that according to the new organization, the warehouse of the 3rd divisional corps was increased by only 4 battalions, and the number of light garmats for 1000 bagnets changed from 2.3 to 2 soldiers.

The headquarters of the commander-in-chief, knowing the formation of new artillery units, is impossible, knowing the first proposition of the commander-in-chief.

Through the impossibility of new artillery formations, Paul’s generalspart was taken into account that the newly created infantry divisions would be left without artillery and practice at the time of setting up a battle station with artillery brigades of their own divisions. For example, if only one division of the corps, which had its own artillery, changed its position, and on the third day it was guilty of a division, if it did not have artillery, then the first division would leave, leaving its artillery in position, for service. If it seemed necessary to send one of the three divisional corps to the other corps, then the division that was being led was guilty of going without artillery, because in the other fall on the two divisions, one artillery brigade was left without much help fire support 74 .

From the same meal, the head of the Upart for the sake of fierce 1917. having given the general quart for damage to it, it’s normal for the infantry division of the infantry mother 54 light garmats (nine 6-garment batteries) and 12 light howitzers (three 4-garmatn batteries) and that 36 garmats are far from being in line with the norm . Yakshcho Zhdenshiti, the number of Garmat, Tobto forgotten the newly -groomed artillery of the articric diviziion, I wanted the Dvobatareni warehouse, the natural vogue unhealthy, the sobs of the sob.

It is necessary that the skin infantry division is small, organically linked with it by artillery, after which the command of the main union to propagate the way of deploying artillery for a small number of divisions in the case of corps artillery Upart was unacceptable.

Padartius hung up, ShO TI Divizi, do not May, arterial, Slid to fill the Timchasovo, to the can, to their own batteries, vicrically divided by them, yak on the part of the tilki, the artillery yak on the slaughter organized staffing (change of confused parts), or yak shock reserve.

The Communist Party recognized as unacceptable and allowed for the transition to 4-harmonic light field batteries with the method of transferring two garmats, which are used in the skin battery, for the formation of new batteries, so that when the infantry division was safe, there would be more than 24 light batteries (shіst 4-garmat) , i.e. i.e., it is very weak, and the firepower of the larger military units could have been significantly weakened in the development of battle lines in the reserve at once with divisions, to enter the warehouse of such qi znaryadda. Nareshti, the increase in the number of batteries during the transition to chotirioh znaryod mayzhe by 30% made it difficult to recognize the command depot, it would have been possible to recognize the battery commanders of low-grade and absolutely unprepared chief officers; it was difficult to supply the newly created batteries with the necessary artillery lane, especially with binoculars, spyglasses, telephones, convoys and munitions, the fragments of these objects were rejected at the order of the DAU. 75

For the additional Manikovsky date of 23 chervnya 1917, the provision of artillery for new divisions, it was necessary to take sufficient permission from technical minds, shards of industry could not cope with these instructions. At the Siberian Conference (1917), the allies encouraged the Russians to give light znaryaddya, ale yakbi and gave, however, to form up to spring (1917) about 100 artillery brigades was impossible due to the special stock of those horses. 76

In a tactful attitude, a 4-harmonic battery is light, like a fire loneliness, in the thought of Upart, a 6-harmonic battery could not be significantly compromised. Efficiency of management with a good team warehouse, mysticism in shooting and victorious rate of fire 76- mm polovyh garmat can be blown as a whole by changing the number of batteries from six to four.

But with a decrease in the capacity of the command warehouse, like a buv in 1917, the reformation of light batteries into 4-harmonic was already a risky world.

After the lute revolution, the formation of some infantry divisions began, as they were considered “unfavorable” in moral and political terms, and short staffing due to the lack of a special warehouse and lack of horses. So, for example, on the Caucasian front in the autumn of 1917. for a lack of soldiers and horses of the mountain batteries from the 8-garment boules, they were brought to the 6-garment warehouse and, of course, the boules were short-lived їх mountain parks; the skin light battery was shortened by 2 garmats and 4 charging boxes, and the light parks up to 20 charging boxes at the park and in.

The formation of field light batteries of artillery infantry divisions was three times in 1917. Violated the skin infantry division, which was to the Russian European front, provide six batteries (36 field 76- mm harmat). Vіdpovіdno up to tsоgo decision, Upart y Zhovtnі 1917. presenting to the Supreme Command an update on the formation of 39 field light batteries, 22 directorates of artillery brigades, 19 directorates of artillery divisions and 10 directorates of park artillery divisions; moreover, about the re-formation of positional batteries, ozbroєnih 76- mm garmats, ruhomі according to the normal state (there were 51 such positional batteries in total).

