"How Our Heart Works"

Nesterenko Maria Alekseevna

3 a class

MOU "Secondary School No. 14", Vorkuta

Head - Galina Kuydan

Table of contents

Introductory part

Relevance of the topic.

Objective of the project.

Project objectives.

Project hypothesis.

Main part

Research methods.

Research results.

Conclusion

Introductory part

Relevance of the topic.

I see the relevance of the topic of my project in the fact that recently the number of people suffering from heart disease has increased. Many people have no idea how this organ works and what helps to keep it in working order for many years.

Objective of the project.

Learn about the structure of the heart, its functions, prevention of heart disease.

Project objectives.

Collect, study material about the structure and work of the heart.

Conduct a survey among classmates and find out what they know about the heart.

Find out what negative factors in a person's life affect the work of the heart.

Learn about the types of heart disease.

Learn about preventive measures to help preserve your heart.

To draw the attention of classmates to the problem of heart disease.

To study scientific methods for determining the quality of the heart.

Create an information booklet for classmates about the heart.

Project hypothesis.

If you know how the heart works, how it works, and take preventive measures to strengthen it, then you can keep the heart healthy for many years.

Main part

Research methods:

1. Study of literature.

2. Study of Internet sources.

3. Questioning.

4. Observation.

5. Practical research.

6. Experiment.

Research results

Study No. 1

Task: learn how the heart works and how it works.

From early childhood, all people know that inside they have a special "motor" that constantly works, does not stop for a minute. By placing our hand on our chest, we can feel the heartbeat. Unfortunately, many do not know how this mysterious organ works and how it works. So I faced this problem this year. While studying the topic of the surrounding world "The structure of the human body" I had to prepare a presentation on the topic "How our heart works." As it turned out, I know only superficially about the work of the heart. I had to delve into scientific literature, encyclopedias, study my older brother's biology textbook, find photographs on the Internet.

So what have I learned. Looking in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary, I was able to find the definition:

“The HEART, the central organ of the circulatory system of animals and humans, pumping blood into the arterial system and ensuring its return through the veins ...

In humans, the heart is enclosed in a pericardial sac (pericardium) and is located in the mediastinum of the chest cavity. In adults, the length of the heart is 12-15 cm, the transverse size is 8-11 cm, the weight (without blood in the chambers) is on average 240 g for women, 330 for men. The heart of an adult (under normal conditions) contracts 55-80 times in 1 min, driving 4.5-5 liters of blood; 60-75 ml of blood is thrown out in one contraction. The function of the heart is carried out by alternating contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of the muscles of the atria and ventricles. "

But how does the heart work? The Internet helped me to deal with this issue. I was able to see clearly how this organ works and how it works.

The heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood through the body through the circulatory system. In humans, the heart is located behind the sternum, between the lower sections of the lungs. Divided by a longitudinal muscular wall. The right side of the heart contains only venous blood (poor in oxygen), and the left side only contains arterial (rich in oxygen). Each part consists of two chambers: the atrium and the ventricle, which are connected by valves. The average heart rate in adults during rest is 60-80 beats per minute.

The sequence of individual contractions of the heart occurs with a period of approximately 0.9 seconds; (A) the atrium (1, 2) is filled with blood; the walls of the atria, contracting (B), push blood through the retaining tricuspid (3) and mitral (4) valves into the ventricles (5,6). When the thick muscle walls of the ventricles (C) contract, the atrial-ventricular valves close and the semilunar valves (7, 8) open. From both ventricles (D), blood is expelled along different routes: fresh oxygen-rich blood into the aorta, used blood into the pulmonary artery (10).

Output: the heart is a muscular organ with a complex valve system. The main function of the heart is to set blood in motion.

Study No. 2

Task: find out what my classmates know about the heart.

At the lesson of the surrounding world, after studying the topic "The structure of the human body", the whole class filled out a table where we indicated the name of the systems of human organs, listed the organs included in these systems, gave a description of how these organs work.

