Tranquilizers (anxiolytics): pharmacological influences, direct education, safety problems of stagnation

S. Yu. Shtrigol, village of Med. Sciences, Professor, T.V. Kortunova, Ph.D. Sciences, Associate Professor, National Pharmaceutical University, Kharkiv; D.V. Shtrigol, Ph.D. Sciences, Associate Professor, National University of Internal Affairs, Kharkiv

Tranquilizers (from the Latin Tranquillium “calm”) are one of the most important groups of psychotropic drugs. At the same time, they are increasingly called anxiolytics (from the Latin Anxius “anxious” and the Greek Lysis “disorder”). Other, less broad names for ataractics (from the Greek Ataraxia “inviolability”), psychosedatives, antineurotics.

In the general classification of psychotropic properties, tranquilizers, together with neuroleptics, are traditionally classified as psycholeptics, i.e., drugs that are generally depressive, as they suppress the type of action. However, as will be shown further, it is significant that the number of medicinal drugs from different groups now reveals anti-anxiety (tranquilizing) powers. Zocrem, such authorities have introduced such antidepressant drugs, which generally give a stimulating influx on mental processes. At the same time, such a classic tranquilizer as dipazepam has an antidepressant effect. These spectra of pharmacological activity overlap, it would seem that absolutely different drugs indicate the polymodality of psychotropic effects, the complexity of the mechanisms of various mental disorders that are observed in richness of neurotransmitters, and the strength of certain neurochemical and neurophysiological pathways of these disorders.

Tranquilizers are available for about 50 years. The development of the first drugs of this group dates back to the 50s of the twentieth century, the period of the birth of scientific psychopharmacology. The history of stagnation of anxiolytics began with the introduction into clinical practice of meprobamate (meprotane) in 1955, chlordiazepoxide (elenium) in 1959. Already after chlordiazepoxide, diazepam (seduxen, sibazon, relanium). Today's group of tranquilizers includes over 100 drugs. What excites them is their active search and thoroughness. In the most popular series of 1,4-benzodiazepine-like compounds, over 3 thousand have been synthesized. Spoluk, from which over 40 vikoristvaetsya in clinical practice.

The most important power of tranquilizers is the reduction of restlessness, anxiety and fear, changes in internal tension, excessive twitchiness, insomnia and other manifestations of neuroticism, neurosis-like, psychopathic and psychopathic states, autonomic dysfunctions. Therefore, the main target is the use of tranquilizers and a variety of anxiety-phobic syndromes of the non-psychotic level, both acute and chronic, that develop within the framework of so-called border stations.

The cream has an anxiolytic effect, before the main clinical-pharmacological effects of tranquilizers include sedative, muscle relaxant, anti-dominant, drug-induced, vegetostabilizing, and also amnestic. Many anxiolytics also call for medical attention. However, with many tranquilizers, their power is expressed at different levels, so it is always necessary to be careful when choosing a drug for a particular patient. Refinement of this group is aimed at direct synthesis of drugs with isolated anxiolytic agents, which leads to minimization of side effects. Dyzno, sedativnu і Snodіin bangookh of the classic tranquilizatorv to give the non -embarrassed linen, Snowstysti, the native of respect (Yakshcho Tilki Mova is not about the Jacks in the anchistry of the dexterity of the hollow). Myorelaxation is important in the treatment of nerve diseases that are accompanied by increased muscle tone, as well as in anesthesiology; in patients with underlying mental disorders, this is usually not the case. Because there is a concern about amnestic powers, i.e., the desire to absorb memory, then they almost always manifest side effects.

Among the psychotropic properties, tranquilizers are the most widely used in the minds of both inpatient and outpatient care. The scope of their research goes far beyond psychiatry, somatic diseases, neurology, surgery, anesthesiology (premedication, ataralgesia), oncology, dermatology, gerontology, pediatrics y, obstetrics and gynecology, narcology (for the management of alcohol withdrawal), a number of other areas of medicine. These drugs are also used by healthy people to relieve the negative effects of emotional stress. As V. I orders. Borodin, 10 to 15% of the total population in various countries of the world need to cancel prescriptions for one or another tranquilizer once a year. Benzodiazepines are especially often prescribed. Trivalo is used by about 2% of the population.

With regard to such broad scope and high importance of tranquilizers, it is necessary to systematize current information about this group of drugs, including nutritional classification, mechanisms of action, pharmacologist ichnyh effects, as well as side effects and safety of stagnation. This remains due to the fact that at this time in psychopharmacology the priority is given to the safety of treatment itself, emphasis is placed on the importance of establishing clinical effectiveness (the effectiveness of treatment) and unnecessary side effects or drug tolerance (risk of treatment).

Classification of tranquilizers. Most of the early classifications of tranquilizers were based on the characteristics of their chemical nature, toxicity, and clinical stagnation.

Thus, the number of drugs is led by similar to benzodiazepine Among them are drugs of trivalent action (for example, diazepam, phenazepam, cinazepam, nitrazepam, flunitrazepam), intermediate-duration drugs (chlordiazepoxide, lorazepam, nozepam, alprazolam, etc.) and short-term ones. ї (midazolam, triazolam). Before similar to diphenylmethane benactizine (amizil) is added to Similar to 3-methoxybenzoic acid trioxazine, to esters of substituted propanediol meprobamate, to similar to quinuclidine oxylidene, to the last azaspirodecandione buspirone.

Traditionally they are called this way "Denny tranquilizers" In those who have a strong anxiolytic effect and minimal expression of sedative, analgesic, muscle relaxant effects, mezapam (Rudotel), trioxazine, tophysopam (Grandaxin); The anxiolytic action is also superior to hydazepam, tofisopam, and dicalium clorazepate (tranxene). These drugs can be prescribed on an outpatient basis during the day.

A similar approach to classification, however, does not include the mechanism of action of tranquilizers, which is especially important for understanding pharmacodynamics and the severity of side effects, and for identifying the main directions to the development of a new generation of drugs. Progressive classifications of anxiolytics based on the mechanism of action are beginning to appear not only in scientific publications, but also in the remaining primary literature on pharmacology. Zokrema, prof. D. A. Kharkevich classifies the most important tranquilizers into agonism of benzodiazepine receptors(Diazepam, phenazepam etc.), serotonin receptor agonism(Buspirone) i preparations of various types(Amizil and in.).

The most comprehensive classification of tranquilizers based on the mechanism of action is divided into the National Institute of Pharmacology of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences by T. A. Voronin and S. B. Seredenin. This classification is given in table. 1.