All these moldings and reformulations were transferred to the third parks in all light park artillery divisions. To bring the park divisions to the two-park warehouse appeared for the formation of rich infantry divisions. The formation of the third parks fluctuated across the states: 468 officers, 242 military officials, 41,048 soldiers and 39,779 horses. Although there is a great lack of equipment in the artillery parks against the staffs, but looking at the whole shortage, it is still possible for the third parks to be formed for the third parks, not only to create new formations and to open up the positional batteries, but also to take away the singing and surplus of people and horses. 77

According to the decision of the chief of staff, the head of the head, based on the additional headquarters of the quartermaster general, the beginning of the designation of molding on the Western and Pivnichny fronts was made "through the great strategic transportation of that unfinished autumn campaign." 78 In fact, the Zhovtnev revolution brought not only all sorts of moldings, but war on the Russian front.

Tab. 1 and 2 (div. below) give a picture of the molding of field light, howitzer and mountain artillery under the hour of light war. The stench was assigned to the fates - in 1914–1915. before the creation of Upart (Table 1) and in 1916–1917 pp. at Uparti (Table 2) - the name of the molded artillery elements (which indicate the singing world of the recognition of the molded part), the number and number of molded batteries, the number and number of sights for molding the shell. The stringing of the molding, indicated in the tables, characterizes the daytime planning and improvisation in the approaches to ensure the provision of the army with artillery.

PID Hour of VILIY BULOL was formed by Bagato batteries of the Polovo artillery, on the lake Vidano Bulo Bagato Polovikh Garmat, Chimalo Gausti Tu Girsky Garmat, Ale, I had a little stubbornly zauchevo, he had a sagged pivot. the provision of the Russian army with important artillery, as will be said below.

Yak is obvious from the table. 1 and 2, a total of 541 field batteries were formed, including 368 years, 138 howitzers, 35 guns, and it was seen on the formation of batteries of a total of 2992 batteries, including 2198 field batteries 76- mm harmat arr. 1900 and 1902 pp., 552 polished 122- mm howitzers and 4 Austrian 10- cm howitzers, 238 girsky 76- mm harmat arr. 1909 and 1904 pp., moreover, most molding - about 73% - was carried out by the orders of the Upart in 1916-1917.

At the table 3 shows the formation of the batteries of the cinema and the Cossack artillery during the war period of 1914–1917. 42 batteries were formed in Usyi, including 30 Cossacks (of which 2 were Cossack film-girni), 6 kіn, 3 kіn-gіr and 3 kіn-mortars (mortar division of the light guards cine artillery, renamed to the 61 45- lin. English howitzers).

Table 1 Molding of light, horse and howitzer artillery in 1914–1915.

Table 2 Molding of field lung, howitzer and mountain artillery in 1916–1917.

Table 3 Molding of film and Cossack artillery 1914–1917

Kіnna and the Cossack artillery went to war with 6-gamma batteries, which were considered cumbersome, after which they were rebuilt 76- mm with rapid-fire garmats, it was possible to reshape them on 4-garmats; prote on the cob of the cob from the economical mirkuvannja pripuschenya ce bulo zdijsneno. Before the hour of the war, it was clear that the army and the Cossack artillery would go over to 4-garment batteries, flying in divisions not two, as it was earlier, but three batteries each. This was the reason for the increase in the number of fire artillery units in the cavalry division. The protege of the world was far from being pictured in a clear way.