At the end of the lesson, in agreement with the teacher, I conducted my own survey among classmates. Five questions had to be answered:

1. Where is your heart?

2. What is the main function of the heart?

3. How to train the heart muscle and why is it needed?

4. What kind of heart diseases exist?

5. What helps the heart, and what hinders?

25 people took part in the survey (a total of 26 students in the class).

The results of the survey are as follows:

23 pupils (92%) were able to correctly indicate the location of the heart;

25 pupils (100%) correctly indicated the main function of the heart;

20 students (80%) indicated the need for physical exercise when training the heart muscle, only 10 students (40%) were able to indicate that training increases blood circulation, and this helps to improve the functioning of all organs of the human body;

10 students (40%) were able to name such diseases as: heart disease, myocardial infarction;

12 pupils (48%) were able to name such factors as: sports, healthy eating, hardening among the helpers in the work of the heart; among the enemies of the heart, such factors as: smoking, alcohol consumption, a sedentary lifestyle were named.

Output: my classmates have a general idea of \u200b\u200bthe work of the heart, are not entirely familiar with the methods of training the heart and its meaning, do not know the names of the main heart diseases.

Study No. 3

Task: to find out,what factors of a person's life affect the work of the heart.

Scientific literature and the Internet helped me to understand this issue.

First, our heart affects nutrition. There are a myriad of fruits and vegetables of all shapes, colors, and sizes that are great for the heart. If they are in our daily diet, the chances of getting a heart attack are greatly reduced. It is better to consume them fresh. In general, fresh food is the main ingredient in a healthy diet. Fresh foods are much richer in substances that destroy free radicals in the bloodstream and protect blood vessels than processed foods. Lunch "straight from the garden" will take care of the heart perfectly. There are actually many heart-healthy foods - fatty fish, whole grains, beans, nuts, tea, and others. Diet is the key to heart health. There is no need to look for some one magic product that will save you from cardiovascular diseases, food should consist of different foods, each of which plays a role in the work of the heart. Here are some examples of healthy foods:

Salmon - as mentioned above, this is, first of all, Omega-3. You can grill this fish, fry it in oil, or boil it and put it in a salad.

Oatmeal - who does not know how important it is for health. It provides the heart not only with omega-3 acids, but also with many essential trace elements - magnesium, potassium, folic and niacin, calcium and soluble dietary fiber. The best way to eat oats is to cook porridge and add fresh berries to it. Oatmeal raisin cookies are also a good treat for your heart.

Carrot Is alpha-carotene and dietary fiber. The best way is to eat grated carrots with olive oil.

Oranges - rich in vitamin C, but they can also provide our heart with potassium and folic acid. These substances are best obtained in the form of orange juice.

Dark chocolate - just one bar of chocolate a day will reduce pressure, but you should choose chocolate with a cocoa content of at least 70 percent.

Secondly. Physical activity affects the work of the heart. To strengthen the heart and blood vessels, dynamic loads are very useful, especially in the fresh air - jogging, skating, skiing, cycling, swimming, water aerobics, gymnastics, and performing certain physical exercises. Gymnastics can be done at any time, it all depends on your daily routine. Training of the heart and skeletal muscles increases blood circulation, and this helps to improve the functioning of all organs of the human body. Excellent results of training the heart muscle are given by jogging and walking. Walking to work, to the store for a walk - this element of training should be constantly present in a person's life. A bath is effective for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. The use of bath procedures accelerates the body's metabolism, improves blood circulation and trains the cardiovascular system, making it invulnerable to diseases. Due to the effect of steam, the intensity of the work of the heart and blood vessels changes - the vessels expand, blood flow increases, and the pulse becomes more frequent. But it is better to forget about static, strength exercises for the cores, since they not only overload the spine and joints, but also contribute to an increase in blood pressure, which is dangerous for cardiovascular problems. Therefore, a gym is not for everyone. If you overwork the heart muscle unprepared for high loads, then it will not be able to pump the required amount of blood. As a result, many problems can arise, the most dangerous of which are hypoxia (lack of oxygen), as well as compensatory expansion of the cardiac vessels and hypertrophy of the heart muscle. But even when doing sports that are good for the heart, the load should be moderate, at least at first. They should be built up gradually, but at the same time regularly, and each workout should begin and end with heart rate control.