Table 1. Classification of the most important tranquilizers (by)

As can be seen from the table. 1, in connection with the influx of different neurotransmitter systems involved in the pathogenesis of anxiety states, the tranquilizing action is combined not only with the “classical” anxiolytic, but also with drugs, which depend on different clinical pharmacologists personal groups TSH, ZOKREMA, Nootropni TARBROVSKULY AMINOLOL drug (INODIY YOO TISTED TRAILOLONOTOPAM), MIORLAKSUYUCHA, ANTISEPTICAL TALLUVAB BALOLOFEN, HEARCH drug ONDANCETRON (ZOFRAN), Antoxidant Mexidol, drugs of the drug Katamin ( Calipsol). Most of these drugs are currently not prescribed specifically for the correction of anxiety-phobic conditions. A structural homolog of ketamine, phencyclidine, which has a similar mechanism of action (antagonism of glutamate NMDA receptors), is hallucinogenic and does not appear in clinical medicine as a disease.

In addition, the table does not include descriptions of numerous drugs by the authors that are at various stages of development and clinical stagnation. Some of them are involved only in experimental medicine. For them, the tranquilizing effect is just one of the facets of pharmacological activity. These are β-blockers (propranolol, etc., which are lipophilic and penetrate well into the brain), since the activation of adrenergic systems increases anxiety and fear; The use of β-blockers is especially indicated in case of anxiety due to somatic pathology: angina pectoris, arrhythmias, arterial hypertension; nucleic acid metabolites (uridine, potassium orotate); words that affect the energy status of the brain, ligands of adenosine receptors (Lyton, nicogamol, rubide nicotinate); hormonal hormones (corticotropin-releasing hormone, epiphyseal hormone melatonin); antagonism of cholecystokinin-B receptors; neuropeptides (neuropeptide Y, enkephalin, Selank, Noopept, prolylendopeptide inhibitors, etc.); agonists of histamine H3 receptors; tricyclic antidepressants and MAO-A inhibitors (such as moclobemide, pirasidol), DOPA decarboxylase inhibitors. The anti-anxiety component in the spectrum of pharmacological activity also includes neuroleptics, narcotic analgesics, nootropics and actoprotectors, painkillers, lithium salts, calcium channel blockers, and a number of vitamin complexes. Analysis of the pharmacological properties of these drugs is beyond the scope of this publication.

Factors that influence the action of tranquilizers. Depending on the peculiarities of the mechanism of action, the dose and the severity of the drug, the pharmacogenetic factor of the genetically determined type of organism on the emotional-stressful action is strongly influenced by the effect of tranquilizers. Studies on animals have shown that with an active type of reaction in the action of benzodiazepine tranquilizers, a long-term sedative effect, a suppression of behavioral reactions, prevails, and with a protracted type (the so-called freezing reaction ії “caught”), however, indicates the activation of behavior. According to the data of S. B. Seredenin, clinical studies have established that asthenic patients with neuroses are wary of Tranquil-activating, and in strong-willed Tranquil-sedative effects of benzodiazepines. In healthy volunteers with high efficiency of operational activity in an emotional-stressful situation, benzodiazepines require sedation, and in times of disorganizing stress, increased performance indicators. The relevance of the effect to the phenotype of emotional-stress reaction also occurs in Afobazol.

According to the results of our research, the effect of tranquilizers can be influenced by such factors as the mineral content of the diet, zocrema, the level of grub and sodium chloride. Vikonian experiments on mice (test of intraspecific aggression of males, subjected to 1-stretch isolation). In the cage before the isolated mouse, the males were placed in the cage in a secret place, where the isolate shows pronounced aggression. Data table 2 show that the animals, which lasted 1-2 months until the end, had an increased NaCl intake, and aggressive behavior was less pronounced than in the control mice, who were weaned off the normal salt diet. The latent hour of an open attack was equal to the control indicator by 15 times (p<0,05), причем в течение этого периода изолянты почти не обращали внимание на партнера. Общее количество атак имело тенденцию к уменьшению относительно контрольного уровня (в среднем на 17%). Диазепам даже в небольшой дозе (0,1 мг/кг внутрибрюшинно за 30 мин. до опыта) достоверно редуцировал агрессивное поведение в контрольной группе. Это проявлялось в увеличении латентного времени нападения в 21 раз (p<0,05) и уменьшении количества атак на 77% (p<0,05) по сравнению с фоновым показателем мышей, которым препарат не вводился (табл. 2). Однако в условиях избыточного потребления поваренной соли специфическое действие анксиолитика ослаблялось. Латентный период агрессии был вдвое короче, чем у контрольных животных после введения диазепама (p<0,05), и недостоверно (на 29%) меньше фонового показателя при гипернатриевом рационе. Количество атак после введения диазепама уменьшилось в сравнении с фоном на 56%, т. е. в меньшей степени, чем в условиях нормального рациона.

Table 2. Infusion of elevated kitchen salt on the aggressiveness of mice, response to trival insulation, and modulation of the effect by diazepam (n \u003d 10)

Note.
Statistically significant values ​​(p<0,05): * - с контролем, # - с фоновым показателем.

The decrease in the effectiveness of the anxiolytic is obviously due to the fact that increased sodium chloride reduces the weakening of GABA-ergic galmic processes.

Side effects of tranquilizers and safety problems of their administration. In general, tranquilizers, when used as substitutes for other psychotropic drugs (neuroleptics, antidepressants), are characterized by a number of important side effects and are well tolerated. V. I. Borodin sees the following main side effects, which increase with the use of certain tranquilizers and reach type A:

• hypersedation, long-term daytime sleepiness, decreased sleeplessness, impaired coordination, forgetfulness, etc.;
• muscle relaxation and relaxation of skeletal muscles, which manifests itself as underlying weakness, weakness in certain groups of muscles;
• “Behavioral toxicity” is a mild impairment of cognitive functions and psychomotor skills, which appears in small doses and is revealed during neuropsychological testing;
• “Paradoxical” reactions of increased aggressiveness and agitation (wakefulness), disruption of sleep, should pass quickly or after a reduced dose;
• mental and physical stress, which arises from severe stagnation (6-12 months without interruption), manifesting itself as neurotic anxiety.

These side effects are most typical for benzodiazepines, which can also cause hypotension (especially when administered parenterally), dry mouth, dyspepsia (nastyness, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation), Puppy appetite and increased appetite, dysuria (seed disorders), impairment of natural cravings and potency. Benzodiazepines may increase intraocular pressure and are contraindicated in patients with closed-cuta glaucoma. With dry stagnation, tolerance is possible. Allergic reactions rarely occur.

The frequency is led by bloatiness, drowsiness, and occurs in approximately 10% of episodes, including on the next day as part of “excess symptoms” after taking the drug the night before. About 5-10 times, confusion and ataxia (impaired coordination of the arms) associated with myorelaxation occur less frequently. However, in the summer months, side effects are seen to become more frequent. In connection with these authorities, myasthenia is contraindicated before the use of tranquilizers.