Organizations and formations of kіnnoї artillery, like those of the field lung, are also marked by planning. Table 3 3 it can be seen that most of the batteries were formed with a line of sighting of the third platoons from the other basic batteries with the transfer of їх to a 4-harmonic warehouse, and the orders with 4-harmonic batteries were molded into one and 6-harmonic batteries, and the cinema-artillery and cossack artillery divisions were formed - that tribattery warehouse. As a result, the divisions of the Russian cavalry, as can be seen from the data of the Upart, folded up to 15 September 1917, 107, appeared in a superbly different manner and zagal, weakly provided with artillery. Most of the last divisions were left in the double-battery warehouse, most of the last batteries were left with 6-garment batteries, and at the same time: a normal warehouse - three 4-garmatn batteries - a few divisions: 1, 2, 3, 8 and 11th Donsk Kozach, 3rd Caucasian, 1st Zabaykalsky and Siberian Cossacks and 1st Zaamursky Kinno-Girsky; on two 6-gang batteries small divisions: 1st, 2nd and 3rd guards cinema artillery, 1–12th cinema-artillery, 2nd Caucasian and Zaamursky cinema-girsky and 5th Caucasian cossack cinema-girsky; on two 4-harmonic batteries of small divisions: 13th and 14th film artillery, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13 and 14th Don Kozach, 1, 2 and 3rd Orenburzki Cossacks, 1st and 2nd Caucasian Cossacks, Ural Cossack and Film Artillery Division of the Officer Artillery School (cavalry and Cossack divisions, secured by cimi divisions, small only by 8 garmats, tobto small); not zvedenі in the division of the okremi Cossack batteries - 7th Kuban, 2nd and 4th Zabaykalsky and 2nd Orenburzka were left with 6-harmonic.

Зважаючи на брак артилерії, доводилося іноді відряджувати до кавалерійських частин, що отримали більш відповідальні бойові завдання, кінні або козачі батареї, відбираючи їх тимчасово від своїх кавалерійських дивізій, причому відрядження ці нерідко були тривалими і деякі частини кавалерії довго залишалися без своєї.

After the lute revolution, the Upart had to go a little way, both in the cavalry and Cossack divisions, and in the sights of the Cossack batteries to return to the warehouse of their z'ednan. The first fussing came on 7 (20) birch, 1917. in the 3rd Caucasian kinno-girsky battery, I asked to turn її to their own Caucasian cavalry division. Particularly richly prohan about turning to their divisions was in the form of Cossack batteries. 108

54 TsDVIA, 180–518.

55 This was confirmed by the confirmed mobilizations, crushed in the 16th mortar division in 1913. and the 2nd Division of the 34th Artillery Brigade in January 1914 Call about the mobilization of divas. TsGVIA, special archives of Barsukov.

56 TsDVIA, 180–518.

57 TsDVIA, 182–077.

58 TsDVIA, 180–518.

59 TsDVIA, 180–518.

61 It will be said below about the organization and formation of the first hour of the war of the field important artillery, at the “Heavy Artillery” division. There it is self-explained why the information about the organization of the important field artillery happened to be turned off from the head.

62 TsGVIA, 8122, arch. 211.

63 TsDVIA, 286, fol. 391-402.

65 TsGVIA, punish upstairs 1916 No. 497 and 919.

66 TsGVIA, order of the Commander-in-Chief 1915 No. 705.

67 TsGVIA, order upstairs 1916 No. 162.

69 In the parks, over the life of artillery shells, there were stacks of towels and revolver cartridges at the military slopes.

70 Parts of the artillery artillery of their parks were not small and small enough to replenish combat supplies from the parks of the nearest artillery brigades or divisions.

71 TsGVIA, order upstairs 1916 No. 925.

72 TsDVIA, 369, fol. 80, 174-180.

73 TsGVIA, 80173, arch. 269-260.

74 TsDVIA, 809, fol. 7, 26, 68, 69.

75 TsDVIA, 370, l. 345a ta b.

76 TsDVIA, 512, fol. 318-321.

77 Order of the Commander-in-Chief 1917 No. 786.

78 TsGVIA, 683, arch. 292-294, 432.

79 Punish the headquarters of the Commander-in-Chief 1914 No. 84, 115, 170, 200, 212 and 227.

80 Punish the headquarters of the headman 1915, no. , were formed 124-127-a artillery, 2-a and 4-a riflemen, 1-a and 3-a Finnish artillery brigades with basic batteries with the most important changes.

81 Punish the Headquarters to the head-top 1916 No. 174, 256, 288, 289, 424, 460, 517, 528, 572, 725, 761, 824, 887, 902, 914, 8, 9 1348, 1426, 1472, 1483, 1571, 1573, 1664, 1667. In addition, they were formed for the basis of the basic batteries with the following renames: Turkestan stor. art. brigade, 4th Caucasian and 106th Army Artillery Division, 2nd Division of the 51st Artillery Brigade, 6th Caucasian Stor. art. dizіzіon and okremі girskі artillery divisions: 3rd, 7th and 9th Caucasian.