Negative factors can also affect the work of the heart. Smoking. Often, hearing the popular warning “Smoking is harmful to health,” we just smile and think: “This does not concern me at all.” However, often this very reason becomes the leading one in the development or aggravation of various diseases, be it cigarettes, pipes, or hookah, all forms of smoking are equally harmful. What is the reason? It's very simple, tobacco contains nicotine, which when smoking enters the bloodstream, and with the blood flow to the human brain, a feeling of satisfaction and euphoria arises, and at the same time opens the door for addiction. Each cigarette contains about 1 mg of nicotine and if a smoker smokes 20-30 cigarettes a day, the amount can be catastrophic for the body.Smoking raises the heart rate, which is one of the main causes of high blood pressure.Some carcinogens such as carbon monoxide are contained in cigarettes , form a substance that reduces the blood's ability to carry oxygen Narrowing of the arteries, blockage of blood vessels and an increase in cholesterol levels - all these are negative consequences of smoking, which directly lead to cardiovascular diseases.

Improper nutrition is one of the main risk factors for the development of chronic heart disease. On the one hand, diets that are not always based on proper and balanced nutrition, and on the other hand, fatty foods, fast food and drinks containing dyes and preservatives, various chemical additives that are harmful to the whole human body and to the heart as well.

Alcohol and drugs. Excessive alcohol consumption leads to high blood pressure, heart failure, and stroke. All types of narcotic and psychotropic substances, especially heroin, cocaine and other similar hard drugs, cause contraction of the heart valve and disturbances in the cardiovascular system.

Passive lifestyle. Unfortunately, physical activity, which is so necessary for the human body, is an unaffordable luxury for many of us, due to the lack of free time. Sedentary lifestyles and long hours of computer work have made us very susceptible to disease. Few of us can boast that we do exercises in the morning, and we are not talking about training in the gym at all. Although everyone knows that exercise causes a rapid flow of blood to all organs and tissues and thereby, for example, strengthens ligaments and muscles. Swimming, cycling, jogging, etc., should become an integral part of our daily life, this is especially true for people who have heart problems.

Output: factors such as proper nutrition, moderate physical activity have a positive effect on the work of the heart; negatively affect the work of the heart: smoking, unhealthy diet, alcohol and drug use, a sedentary lifestyle.

Study No. 4

Task: find out what are the main heart diseases.

To study this issue, I consulted a nurse in our school and a biology teacher.

So what have I learned. It turns out that there are a lot of heart diseases. These can be congenital diseases and acquired by a person in the process of life.

Arrhythmia - disturbances in the rhythm of heartbeat. This disease is detected quite simply - it is necessary to measure a person's pulse - the rate fluctuates in the region of 60-90 beats per minute; it is better, of course, to see a doctor and have an EKG done.

Atherosclerosis - a chronic disease that can affect sufficiently large and medium arteries. The bottom line is that lipoproteins are deposited in the inner lining of these arteries.

Varicose veins - or, more common name, varicose veins. A pathological process, consisting in the defeat of the vessels or veins that carry blood. In this case, the size of the diameter of the lumen increases sharply. The consequence - the formation of "nodes" - these are the very extensions that impede normal blood flow.

Hypertonic disease - manifests itself as an increase in blood pressure (blood pressure). Headache, tinnitus are all signs of hypertension. This disease is quite dangerous, because it leads to damage to most of the vital organs.

Myocardial infarction - damage to the heart muscle. It arises due to blockage of the coronary, or its branches, artery. Quite often it is a consequence of atherosclerosis, as well as obesity.

Heart defects - are not only congenital, but also acquired. Any type of this disease is treated primarily by surgery.