Sleep deprivation and muscle relaxation, which are caused by tranquilizers, include such contraindications before their insomnia, such as sleep apnea syndrome and long respiratory pauses during sleep, especially occur in people who have a weak patient iv. This results in hypoxia and possible development of myocardial ischemia. Tranquilizers complicate the awakening of the throat and the relaxation of the soft palate, sagging and moving towards the larynx and further into the trachea, leading to increased hypoxia. In connection with this, it is important to remember the old recommendation to avoid taking any medications from sick patients.

Memory impairment may extend to the manifestation of “behavioral toxicity” and is characterized by episodes of anterograde amnesia (decreased memory on the level experienced after taking the drug), especially when taking benzodiazepines. quilizers with a pronounced hypnosedative effect, including the dipotassium clorazepate (tranxene) . It is also possible that memory and recognition of information may be impaired due to the use of classic benzodiazepine drugs such as diazepam, phenazepam, but not the new generation drugs alprazolam (Xanax) or buspirone.

Increased aggressiveness and the manifestation of “paradoxical” reactions can be treated with triazolam, in connection with which it is recommended to take this drug for no more than 10 days in the presence of alcohol, as well as dipotassium clorazepate. Increased aggressiveness or agitation may be clearly associated with the use of tranquilizers, which may result in illness rather than as a side effect of the drugs.

In connection with an unpleasant influx into the intrauterine lining, anxiolytics are contraindicated in cases of gestation. Tranquilizers, like all benzodiazepines, easily cross the placenta. Thus, the concentration of diazepam in the umbilical cord blood exceeds its concentration in the maternal blood. The level of diazepam and oxazepam in the blood of the fetus grows entirely due to the high level of binding of these drugs with the proteins of the blood of the vaginal woman, and then they create a higher concentration It is present in the baby’s blood, which binds closely with its proteins. Elimination of these drugs and their metabolites occurs more frequently than in adults. Children, especially in the prenatal and early postnatal periods, may be susceptible to oppressive surges on the central nervous system, and tranquilizers easily accumulate in their bodies. Therefore, newborns whose mothers, during periods of pregnancy, took anxiolytics, may suppress breathing right up to the last point, apnea (in a number of seizures, for example, there is tachypnea), hypothermia, decreased muscle tone , galvanization of reflexes, including smoctal (sometimes possible hyperreflexia ) , tremor, hyperactivity, increased anxiety, sleep disturbance, vomiting. The shelf life of these items without cleaning reaches 8–9 months. Similar damage (with varying clinical picture) is also described for chlordiazepoxide and meprobamate. They can be mistaken for signs of drug intoxication. The appearance of the descriptions of the pain was indicated by sedation with regular use of 10-15 mg of diazepam throughout the remaining trimester of pregnancy. The term “benzodiazepine children” is sometimes coined. So called “behavioral teratogenesis” of tranquilizers, i.e. postnatal damage to the nervous activity of the offspring, findings in numerical experimental studies on animals.

With retrospective research, more than 20 thousand. In women who took meprobamate during pregnancy, morphological abnormalities (calcification) were detected in 12% of newborns, which indicates an increased risk of teratogenic effect. Speaking about the teratogenicity of tranquilizers, one cannot help but think about thalidomide, which in the 60s of the twentieth century caused a massive appearance of gross anomalies of endings in children in Western Europe.

Because of the safety of a single dose of diazepam during bedside hours for anesthesiological purposes, it is important not to administer it to the point of death in the neonatal period.

Tranquilizers pass into breast milk. Zocrema, diazepam creates 10 times less concentration in the blood. Whenever there is a need to take tranquilizers, a woman who is pregnant will have to take a nap.

The problem of medication delay before tranquilizers is interpreted ambiguously by the Fahivians. As A. S. Avedisov points out, there are thoughts and a lack of verification data here. However, staleness is a clinical reality. Most authors are unanimous in the Duma that their risk is directly proportional to the pain of treatment with tranquilizers. Dependence on benzodiazepines, including lorazepam, is especially common. It is obvious that meprobamate is not safe, due to the particularity of its action - the development of euphoria.

Physical inactivity is indicated by urinary syndrome. Its manifestations include scolio-intestinal disorders, sweating, tremor, drowsiness, confusion, headache, intolerance to strong sounds and odors, noise in the ears, restlessness, restlessness, sleeplessness, depersonalization (including waste of the powerful “I” and the experience of emotional exhaustion in the blood to loved ones, to work, etc.). As a rule, the vein does not leak well. The severity and severity of withdrawal disorders can be underestimated and the neurotic manifestations of a sick patient can be taken lightly. At the same time, there are frequent attempts (months and days) to stagnate benzodiazepines without the difficulty of touching, which is supported by the usual tactics of treatment and administration of the drug. To induce withdrawal symptoms during treatment with treatment, use lower doses, short courses of therapy, and treatment for 1 to 2 months with either psychotherapy or placebo. It can be recommended to replace the short-acting drug with Trivalo long-term drug in equivalent doses (Table 3), and the rate of dose reduction should be approximately 25% per cutaneous quarter of the application period. Trival treatment (with good tolerance and complete tolerance) is possible in summer patients in whom benzodiazepines in small doses relieve symptoms well, and in patients in whom drugs help to there is life.

Table 3. Equivalent doses of certain tranquilizers for adults (by)

In walking, the role of psychological mechanisms is of great importance. The prevalence of guilt is highest especially in those with cognitive and behavioral disorders, excessive fixation on somatic symptoms, and irrational belief in the need for medications and rehabilitation. m important symptoms of illness.

The discussed problems of safety in the administration of tranquilizers cannot be ignored without respect to the use of these drugs. Due to the wide range of stench (especially benzodiazepines), withdrawal from depressant drugs leads in frequency. However, there is always a great breadth of therapeutic and lethal episodes in rare cases, as long as these drugs are not combined with alcohol, barbiturates, antipsychotics, and antidepressants. The toxic effects of these tranquilizers are potent. It is also unsafe when combined with cardiac glycosides, the fragments when combined with a tranquilizer can mask the effects of another drug. Internal administration of benzodiazepines has become unsafe in Sweden, which can lead to a decrease in arterial pressure, a sharp suppression of the respiratory tract, and heart function right up to the core. Particularly important is the decrease in the vise value of meprobamate. The withdrawal process becomes more difficult in those with a diseased liver, which means the ability of the drug to be excreted from the body significantly decreases. In patients with severe development of the subcutaneous adipose tissue, the detachment of the liver, with low severity, can last for a long time, which increases the risk of developing hypostatic pneumonia.

When you take a large number of tranquilizer tablets into the pouch, their conglomerates can be formed, the weight of which reaches 25 g. The smells are fixed in the folds of the mucous membrane and are not removed when washed. Water used for rinsing can carry them into the small intestine. This leads to a protracted journey of frustration. Therefore, after washing the pouch, if the patient’s body is aggravated, endoscopy, use of enterosorbents, salt carriers, and cleansing enemas are recommended.