82 Punish the headquarters of the head-top 1917 No. 53, 55, 101, 124, 126, 127, 141, 169, 34. 186, 263, 483, 137, 565, 570, 84, 4730, 777, 789, 790 and 906. rahunok іsnuyuchih i vіdpovіdno renamed batteries: 200-205th artillery brigades, polova artillery brigade of the land front of the fort of Peter the Great, 6 batteries K, 1st and 2nd Czech-Slovak light artillery divisions.

83 Order to the headquarters of the Commander-in-Chief 1914 No. 196.

84 Punish the headquarters of the Commander-in-Chief 1915 No. 175, 237,367, 376, 377.

85 Z 1st and 2nd Zaamursky film-girsky batteries,

86 З 25 і 26 і movie-atilery batteries.

87 Punish the headquarters of the Commander-in-Chief 1916 No. 255, 573, 578, 903, 992, 1078, 1092, 1194, 1468, 1643.

88 Z 3, 4 and 5 of the Zaamursky film-girsky batteries.

89 From the main Caucasian Cossack batteries.

90 Z 22nd and 23rd Don Cossack Batteries.

91 Three third platoons of the 2nd and 21st Don Cossack batteries.

92 Three third platoons of the 5th and 6th Orenburz Cossack batteries.

93 From the Don and Orenbursk Cossack batteries, formed from the third platoons with the transition of such Cossack batteries to a 4-garmat warehouse.

94 From the Don and Orenburz Cossack batteries, formed from the third platoons with the transition of the Cossack batteries to the 4-garmat warehouse.