Angina pectoris - is a form of coronary artery disease. It manifests itself in a sharp pain in the region of the heart. It is also treated with medication. Consultation with an appropriate physician is required.

Thromboembolism - blockage of blood vessels by blood clots. The most dangerous is thromboembolism of the pulmonary artery and its branches.

Almost all of these diseases are treated with medication when detected at the initial stage. Some are treated with surgery. Symptoms are different: a sharp pain in the middle of the chest, as well as some discomfort in the arms, back, elbows, jaw and other places in the upper body.

Output: there are a lot of heart diseases, they can be congenital, but more often they become acquired, since a person often does not monitor his health. If a person has found any symptoms of these diseases, including even minor tingling sensations in the heart area, then you should immediately consult a doctor. In this case, it is better to reconsider everything than to overlook something important.

Study No. 5

Task: to study scientific methods for determining the quality of the heart.

As it turned out, the simplest method for determining the work of the heart isthe ability to determine the pulse or heart rate. In physical education lessons before the lesson and after physical exertion, we do this quite often. But is it correct? Again I had to delve into the scientific literature. It turned out that the pulse can be determined in various places in our body.

At the lesson of the world around us, we also performed practical work on the topic "Pulse measurement". It turned out to be quite interesting. We tried to measure the pulse in ourselves, at our deskmate. When performing practical work, we filled out a table where we entered data on the state of the pulse at rest and after a little physical activity. When determining the heart rate, we used a watch with a second hand. As it turned out, the heart rate of different people, even after the same load, can be different. After carrying out practical work, we made certain conclusions, and enter them into the workbook.

However, there are more scientific methods for determining the quality of the heart: this is the removal of indicatorselectrocardiogram, ultrasound examination of the heart, blood test. These methods for determining the quality of the heart are carried out using special equipment in medical institutions.

Output: among the scientific methods for determining the quality of the heart, one can single out: determining the pulse, measuring blood pressure, conducting an electrocardiogram, ultrasound examination of the heart, conducting a blood test.

Study No. 6

Experiment

Task: make sure by experience that with an increase in physical activity, the heart rate increases.

It is known that the heart rate is different for different categories of people. As it turned out, the older the age, the less often a person has a pulse. On average, these indicators look like this

In a physical education lesson, we measured the heart rate in a calm state before the lesson, after a slight warm-up, after the sports relay.

The results surprised us. On average, by the end of the relay, the heart rate increased by 15-20 beats, and for some guys by 25 beats. At that moment, the heart had to work harder.

Output: heart rate depends on how and how much blood and oxygen the heart has to pump. Usually the heart has to work harder when you exercise.

Conclusion

The human heart is a great worker! The work of the whole organism depends on his hard work. People appreciated the work of this body and established a special holiday.

World heart day (World Heart Day) celebrated annuallySeptember 29, was first organized in 1999 at the initiative of the World Heart Federation. This action was supported by the World Health Organization (WHO), UNESCO and other significant organizations. The purpose of the new date is to raise public awareness of the danger posed by the epidemic of cardiovascular diseases in the world, as well as initiate comprehensive preventive measures against coronary artery disease and cerebral stroke in all population groups. World Heart Day is held under the motto “Heart for Life”.

Having studied the structure and functioning of the heart, having become acquainted with common heart diseases, I was able to convince my classmates to take my main "motor" more seriously, to lead a healthy lifestyle and maintain their health.

The hypothesis of my research was confirmed: if you know how the heart works, how it works, take preventive measures to strengthen it, then you can keep the heart healthy for many years.

In our class there was an exhibition called "I get to know the world", where my classmates prepared information about the important work of other organs of our body. For all the guys, I have prepared an information booklet about the heart. I really enjoyed working on the project. In the future, I would like to become a doctor and treat people so that they live happily ever after.

The main value of a person is health. Take care of it!