As has already been noted, the peculiarity of pharmacokinetics and, apparently, toxicokinetics of benzodiazepines is a high degree of binding to blood proteins, which makes it practically impossible to dialyze them. Most drugs of this group are little excreted through drugs. Therefore, in case of illness, detoxification methods such as hemodialysis and forced diuresis are ineffective. Dialysis is ineffective even if buspirone is overdosed. Treatment is focused on repeated rinsing of the tube, infusion therapy, stagnation of plasma exchangers, vasopressor drugs, high doses of medications, including piracetam, oxygen therapy may be necessary in important cases Vikorist use piece ventilation of the legen. Prevention of pneumonia is necessary. The specific antagonist of benzodiazepines, flumazenil, is used only in those with a history of drugs, alcohol, antidepressants, or a criminal history (flumazenil may be used by the courts). Flumazenil is administered internally. When meprobamate is present, which rarely occurs, it is much weaker than benzodiazepines, binds to blood proteins and is more commonly excreted. Therefore, hemodialysis and forced diuresis in case of withdrawal from meprobamate are more effective.

After the patient has been removed from the acute phase, rehabilitation is necessary in connection with severely impaired cognitive functions, autonomic innervation, leg, liver, liver, immune system and. It has been established that, after withdrawal from tranquilizers, splinters against infectious diseases are ineffective.

Before drug interactions between tranquilizers, it is necessary to note that any (called anxioselective) drugs of this group should not be combined with alcohol. Drowsiness, psychomotor hypotension and decreased breathing may occur. The inheritance of potentiation suppressed the influx on the central nervous system without combining benzodiazepines with phenothiazine antipsychotics. Buspiron is not incompatible with antidepressants and MAO inhibitors (nialamide, etc.), because there is a possible development of a hypertensive crisis. Cimetidine formulation increases the concentration of diazepam and chlordiazepoxide (not oxazepam or lorazepam) in the blood by 50%, increasing their metabolism and clearance. High doses of caffeine, including in drinks, reduce the anxiolytic effect of benzodiazepines.

The range of side effects, contraindications, drug interactions of tranquilizers is necessary to improve the safety of treatment of these most widespread psychotropic drugs.

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In today's world, most people are constantly in a state of stress and emotional tension, which naturally leads to various neurotic disorders over time. Before speaking, in other countries, up to 20% of the population suffers from destruction.

In connection with the described situation, the problems of diagnosing neurotic disorders, as well as their treatment, are currently among the most pressing in pharmacology and medicine. And drugs that help deal with anxiety, restlessness and anxiety are among the most in demand today.

We will try to take a closer look at the effects of psychotropic drugs, which include tranquilizers, called anxiolytics, and antidepressants, as well as discuss the importance of their effect on the organ Change of people.

Troubling discord is the scourge of everyday people

In the midst of psycho-emotional disorders, which manifest themselves within the framework and can be seen in the first place), the most alarming disorders themselves most often appear. Stinks, among others, can be observed in the context of a clinical nosological form (i.e., self-inflicted illness), for example, in the form of panic attacks, social phobias or, unfortunately, anxiety-depressive disorders in social life Nowadays, 70% of patients with depressive states of non-psychotic behavior, for which, for reasons that are not yet clear, 75% of them are women.

It means that in neuroses there is a feeling of fear and anxiety regardless of the nature of the underlying illness, then in medicine the situation is once again seen as a negative situation. It is believed that anxiety greatly affects the psychoemotional state of the patient, and psychosomatic pathology may develop in him, and even somatic (physical) illnesses will proceed more smoothly and with a worse prognosis.

To combat anxiety, a variety of psychotropic medications can be used, including tranquilizers (anxiolytics) and antidepressants.

Anxiolytics (tranquilizers) and antidepressants: the difference between them

It is immediately necessary to clarify that, regardless of the seemingly insidious directness, these cats may have a different impact on the sick person. And the main difference between them lies in the fact that anxiolytics focus on reducing feelings of anxiety, tension, restlessness, and twitchiness that accompany depression, while antidepressants fight the disease itself.

Tranquilizers (a list of drugs with data will be given below) their influx is immediate, but they are usually no more than necessary, after which patients who have not taken off the initial dose of the drug may again feel alarmed symptoms

The influx of antidepressants is more troubling, since it is aimed at the causes of the appearance of pathological conditions. The course of treatment with these drugs can last 1-2 months, and in important cases, until the end. Then, with proper therapy, antidepressants can help you overcome residual depression. In case of severe illness, tranquilizers are prescribed in combination with antidepressants - some for the cause of the illness, and others for the cause.

Which authorities administer tranquilizers?

Otzhe, mi z'yasili, Sho Trankilizator in Pershu Cherga Mayat Anksioliticu - Tse Zniznnya at Hero, having painted fear, trivogs, crusts, yaki, manifested in the tie chi іnshiy miri at the rizniks of psychosomatic pathologies.

As a rule, tranquilizers may also have a sedative (general sedative), analgesic, muscle relaxant (lowers muscle tone), as well as an anti-seizure effect. And the hypnotic effect of the described drugs is reflected in the increased influx into the body of sick drugs, analgesics (painful), as well as narcotic drugs, which can be combined with tranquilizers.

These medicinal treatments may be found to be effective in cases of obsessiveness or hypochondriasis. Please note that in any case, affective, delirious, hallucinatory and other disorders that may be accompanied by restlessness, fear and anxiety, treatment with tranquilizers is not amenable to .

How is information transmitted in the human brain?

To understand how people constantly experience fear and anxiety, emotional tension, and other signs of depression, let’s take a look at how information is transmitted to the brain.

The cerebrum is made up of nerve cells - neurons, which do not always stick together. Between neurons there is a synapse (or synaptic gap), and therefore the transmission of information, and also electrical impulses between neurons, is carried out with the help of chemical intermediaries, which are called mediators.

Disturbances in the emotional sphere of people lead to changes in the concentration of certain mediators (to this point, changes in three of them will occur): norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine.

What is the purpose of an antidepressant?

The action of antidepressants is aimed at regulating the amount of neurotransmitters. As soon as a neuron receives an electrical signal, neurotransmitters enter the synapse and help transmit this signal further. If the smell begins to settle, the transfer process becomes weak or even impossible. And in such episodes, as a rule, we talk about the depressive state of a person - the patient’s concentration of respect is disrupted, apathy develops, the emotional background decreases, anxiety appears, as a result of fear and similar manifestations of the pathologist I'll be fine.

The prescription of antidepressants at the prescribed stage requires the activation of mediators, so that the transmission of the nerve impulse is enhanced, and the galvanization of the signal is compensated.