95 Three third platoons of the 1st and 4th Orenburz Cossack batteries.

96 Punish the headquarters of the Commander-in-Chief 1917 No. 68, 165, 182, 205, 278, 391, 93, 208, 659, 750, 843, 644.

97 The third platoons of the other Cossack batteries were formed by the way of seeing.

98 Three third platoons of other Cossack batteries.

99 Third platoons of other Cossack batteries.

100 Order 1917 p. No. 246 was renamed to the 61st artillery artillery division.

101 Z rozformirovannoy Caucasian field film 4 harmonic batteries.

102 From the film battery of the officer's artillery school.

103 Third platoons of the 4th and 6th Kuban Cossack batteries.

104 For the Romanian front. Order 14.XI 1917 p. No. 905 molded blued.

105 For the 5th Caucasian Cossack Film Artillery Division.

106 Three third platoons of the 3rd and 6th batteries.

SUCCESS of the assault (shock) units and subdivisions of the Russian army at the rock of the First Light War showed a high level of their training and fighting spirit. So, assault platoons were stationed on the hour of the Naroch operation of the Pivnichny and Western fronts on 5-17 February 1916. В результаті наступу, що проводився в умовах весняного бездоріжжя і глибокоешелонованої оборони супротивника при непродуманій системі ведення вогню російською артилерією, що призвело до збереження дротяних загороджень німців і високих втрат російської піхоти, були захоплені дві ворожі лінії оборони і взяті в полон 18 , захоплені гаубиця, 18 machine guns and 36 mortars. At that time, the grenadier was born and took part in the operation near Baranovichi (19 chervnya - 14 linden), carried out by the forces of the 4th Russian army of the Western Front with the method of attacking the offensive operation of the Pivdenno-Zakhidny Front (Brusilivsky proriv, ​​grass-linden). Regardless of the strained, deep-sheltered defense of the Germans (only on the front line there were up to 50 rows of electrified darts), the 4th Army could break through as far as the third defense line of the enemy, but the enemy was not far away. From behind the documents, “grenadiers, partly from the front liners, partly from the rear companies, were collapsing, to clear the trenches from the enemy, where they planted”, but with whom it was indicated: “Hand grenades could be needed more - the stench will greatly help with counterattacks.” In the official version of the German General Staff about the battles near Baranovichi about the attack of the Russian Grenadier Corps under Stolovichi, it is read: Proteo Russians were only ten short distances away from the ravines. The little thing started to bake with hand grenades ... The enemy was ... strong. The great number of yoga has already been noticed by the piece shifters. The axis is already moonlight like the Russian company commander of the German mine. Lieutenant Goos with a slew of soldiers rushed to the Russians, as if they wanted to penetrate through the interruption of the notification, and the murders of the Russian officer in a sack, perishing with the death of a hero. At once, six good simple people of the Silesian Landwehr perished from among them. Eleven wounded lay already on the ground, only 13 were missing.
And the axis is described by the third battle of the Baranovichi (13-14 limes): “The winds (Russian infantry; assault platoons develop at the warehouse, the attacking infantry. - A.O.) rise to piece-by-piece shifts. Chi can utrimat stovpi, povitі drotom? Why is there a transition for such an element? Already here and there on the right flank of the 5th reserve division, parts of the enemy broke through, but here and there you can feel it wild, radio cheers ... hooray. Axis of stench in the trenches axis of stench, like a wide river, spills along the front... Isn't the stench in our trenches worse? Haven't the stench broken through our front? Hand grenades fly to us.
Warto signify that at the first hour of the Brusilivsky gap the Russian military worked successfully richly in why the storms of the bright behavior of the party grenadiers, who were collapsing at the warehouse of the attacking wind and ramparts. The head of the head of the Armias of the PIVDENSED Front, General VID Kavalier A.A. Brusilov, describing so much the zosіykiy nimesko-Avstriyki objects: “Bagato Pritulkiv Zruinovani, Ale Garnizona, Sidtii, Povyli Buli Zdati the grenadier with a bomb in the hands of the grenadier in his hands was about to get out, as if there was no more order, more at the time, in the middle of the building, a grenade was thrown in the middle of the back, and ti, that they were hiding, they inevitably perished without coriste for the sake of justice; at the same time, it’s important to visit the treasures and it’s impossible to guess the hour. In such a rank, that small number of polones understood, as if they invariably patted us by the hand. In a situation where the Russian infantry recognized the main losses of the enemy’s machine guns through the fire, grenade strikes became a brunt for assault groups.
THE GRENADIERS WAS SIGNIFIED in hand-to-hand combat for the trenches. So, the commander of the 16th PIKHOTTAL Regiment SVIDSHEV: “The ruch of the battalium battalion of the lines, the gowns of the Khvili, was straightened one in one over the same before the attacency of the positions, who was fed up with the ears of the ruddy Buli Visuti Partye, Zhrostnikov ... one by one, the opponents at the bagneti were shot at, in the first part of the attack they did not know their own expression. Hundreds of corpses, pierced with bagnets, filled the trenches: people beat one with bagnets, rifle butts, and the young grenadiers, speeding up the moment, if the Austrians, shuddering, poked their way in, threw bombs (hand grenades. - A.O.), dozens of them down. . Less than a hundred and two sharpened Austrians, who threw their armor in front of everyone, were taken by the regiment from the living and sent to the army ... ". The soldiers of the assault squadrons were designated and in the reports about the tribute to the battlefields: “If after destroying the enemy’s artillery blockade, there were operative teams with grenadiers to clear the passages, then three privates of the 14th company: Ivan Maltsev, Anton Bikovskiy enemy artilleryman Timofiy , uncomfortably deadly, standing at the top of the line, they looked at it and cleared the passage ... "

One of the oldest canopies of the Russian army is the artillery. So, the first appearance of fire artillery in Russia is dated to the XIV century, and more precisely, until 1389. And yet the date was officially recognized, zgіdno with the number of Russian, and later Radianskih historians, the artillery appeared richly earlier than the date.

All Russian artillery is sharpened by rich fighting traditions. For a long time, the Russian artillery was deprived of the strongest in the world, and richly in what zavdyakova was won over by the numerical wars.

Like the whole Russian army, the artillery went through a folding path to develop that formation. The first fire pits were far from showing the perfection of the designs. For the most part, the znaryaddya were prepared in an artisanal way. For their preparation, they beat forged wrought iron and made it on dry wooden benches. Like a charge, the pieces of the bay and broken stones were victorious. Starting from the other half of the 15th century, a new addition begins at the forefront. For a good reason, they started victorious bronze and copper, which was evidently marked on the quality of the shooting of the shooter.

But the widest development of artillery appeared with the advent of Ivan the Terrible to the Russian throne. In all the wars, in those of which Russia took the fate of that hour, the artillery played a vital role. For the reign of Ivan the Terrible, the artillery bula was molded like an army rіd viysk. So, zgіdno z _historical vіdomosti, okremi strіletskі regiments were created, to the depot of which included artillery. In essence, it was the creation of regimental artillery.