Sources of information used

1. Human anatomy / M.G. Weight gain, N.K. Lysenkov, V.I. Bushkovich. - M .: Educational literature. - 1995

2. "Big Encyclopedic Dictionary", - M .: 2000

3. Boyanovich Yu.V. Human Anatomy: Pocket Atlas. Yu.V. Boyanovich. - Kharkov: torsing, Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2001

4. Crocker Mark. Human Anatomy / Crocker Mark .: M: ROSMEN 2000

5.E.A. Vorobieva, A.V. Gubar, E.B. Safyannikov. Anatomy and Physiology. Moscow "Medicine", 1989

6. Internet resources:

OGBOU SPO "USOL'SK MEDICAL TECHNICUM" completed by: teacher of the highest category Milyushenko Marina Mikhailovna

Discipline: "Human Anatomy and Physiology"

Topic: "The structure of the heart"

Human heart - a romantic organ.

We consider it -

the seat of the soul.

"I feel with my heart" - they say among the people.

Among African aborigines, it is considered an organ of the mind.

General building plan

Cardiovascular

systems

Parts of the heart

Base

Top

Heart base vessels

Left common carotid artery

Left common carotid artery

Left subclavian

Brachiocephalic

trunk

Brachiocephalic

trunk

Aorta

Upper hollow

vein

Left pulmonary

artery

Aorta

Left pulmonary

Right pulmonary

veins

artery

Right pulmonary

veins

Pulmonary trunk

Inferior vena cava

FRONT VIEW

Left subclavian artery

Left common carotid artery

Brachiocephalic trunk

Arterial duct (Botallov)

Aortic arch

Left pulmonary vein

Superior vena cava

Pulmonary trunk

Pericardium

Left ear

Right ear

Arterial cone

Right atrium

Left ventricle

Right ventricle

Pericardium

Apex of the heart

Back view

Left common carotid

Left subclavian

Brachiocephalic trunk

Aortic arch

Aortic arch

Superior vena cava

Left pulmonary artery

Right pulmonary artery

Left pulmonary veins

Right pulmonary veins

Right ear

Left ear

Inferior vena cava

Coronal groove

Coronal groove

Left ventricle

Right ventricle

Apex of the heart

Heart structure

Front view

Left view

Right

atrium

Pulmonary vein openings

Deepening the oval window

Coronary

sinus

Right view

Bivalve -

mitral

valve

Upper hollow

vein

Deepening

oval

window

Right

ventricle

Lower hollow

vein

Trabeculae

Tricuspid valve

Papillary muscles

Trabeculae

Valves hearts

Semi-lunar pulmonary valves

Pulmonary trunk -

cut and deployed

Crescent flap -

right

Crescent flap -

left

Crescent flap -

front

Right ventricle

cut and deployed

Semilunar aortic valves

The aorta is cut longitudinally and unfolded

Opening of the right coronary artery

Semi-moon flap knot

Hole left

coronary artery

Crescent flaps

Left ventricular cavity;

Left ventricular wall ;

Myocardial structure

In the atrial myocardium, two layers can be distinguished:

Separate longitudinal inner layer for each atrium

Outer annular layer - common to both atria

Myocardial structure

The ventricular myocardium has three layers:

1. The outer layer, common to both ventricles, the muscle bundles have an oblique longitudinal position.

2. Middle layer - circular, separate for each ventricle

3.Internal - oblique with a loop-like course of fibers.

Myocardial structure

The muscle fibers in the ventricles form a loop at the apex of the heart - a vortex

(vortex cordis)

Heart skeleton

In the thickness of the myocardium there is a strong connective tissue "skeleton". It is formed by fibrous rings, which are embedded in the plane of the atrioventricular openings. Of these, dense connective tissue passes into the fibrous rings around the openings of the aorta and the pulmonary trunk. These rings prevent the holes from stretching as the heart muscle contracts. Muscle fibers of both the atria and the ventricles originate from the "skeleton" of the heart, due to which the atrial myocardium is separated from the myocardium.