It should be noted that antidepressants, when taken too long, will inevitably cause side effects such as changes in vagina, impaired sexual activity, confusion, fatigue, itchy skin. Why are legal psychotropic drugs inevitably classified as medicinal drugs, which require special control over their use and use.

Why have tranquilizers become so widespread?

In addition to antidepressants and anxiolytics, the effect of anxiolytics is associated with decreased anxiety in the cerebral cortex, while the effect on the concentration of mediators in these drugs is weakly expressed.

In clinical practice, a wider variety of tranquilizers (anxiolytics) are common in that, compared to antidepressants, they have fewer important side effects and, as a rule, are well tolerated by the patient.

Anxiolytic drugs are administered both in the hospital and during outpatient treatment. And the scope of their research has long gone beyond the scope of psychiatry. Vaughn suffers from neurological, surgical, oncological and other illnesses. This is primarily due to the fact that from the moment of development of the first tranquilizers, their group already contains over 100 different drugs that cover a wide range of influxes, and the development of new ones continues until now.

Which types of seizures require anxiolytics?

Well, as you have already realized, in order to fall asleep from fear, restlessness, move forward to normalize sleep, reduce restlessness, restlessness and hypochondriacal reactions, a sick person needs anxiolic Itikiv. Their infusion helps to regulate the patient’s behavior, change the tension of the central nervous system, improve the social adaptation of the patient and reduce vegetative disorders. Indications for these symptoms include neurotic conditions and sleep disturbances, as well as cardiovascular problems and pain syndromes.

The most effective tranquilizers in such episodes are benzodiazepines: Xanax, Lorazepam, Phinazepam, Elenium, Diazepam or Relanium. In addition, a wide variety of drugs are called atypical anxiolytics - for example, the drugs “Buspiron hydrochloride” or “Mexidol”.

Tranquilizers: list of drugs and their infusions

Tranquilizers (anxiolytics), as you might have already guessed, are involved in the treatment of faceless illness, which can be both psychosomatic and somatic.

These drugs help to change the restlessness of those parts of the human brain, which are responsible for emotional reactions. And the headache of tranquilizers is an anxiolytic effect, which is reflected not only in decreased anxiety, but also in decreased obsessive thoughts (obsessive thoughts), as well as in relieved hypochondria (hypochondria). moving complaisance). The stench relieves mental stress, fear and anxiety, which is most pronounced in drugs such as Finazepam, Nozepam, Diazepam and Lorazepam.

And the drugs “Nitrazepam” and “Alprazolam” can be classified as tranquilizer drugs. Likarsky Zasobi “Mesapam” і “Grandaxin” is to be so called the Denny Transkilizatoriv, ​​Yaki Practically Posterovali Miorelaksantnu (Rososlassy M'yazi) and sedatively power, Proble the Priymati in the timid hour.

The drugs “Clonazepam”, “Finazepam” and “Diazepam” may also have an anti-seizure effect, and they are used for the treatment of vegetative crises and seizure syndrome.

How are anxiolytics prescribed?

When anxiolytics are used, there is a difference in the spectrum of their effects. However, in large doses, they reveal all the pharmacological power characteristic of tranquilizers.

The initial treatment course for drugs that may have an anxiolytic effect is approximately 4 days. In this case, the drug is taken daily for up to 10 days, and then there is a three-day break, after which the medication is resumed. This mode allows you to avoid the ringing effect in many situations when there is a need for dry stagnation.

In this case, it is recommended to take a short-acting anxiolytic drug (for example, Lorazepam or Alprazolam) 3-4 times a day, and a trivalent drug (Diazepam, etc.) - no more than 2 times a day. Before speaking, “Diazepam” is often prescribed to be taken once before bedtime, as it may have a sedative effect.

Caution when taking tranquilizers

However, all the drugs described above require obligatory drug control, otherwise the patient may develop an anxiolytic effect when taken regularly, and an increased dose of the drug will be required. Moreover, the molding process is extremely fast, and in the case of dry stagnation, the storage capacity grows especially strongly. In your case, you can call for the so-called syndrome of anxiety, which leads to a complete depression in the patient and, to the point of speech, to the worsening of these symptoms, to the reduction of any direct use of anxiolytics.

Among others, the identified side effects of tranquilizers are especially pronounced in children and children under 18 years of age, which is why their inclusion in this category may be less pronounced in patients with varicose veins, for which the indications are clearly outlined. In this case, the discomfort of therapy must be reduced to a minimum.

Overview of the main unpleasant surges of anxiolytics

Unfortunately, the anxiolytic effect is not only an anti-neurotic injection of the drug into the human body, but also some problems resulting from its side effects.

The main manifestations of the side effects of tranquilizers are a decrease in the level of sleeplessness, which is reflected in daytime sleepiness, impaired esteem and forgetfulness.

And the effect of myorelaxation (relaxation of skeletal muscles) is manifested by additional weakness and changes in strength in certain groups of muscles. At the grooved vipads, the shutters of the Trankilizator are sorely “behavioral toxic”, Tobto to the light guarantees of the claws, vijeenih in the acting of the navigy Pam'yati, and the focusing of the pods.

One of the ways to alleviate the situation, doctors consider the use of daily tranquilizers, such as Hydazepam, Prazepam, as well as Mebicar, Trimetozin, Medazepam and other conditions in which These side effects appear at a low level.

Signs of tranquilizer overdose

The anxiolytic effect of tranquilizers often leads to thoughtless and uncontrolled use of these drugs. If you are a Swede, there will be a reduction in emotional stress - it’s so great!

All anxiolytics, especially those that are combined with benzodiazepines, are easily dissolved in fats, which allows them to be completely absorbed from the gut tract and evenly distributed in the tissues of the human body. And this, in turn, can lead to even serious consequences from overdosing.

As a rule, overdose is accompanied by increased drowsiness, weakness, impaired walking, speech and confusion. More important stages of withdrawal are accompanied by impaired breathing, changes in tendon reflexes, a permanent loss of speed, and sometimes comatose state. Therefore, regardless of the fact that it is difficult to take certain tranquilizers (including psychotropic drugs) without a prescription, remember that these drugs can only be taken at the discretion of the doctor and under his control!

What other medications may have an anxiolytic effect?

Before speech, in the context of anti-anxiety in medicine, they use vicoristics and cats, so as not to be sedative-analgesic. So, for example, such an antihistamine drug as “Hydroxyzine” has a clear anxiolytic effect. This is especially evident in situations where the patient’s anxiety and emotional stress are triggered by extreme teasing.

Some nootropic agents (for example, Phenibut) may also have an anti-anxiety effect. The homeopathic benefits of “Tenaten” have proven themselves worthily.

Infusions of certain medicinal herbs (leweed, immortelle, tartar prickly, Rhodia erysipelas, pivonia and Schisandra chinensis) will help to soothe moods, resulting in depression or irritation. And calendula can help not only against psychoemotional stress, but also against headaches.