For the reign of Ivan the Terrible, the Russian artillery bula is represented on the battlefields as an armoury, a kind of building independently virishuvati the most complex battlefield tasks. The most important fact of the stoking of artillery at that time was the oblogue of Kazan in 1552 troops. For the capture of the fortress, 150 important bullets were fired, and for some months they fired on the fort walls and fires to which the Russian army could occupy the place. Artillery also played an important role in the Livonian war. The Russian army waged tense battles for the fortifications with the help of the military resistance. For an hour, the participation in these battles of the Russian gunners was brought not only by those who had the good stink of their own technique, but by the strength of that fiery force.

For example, on the cob of the XVII century in Russia, new artillery shells appeared, which brought successful solutions to the Russian livarniks-zbroyars, which were folded for that hour on the day. Znaryaddy were created by talented minds;

So, there are a number of yaskravih historical examples, yakі bring, that already in the early period, the foundation of artillery in Russia was gifted maistri, which shaped and forged the znaryadda. One of the first harmonic masters, whose history has brought them to our time, is Yakiv, who is alive and flourishing in the other half of the 15th century. Until that time, the work of the harmonic master from Tver, Mikuli Krechetnikov, should be held, who successfully succeeded in preparing the artillery shell for the artillery with foreign maisters, and therefore richly in what viperedzhav їх. By the hands of Krechetnikov, a lot of shells were created, which led to the arsenal of the Russian army’s artillery shells.

And yet, becoming Andriy Chokhov, the most famous Russian master of the harmonica. This talented maister was richly known, and the greatest celebrity of this people was brought by the Tsar-Garmata. Regardless of those that were prepared in 1586, they didn’t hit it, but until this very day they have earned the respect of the Moscow Kremlin’s watchers and experts. For the sake of greater respect, tie up the peace of harmony. Vaughn has a caliber of 89 cm, a length of її 5 meters, and a vaga is close to 40 tons. Zhodin to the foreign harmonic maestro was not far off to see anything like that, and once again he encouraged the talent and art of the Russian masters.

Even in the early period of the history of artillery in Russia, there were creations of artillery shells, which I would build on the vikoristan idea, and on the principles that laid the foundation for their actions, they advanced in a rich manner the most effective analogues of the artillery shell, creation behind the cordon. Zdebіlshoy tse vіdnositsya before the creation of narіznoї zbroї and znaryad from wedge gates. As you can see, in the middle of the 19th century, there was a right coup at the artillery technical equipment in the mid-nineteenth century. Nasampered, ce bulo pov'azano z tim, scho narіzna artillery is small signifi- cantly greater capacity of fire compared with smooth-walled. Zryaddya new zrazka was inspired by a greater distance, as well as promoted merchants in shooting. Vrakhovuychi all tsі perevagi, it is not surprising that naznі znaryaddya practically occupied the leading place on the fields of combat battles and plunged into the development of shooting artillery and tactics and warfare.

For example, in the 16th century, the Russian maisters first prepared a squeegee, as a small caliber of 1.7 inches and was loaded from the breech. By the canal the boules of narizi squealed, and in the її stovbur bulis there were transfers to attach to the sight of that fly. Strilyanina z tsієї squeaks was carried out with special long-range shells. The Russian masters continued to squeal with perfection, and a new model appeared for them, illustrating the bronze age of 1615. At the canal of the stovbur, ten spiral narizivs were squealing, like the front model, it was charged from the breech and creased with a wedge gate.

The appointments were squealing with the best in the world znaryaddy with a natural barrel, prepared by Russian masters. Behind the cordon, you can see a sprig of znarads from narcissistic trunks, as if they were prepared only for example of the 17th century. It is obvious that the Russian brigades at the wineries of the narcissaries outperformed the foreigners. The only minus, which did not allow for the accumulation of mass warfare with natural trunks at that hour, was the presence of the necessary minds for warfare.

With the development of that improved viability of harmat vinyl, there is a problem with the transition to a new type of charge. As you can see, the first harmonics were charged without a middle of the barrel, but the last and best way of charging was necessary. In this way, it became the charge of zbroї іz breech. For whom only one thing is needed - above all, for the silence of the stovbur of harmony to the channel. All the commanders of the Russian army fired successfully, zastosuvav a wedge-shaped bolt for the bore of the barrel, which at that time did not zastosovuvavsya in the artillery of the armies of the other lands.

At the beginning of the 17th century lay the birth of Russian artillery science. The first scientific practice, known to the historians of our time, is to lay down to Onisim Mikhailov - "Pushkar's master's rights", who wrote in 1620 to the year, and is called "The Statute of Harmonic Martial Rights of those other rights, which are worthy of Russian science." For more than 150 years, the manuscript has become invisible, and in 1777 it was only published by V. Ruban.

The scientific work of Onisim Mikhailov was formed from 663 decrees, and even a new one had a lot of truly revolutionary original ideas. Mikhailov not only zmіg uzagalniti rich position, familiar from foreign literature, but also gave independence to a whole series of food, which were organized, fighting, and material parts of artillery. With his work, Mikhailov laid the foundation for a further development of artillery literature in Russia, and importantly, having added a valuable contribution to the development of artillery science.

The beginning of the 18th century became the most important stage in the formation of Russian artillery. In the same period, the Russian artillery became the best in Europe. Zdebіl'gogo ze bulo reached zavdyakova impertinence, energy and organizational vibes of Peter the Great and yogo combat comrades-in-arms with artillery - G. G. Skornyakov-Pisarev, Ya. Creating a regular army for a new sight, Peter the Great practically anew, in ambushes, rebuilding the structure of the artillery. The low state entrances, like Peter I, were of great importance for the further development of that growth of artillery.

So, Peter the Great, having ordered food, was tied up with the forging of artillery shells. Bulo kasovano caliber in artillery. For vyrobnitstva znaryad vikoristovuvalis only typical armchairs. Before the creators of the hero, the task was set to change the vag and reach the maximum maneuverability of the armor on the battlefield. As a result, absolutely new howitzers and garmats appeared on the rebuilt army, yakі small high combat strength and high maneuverability and significantly simpler and easier transportation.

Peter I was of great importance by inflicting maneuverability and flaccidity of artillery on the battlefield. We mustered the strength to ensure that on the battlefield there is no less than infantry, and the cinematography is always small to support artillery. For whom, in the Russian army, such sub-provisions were introduced, like artillery artillery. Created by Peter I, the cіnna artillery took a part in the battle with the Swedes in 1702 rotations and the battle under Lisova in 1708 rotations at once from the cavalry regiments, and historians know that the zavdyaks themselves won the victory. The artillery of the Russian army was especially famous during the hour of the Great War of 1812 and the overseas campaigns of 1813-1814, which followed it.

Of particular importance to the development of artillery was the training of personnel. Peter the Great, as a special master of the artillery right, and having put in great practice the manifestation of talented buyers, impersonally taught them the art of conducting artillery battle. In the same period, Russia laid the foundation for the development of artillery illumination. Zusilla, after the reorganization of the Russian army and the artillery, they have already paid off handsomely, and moreover, a hundredfold. Particularly great success fell on a part of the Russian artillery during the Battle of Poltava in 1709. As you can see, the Swedish interventions were crushed enough. The Russian artillery led a mass fire, shooting at point-blank shot at the Swedish army, which went straight to the attack, which led to important losses at the enemy's camp. The efficiency of the Russian artillerymen was recognized by the enemy.

More success at the development of Russian artillery pov'yazanі z im'yam P.І. Shuvalov. This prominent artilleryman in the middle of the 18th century stood guard over the organization of artillery. Zavdyaki Shuvalov was given a perfect order for the review, and as a result, the level of combat and technical training of artillerymen was significantly advanced. Until the creation of new znarad P.I. Shuvalov zumіv zauchiti talented winemakers, middle boules Major Danilov and Colonel Martinov. For this talented tandem, a new star was created - a single one, as it served the Russian army for over a hundred years. As a basis for the project, the single vikoristan dovga howitzer was inspired by Peter the Great. New znaryaddya were assigned to carry out shooting with shells of various types: firing shells, explosive grenades, buckshot, and cannonballs. The stinks were small special ends of the komori, which made it possible to speed up the charging process.

Heroic and brave Russian artillery, shown in the other half of the 18th century, were inextricably linked with the prominent successes of the Russian, reached under the command of the talented Russian commanders M.I. Kutuzova, P. A. Rumyantseva and A. V. Suvorova.