Ginseng root can help relieve stress, and in case of sleeplessness, angelica and glaze appear as brown. All herbal infusions are taken in courses of 14 days, and if the effect does not occur, consultation with a doctor is required.

After a chemical bud, tranquilizers are divided into the following groups:

1. Compounds of propanediol (glycerin) meprobamate.
2. similar to benzodiazepine alprazolam, bromazepam, gidazepam, diazepam, clonazepam, lorazepam, medazepam, oxazepam, temazepam, tofizopam, triazolam, phenazepam, flunitrazepam, estazolam, chlordiazepoxide.
3. days of azapirone buspirone.
4. Other weekends benactizine, hydroxyzine, mebicar, mexidol, oxylidene.

• Similar to benzodiazepine:
  The main group of tranquilizers. The antineurotic effect may be most pronounced and, less often, drugs of other groups may cause side effects.
  Benzodiazepines, when taken orally, are absorbed well and quickly penetrate into the blood. Diazepam and chlordiazepoxide are much more likely to absorb and penetrate into the cerebrum when taken orally, rather than when administered internally, which is important to remember when relieving acute anxiety symptoms. Peak blood concentrations following oral administration vary with different drugs and are achieved on average after 1-4 years, which may also have important clinical significance.
  Benzodiazepines are largely (80-95%) associated with blood albumin (diazepam 95%, oxazepam 90%, alprazolam approximately 85%).
  The effectiveness of antineurotic action in a significant world depends on the period of administration of the drug:
  T 1/2 of benzodiazepine tranquilizers and their active metabolites:
  

  INN	T 1/2	Active metabolites T 1/2
  Trival of action (T 1/2 more than 20 hours)
  chlordiazepoxide	9-18	Desmethylchlorodiazepoxide (10 18), demoxepam (35 50)
  diazepam	33; 53 (with repeated admission)	N-desmethyldiazepam (50 99), oxazepam (5 12)
  medazepam	1-2	diazepam
  bromazepam	12-24	-
  lorazepam	10-20	-
  nitrazepam	28-31	-
  flunitrazepam	15-25	7-aminoflunitrazepam (23), N-desmethylflunitrazepam (31)
  Alprazolam	12-15	-
  clonazepam	40	-
  Benzodiazepines of average age (T 1/2 about 10 years)
  oxazepam	5-12	-
  temazepam	8-16	-
  Benzodiazepines short-term (T 1/2 about 5 hours)
  midazolam	2	-
  triazolam	2-3	7a-hydroxytriazolam (4 8)

  Some benzodiazepines do not produce active metabolites; stinks are quickly converted into water-soluble compounds and quickly eliminated from the body, which makes the drugs much easier to tolerate by patients with impaired liver function or interact with other drugs that are metabolized in the liver.
  Benzodiazepines are administered mainly in the urine, intestines (10%) in the form of conjugates, as well as 0.5-2% dose in the constant form.
  The liquidity of benzodiazepine elimination also depends on their lipophilicity. Drugs that contain more lipids, such as diazepam, are more likely to cross the blood-brain barrier and, therefore, their psychotropic effects are more pronounced. However, it will soon end up in connection with the overdistribution of the drug in the peripheral adipose tissue. Drugs that contain fewer lipids, such as lorazepam and oxazepam, are more effective, if not more harmful.
  Propanediol derivatives (Meprabomate):
  It’s good to soak up the scolio-intestinal tract. Amenable to biotransformation in the liver with the release of inactive metabolites. T_1 / 2 from plasma - 10 hours. Pass through the placenta, milk penetrates into the breast (the concentration in breast milk is 2-4 times higher than the concentration in the maternal blood plasma). Excreted mainly by nirk (8-19% in unchanged form).
  Substances of azaspirodecandione (Buspirone):
  When taken in the middle, the liquid and the surface will become wet, although the bioavailability is only 4%, Cmax - 40-90 minutes, T1 / 2 - 2-3 years; undergoes intense biotransformation in the liver with the active metabolite (1-pyrimidinyl perazine).
  

The types of neuroses, anxieties, and stresses are not covered by human insurance. And in most cases, only calming agents, such as tranquilizers, can help. However, a non-dermal drug in this class can be obtained in a pharmacy without a doctor’s approval.

Tranquilizers - what are they?

The word tranquilizer comes from the Latin word “tranquillo”, which means “calm”. Another name for tranquilizers is anxiolytics. This word is also Latin and literally means “to relieve anxiety.”

Calm behavior has been known to medicine since ancient times. Mostly the products were natural, based on herbs. However, under tranquilizers, mothers currently use a group of synthetic drugs that act on benzodiazepine and GABA receptors in the brain. I want anxiolytics with an atypical mechanism of action, which involves not benzodiazepines, but serotonin receptors (spirotamine), or tranquilizers with a central anticholinergic or antihistamine effect (hydroxyzine, amizil).

The main function of tranquilizers is to reduce fluidity and increase wakefulness in the central nervous system. This leads to a change in the severity of psychomotor reactions to a larger variety of subjects.

Tranquilizers have a halmic effect on the limbic system of the brain - the hypothalamus, hippocampus, reticular formation, thalamic nuclei. Parts of the limbic system are responsible for various emotional reactions, and tend to lead to dulling of emotions. Under the infusion of a tranquilizer, a person ceases to feel oppressed by his negative emotions - anger, ferocity, fear, anxiety, restlessness. With this, however, most positive emotions become depressed or dulled.

Anxiolytic cream (which relieves anxiety) and tranquilizers may have a sedative, anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant and narcotic effect. Tranquilizers easily penetrate the blood-brain barrier, bind to blood proteins, accumulate in adipose tissue, and are excreted through the stomach and intestines. Despite the broadening of the mind, tranquilizers do not affect cognitive functions - memory, intelligence, etc.

Many tranquilizers can also cause nasty drugs. With their infusion, the intensity of night sleep and the balance between light and long sleep phases are normalized. In patients with epilepsy, tranquilizers reduce the activity of brain centers, which leads to trials. Invariably, the muscle relaxant effect of tranquilizers suppresses nervous arousal and relieves excessive tension in the muscles. Anti-dominant and muscle relaxant effects of tranquilizers are associated with suppression of spinal reflexes and nerve impulses of the spinal cord cells.

Anxiolytics produce a positive influx on the autonomic nervous system, reducing the severity of such somatic symptoms of anxiety and fear, such as:

• tachycardia,
• increased sweating,
• increased concentration of glucose in the blood,
• subtraction of the vice,
• impairment of intestinal motility.

From a chemical point of view, most (not all) tranquilizers fall into the class of benzodiazepines. This class of drugs has significantly increased its medical burden, which makes it incredibly surprising that benzodiazepines are used only a little more than a hundred times. The first such drug was synthesized in 1959. However, there are anxiolytics that are not similar to benzodiazepines, for example, hydroxyzine (similar to diphenylamine), meprobamate (carbamine ester), buspirone, mebicar,

The list of anxiolytics currently contains more than a dozen names. As a rule, stinks are released from the appearance of the tablets. However, there are rare drug forms for parenteral administration.