P. A. Rumyantsev introduced a number of important provisions and changes in the supply of combat equipment and organization of artillery. Zastosovuyuchi tsі position, rosіyskі artillerymen vymagali significant success in the battles with the turkish army. Of particular note are those how the Russian artillery worked in the battles at Larzi and Cahul. In these battles, the Russian artillery was able to stifle the fire of the Turkish artillery and delivered a significant blow to the fortune tellers, which ensured the final and residual defeat of the Turkish troops.

Even greater were the successes of the artillery of the Russian army in battles under the command of the notorious A. V. Suvorov. The commander miraculously knowing the artillery and correctly appreciating its fighting ability. When setting a task for the artillerymen, Suvorov gave a short note: “Christian fires make the fire win.” The commander of the head of the vimahav, so that the artillery units were preparing an attack of the infantry and the cinema. The Russian artillery together with the Suvorov troops took part in the march to faraway Italy, and the beginnings of their might were given a low number of defeats of the French army.

The beginning of the 19th century was marked by bloody wars between Napoleonic France and a coalition of powers, near the warehouse of which was a bula and Russia. The Russian army and the її artillery streaked with the front line at that hour and miraculously built, prepared, kerovan with talented generals and marshals of the French army. In important battles with the Napoleonic army, there were victories and defeats. The most important defeat for the Russian army was the battle of Austerlitz in 1805.

In 1812, a French army, led by Napoleon, invaded the borders of Russia. So the war broke out, as it is rightly called Vitchiznyanoy. The Russian people were mad to defend their state from the French interventions. But for Napoleon, this war ended with a new defeat for those who were driven out of the borders of Russia. The Battle of Borodino became the most significant and climactic in the course of the war. The French have played this battle, and they themselves have been blessed with great glory, won by the stretch of rich fates. And as the French themselves knew, the miraculous artillery preparation of the Russian army lay at the heart of their defeat, as it could lead a significant shkodi in their camp.

Artillery continued successfully and under the hour of the famous counter-offensive of the Russian army, Yakim cheruvav M.I. Kutuzov and the rest of Napoleon's army fell. The whole month of strikes in the Russian artillery, the French army tried on their own in battles under Dorogobuzh and Vyazma, under Maloyaroslavets and Chervonim.

The battle glory of the artillery of the Russian army was growing and rising among those who were attacking in these wars. A lot of glorious and heroic sides in the history of Russia were inscribed by artillerymen for the hour of the defense of Sevastopol in 1854-1855. during the Anglo-French-Turkish interventions In the battles for the place, the Russian artillerymen brought not only their own vibe, but also guilt, guilt and heroism. On the bastions of the place on Malakhov Kurgan, the guardsmen spent tens of thousands of soldiers and officers in the artillery fire.

As seen, Krymska Viyna 1853–1856. became the rest, at the yakіy victors smooth-bore accordions were played. Tsі znaryaddy already did not show to the helpers that they hung up to the artillery. Starting a period of large-scale re-development of all armies of the world with small artillery shells, the rapid-fire artillery shells appeared. Russian vintners, designers and engineers made a significant contribution to the cherry food, tied from the doors of the improved material part of the artillery, as well as the basic foundations of combat zastosuvannya.

During the course of the 19th century, great successes were achieved in the galley development of that thorough artillery science and technology. Artillery science brought its revolutionary changes and innovations of Russian mathematicians N. I. Lobachevsky, P. L. Chebishev, M. V. Ostrogradsky. On the basis of their mathematical solutions, they developed and developed rich food, connected with internal and external ballistics, as well as artillery firing.

Vіdomosti and luminous recognition were awarded Russian christenings - artillerymen N. A. Zabudsky and N. V. Maіїvsky. Їх doslіdzhennia z supply vikoristannya narіznih znaryad, polota dovgastih shells and pods vnutrіshnoї and zvnіshnyoї balіstika є klassichnymi pratsyami, yakі the most original to represent the perfection of the task of artillery technology and science. The works of M. A. Zabudsky and N. V. Maievsky were translated by foreign languages ​​and were awarded a high rating in other regions.

It is necessary to know that in Russia the development of artillery was given significant respect and greatness, as they put their contribution to the development of artillery to do it richly. Thus, Professor A.V. Gadolin solved the problem, solving the problem of increasing the opirnosti of stovbur and the pressure of powder gases. A. V. Gadolin’s theory about the stowing of bagatospheric stovburs for a long period of time was stoked during the design of artillery systems.