Anxiolytics are used for certain pathologies:

• alarming discord,
• become panicky,
• neurosis,
• phobias,
• sleeplessness,
• judge,
• withdrawal syndrome,
• hyperarousal,
• nervous tics and hyperkinesis,
• vegetative-vascular dystonia,
• permenstrual and menopausal disorders,
• post-traumatic stress disorders,
• movement tone of the muscles,
• itching of the skin in allergic diseases.

Anxiolytics are often prescribed in combination with other drugs - nootropics, antidepressants, antipsychotics.

Often, drugs in this series are used for premedication in preparation for surgical operations, for sedation of important diseases with vulgaris, ICH, hypertension, as part of the complex treatment of chronic alcoholism and drug addiction Yes, addictions to YouTube.

The dangers of anxiolytics with other drugs

Anxiolytics enhance this:

• sedatives,
• antidepressants,
• hypotensive disorders,
• neuroleptics,
• narcotic drugs,
• antiparkinsonian drugs,
• alcohol,
• analgesics and anesthetics,
• cardiac glycosides,
• muscle relaxants.

The smell is terrible with hormonal contraceptives, indirect anticoagulants, certain anti-cancer drugs, permanent MAO inhibitors, and alcohol.

Side effects and contraindications for the class of benzodiazepines

Some benzodiazapine-type anxiolytics have significant side effects:

• galvanization,
• drowsiness,
• decreased psychomotor reactions,
• zvikannya,
• development of medicinal longevity during dry stagnation,
• decreased arterial pressure.

Perhaps also:

• loss of coordination,
• decreased libido,
• untrimmable cut,
• confused,
• meaty weakness.

Most strong tranquilizers are contraindicated in pregnancy, during breastfeeding and in children.

Other contraindications for benzodiazepine drugs:

• ruined dikhannya,
• important form of meat weakness,
• chronic illness of the liver and nirok,
• State alcohol or drug addiction.

Continuous use of anxiolytics by people whose work requires high-level responsibility (drivers, dispatchers, etc.) is not allowed. However, such patients can undergo a course of treatment with tranquilizers in the hospital.

Treatment course with tranquilizers

Types of the benzodiazepine series are assigned for a short term, no more than 2 years. If more extensive treatment is required, it is necessary to take a break from the ingested medications for several days. In order to eliminate the symptoms of nausea, when taking this drug, the dose must be reduced step by step over several days. In some cases, treatment also does not begin with the maximum dose, but gradually increases. You cannot take anxiolytics for longer than prescribed by your doctor.

class of anxiolytics

The class of anxiolytics is usually divided into several categories depending on the effect of their infusion. A strong anxiolytic effect is observed with diazepam, phenazepam, and alprazolam. Pomerny - with clobazam, oxazepam, hydazepam.

In drugs such as estazolam, triazolam, nitrazepam, the drug effect is stronger than in other anxiolytics.

Features of certain anxiolytics

The role of anxiolytics as antidepressants and neuroleptics

Groups of drugs such as antidepressants and neuroleptics should not be confused with tranquilizers. The first ones do not give a sedative, so the fragments do not flow into the limbic system. The replacement of this stench promotes the release of serotonin in the central nervous system. Invariably, the patient suffers from depression caused by the lack of this neurotransmitter.

The action of antidepressants is more stimulating, less stimulating. Antidepressants improve the mood of people who experience increased positive emotions and suppressed negative ones.

While there is a shortage of antipsychotics, these drugs are effective for psychoses and conditions associated with them - madder, hallucinations, etc.

Anxiolytics: list of new generation drugs

Pharmacology does not stand still, and in the flow of new anxiolytics, more and more names of drugs appear. Most often, new techniques are more effective than their predecessors. There are fewer side effects than the previous generation of anxiolytics.

The following drugs can be added to the number of drugs of the new generation:

• etifoxine,
• buspirone,
• phenibut,
• oxylidene,
• Mexidol (ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate),
• tofizopam,
• Mebicar, Adaptol (tetramethyltetraazabiccyclooctanedione),
• benactizine,
• hydazepam,
• medazepam,

Most of the drugs from this category fall into the class of day or mild anxiolytics.

daily tranquilizers

Day or light anxiolytics are called anxiolytics that do not have a significant sedative or analgesic effect. The stench does not cause changes in the fluidity of the reaction, and does not cause drowsiness. The use of such anxiolytics is more suitable for people who lead an active way of life. Daytime tranquilizers may be the only choice for those who drive a car or engage in activities that require high levels of respect and high fluidity reactions.

Daytime tranquilizers are generally not available without a prescription. To purchase most anxiolytics, including day ones, you need a prescription from a doctor.

Mebicar

The active substance isedione. Indicated for neurotic disorders associated with physical and mental stress, ischemic disease, rehabilitation after a heart attack, with alcohol and nicotine addiction. The drug is not contraindicated except for individual intolerance of the components.

Phenibut

A drug that combines the power of nootropic and mild anxiolytic drugs. It flows directly into the GABA receptors of the brain. It becomes difficult to cope with panic and anxiety disorders, sleeplessness, loss of memory, and fleeting collapses. The bell does not sound when taken for the first time.

List of mild tranquilizers

Mild anxiolytics have fewer side effects than important ones, such as those similar to benzodiazepines. Therefore, doctors most often encourage patients to begin treating neuroses and stress conditions with such drugs themselves. However, they need to be taken for a long time, and in order for a noticeable effect to appear, they often require more attention.

The overflow of mild anxiolytics had a name. The most commonly recognized features are:

• Afobazol,
• buspirone,
• oxazepam,
• medazepam,
• hydazepam,
• adaptol,
• tofizopam,
• Mebikar,
• trimetazidine,
• phenibut.

buspirone

It is produced under the trade name Spitomin. Spitomine stimulates serotonin and dopamine receptors in the brain. When substituted with benzodiazepine drugs, Spitomina does not develop an anxiolytic effect as quickly. It is necessary to take several doses to take advantage of this drug. It has no powerful spirotomine, muscle relaxant and narcotic effects. Zasib is indicated for the treatment of neuroses and anxiety.

tophisopam

Available in the form of tablets. The action is similar to that of the benzodiazepine series. However, tofizopam has drowsiness and impaired reaction in the list of side effects of daily benzodiazepines. Therefore, the drug can be used by people engaged in activities that require increased respect, for example, water people. Used for anxiety, neuroses, stress, climacteric syndrome. The average dosage is 150 mg 3 times per dose. The course of treatment is a few years. Contraindications: dysphagia, vaginosis, breastfeeding.

Strong tranquilizers without prescriptions

There are many people who are faced with constant stress, anxiety and the neuroses associated with them, who want to quickly wake up to their state, to regain the joy and fullness of life. This means they go to the pharmacy and ask to sell them the most powerful tranquilizer, which is obviously available. However, in most of their episodes there is disappointment. Pharmacy professionals enforce rules and laws in their work that prohibit the sale of psychoactive drugs, including strong tranquilizers, without prescriptions.

This is due to the fact that strong anxiolytics may have few side effects and, if taken uncontrolled, can lead to medication delay. If you find strong anxiolytics on some websites that are sold without a prescription, then, for all intents and purposes, this is not the case. On rechecking, the leaves from such a trip are most often revealed to be light or daytime tranquilizers, or not to be taken to tranquilizers in the evening. In most cases, nootropic drugs, mild sedatives, and herbal-based drugs are classified as dietary supplements. This does not mean that the stench is completely ineffective. Treatment of neuroses, anxiety and depression is best to begin with them, and if this is not possible at all, then you need to see a doctor.

Tranquilizers: list of drugs by prescription

Most drugs in the anxiolytic class are sold with a prescription. This means that in order to buy them at the pharmacy, you need to make an appointment with a polyclinic, moreover, with a specialized physician - with a neurologist, or with a psychotherapist, and not with a simple therapist. Any specialized doctor who deals with the treatment of nerve diseases can write a prescription for a drug that will be taken in a pharmacy.

The list of anxiolytics that are sold with a prescription includes the following drugs:

• phenozepam,
• diazepam,
• chlordiazepoxide,
• hydroxyzine,
• buspirone,
• clonazepam,
• lorazepam,
• oxazepam,
• bromazepam,
• hydazepam,
• nitrazepam,
• midazolam,
• flunitrazepam.

Most of the drugs from this origin fall into the class of benzodiazepines. This list is far from exhaustive; however, for prescription drugs, it’s best to check with your pharmacy.

phenozepam

Phenozepam is a substitute for ham growth. It has an extremely strong anxiolytic effect. Anti-dominant, muscle-relaxing, oppressive power is expressed in a weaker way. The drug begins to work within 10-20 weeks after taking it. At the same time, the drug may become effective after 20 years. Available in the form of tablets in dosages of 0.5, 1 and 2.5 mg and in doses for internal administration.

Indications: mental stress, reactive psychosis, sleep disturbance. Contraindications in children, with gestation, severe liver failure and low, congenital myasthenia.

Tranquilizers are a group of pharmacological drugs, the main use of which is to relieve anxiety and psychoemotional stress. In addition to these effects, this group of medicinal agents can be narcotic, anticonvulsant, as well as muscle relaxant and stabilizing. The main illnesses, which involve the use of tranquilizers, are neurological conditions. However, not everything is shown in the same way. Today there is a great number of tranquilizers. The skin preparation has its own characteristics, allowing the doctor to individually approach the treatment process. This article will help you formulate statements about what tranquilizers do and how they smell. You will be able to become familiar with the most common representatives of this group of medications, the spectrum of their effects, and the peculiarities of medicine.

Well, tranquilizers. The name comes from the Latin word “tranquillo”, which means to calm down. Synonyms of this term include words such as “anxiolytics” (from the Latin “anxius” - anxious and “lysis” - disorder) and “ataractics” (from the Greek “ataraxia” - harmlessness, calm). However, the most widely used term is “tranquilizers”. Based on the name, it becomes clear that this group of medicinal treatments is aimed at alleviating anxiety and fears, eliminating fatigue and emotional tension. Tranquilizers calm the human nervous system.

Tranquilizers have been used in medicine since 1951, when the first drug of this class was created, Meprobamate. Since then, this group of medicinal treatments has expanded and continues to operate. In the search for new tranquilizers, it is necessary to reduce the side effects of their stagnation to a minimum, to reduce the effect of their activation to some of them, to achieve a smooth intensification of the anti-anxiety effect. This does not mean at all that there is no daily supply of existing drugs. It’s just that the whole world is in a state of disrepair, including medicine.

What types of tranquilizers are there?

The group of tranquilizers is heterogeneous behind its chemical warehouse. On this principle their classification is based. In general, all tranquilizers fall into two great groups:

• similar to benzodiazepine;
• drugs of other pharmacological groups with anti-anxiety activity.

The widest ranges similar to benzodiazepine are Diazepam (Sibazon, Relanium, Valium), Phenazepam, Hydazepam, Alprazolam, tofizopam (Grandaxin). The range of tranquilizers from other chemical groups often includes Hydroxyzine (Atarax), Mebicar (Adaptol), Afobazol, Tenoten, Phenibut (Noofen, Anvifen), Buspirone (Spitomin).

Observed effects of tranquilizers

Most tranquilizers come in a wide spectrum:

• reduce the level of anxiety and calm down (totally Sedir);
• relax the muscles (muscle relaxation);
• remove the vessel's readiness during epileptic seizures;
• a painful effect looms;
• stabilize the functions of the autonomic nervous system.

However, another effect of the tranquilizer is largely due to its mechanism of action, the peculiarities of absorption and splitting. Totto the drug “vmіe” is far from skin-friendly, everything is more than over-reinforced.

What are “day” tranquilizers?

Connected with the peculiarities of tranquilizers, there is a group of so-called “day” drugs. “Day tranquilizer” means, first of all, that it does not cause a drug effect. Such a tranquilizer does not reduce the concentration of blood, does not relax the muscles, and preserves the fluidity of the mind. In general, it is accepted that it does not have a pronounced sedative effect. Daytime tranquilizers include Hydazepam, Buspirone, tofizopam (Grandaxin), Mebicar (Adaptol), Medazepam (Rudotel).

How are tranquilizers used?

All tranquilizers work at the level of brain systems that form emotional reactions. This includes the limbic system, the reticular formation, the hypothalamus, and the thalamic nuclei. This is a great number of nerve cells, distributed throughout the different parts of the central nervous system, and interconnected with each other. Tranquilizers cause strangulation in these structures, as a result of which the degree of a person’s emotionality decreases.

Indirect mechanism of action for benzodiazepine-like drugs. The brain contains a variety of benzodiazepine receptors, which are closely linked to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors. GABA is a smut and galvanic substance in the nervous system. Benzodiazepine substances act on their receptors, which are transmitted to the GABA receptors. As a result, the galvanizing system is launched at all levels of the central nervous system. It is also important that the benzodiazepine receptors themselves are affected, and the nervous system produces another effect. Therefore, for example, there are tranquilizers with a pronounced drug effect, which are important to use for the treatment of sleep disorders (Nitrazepam). And other tranquilizers from the benzodiazepine group have a greater anti-dominant effect, which is associated with anti-epileptic drugs (Clonazepam).