Human heart

The heart was and remains an organ that indicates the entire state of a person. Learning Questions: What is the structure of the heart? What are the phases of the heart? What is the heart cycle? What happens to the heart during various physical activities? Didactic goals of the project: Methodological tasks: Is life possible for a person with an artificial heart? - Human heart.ppt

Heart structure

The structure of the heart. Aristotle. William Harvey. Fish heart structure. The structure of the heart of amphibians. The structure of the heart of reptiles. The structure of the heart of birds. The structure of the heart of mammals. Human circulatory system. Find the top of your heart. Determine what the size of the heart is. What is the heart covered with? What is the significance of the fluid secreted by the formation covering the heart? Determine the right and left sides of the heart. Name the chambers of the heart. Find the aorta - the largest artery and pulmonary artery. Find the vessels that drain into the right and left halves of the heart. Locate the flap valves in the pictures. - The structure of the heart.ppt

Heart work

The structure and work of the heart. What is a heart? Is the stone hard? An apple with crimson red skin? The structure of the heart. The heart has four chambers - two atria and two ventricles. The muscular wall of the ventricles is much thicker than the atrial wall. The middle layer (myocardium) is a powerful muscle layer. The inner layer (endocardium) is the inner epithelial layer. The heart is located almost in the center of the chest cavity and is slightly displaced to the left. Mark the parts of the heart with numbers on the diagram. Interesting to know ... Heart cycle. Blood from the atria enters the ventricles. Blood from the ventricles enters the pulmonary artery and aorta. - Heart work.ppt

The structure and work of the heart

"The structure and work of the heart". Develop the skills of cardiovascular hygiene. What is a heart? Is the stone hard? An apple with crimson skin? E. Mezhelaitis. Remember the structural features of the heart of fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals? The location of the heart in the chest. Cardiac cycle - 0.8 s Atrial contraction - 0.1 s Ventricular contraction - 0.3 s Ventricular and atrial relaxation - 0.4 s. Blood vessels Arteries are the vessels that carry blood from the heart. Veins are vessels that carry blood to the heart. Capillaries are tiny blood vessels 50 times thinner than a human hair. - The structure and work of the heart.ppt

Cardiac system

Hygiene of the cardiovascular system. Learn to substantiate the harmful effects of alcohol, nicotine, physical inactivity on the CVS. Major diseases of the cardiovascular system. Hypertension angina pectoris arrhythmia myocardial infarction, etc. The effect of smoking: vasospasm, impaired blood supply to organs, gangrene of the legs, etc. Hypodynamia - insufficient physical activity. Quitting smoking and alcohol abuse. Avoiding stress, overwork and other negative situations. Rational and balanced nutrition. - Heart system.ppt

The cardiovascular system

Introduction. Using the data obtained, we find the step test index. Harvard step test. Heart. Located in the chest chest. Provides blood flow through the blood vessels. The work of the heart is described by mechanical phenomena (absorption and expulsion). Possesses automatism. The wall of the heart consists of three layers - epicardium, myocardium and endocardium. The location of the heart. The shape is determined by age, sex, physique, health, and other factors. Heart mass - approximately 220-300 g. Human cardiovascular system. Blood vessels are divided into: Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins. -

AOU SPO TO "Yalutorovsky Medical College" Anatomy and physiology of the heart

• compiled by:
• Ostyakova TS
• 2011

• 1. General characteristics of the cardiovascular system
• 2. The structure of the heart
• 3. Heart valves and their function
• 4. Topography of the heart
• 2. 1. Basic physiological properties of the heart muscle
• 2. Cardiac cycle and its phases
• 3. External manifestations of the heart
• 4. Indicators of cardiac activity
• 5. Electrocardiogram and its description
• 6. Regulation of cardiac activity

• Know:
• topography and structure of the heart;
• phases of the cardiac cycle;
• basic properties of the heart muscle;
• laws of cardiac activity;
• regulation of heart activity.

• The heart (Latin - cor) is a four-chambered hollow muscular organ located in the chest cavity, in the anterior mediastinum. Limited: on the sides with lungs, in front of the sternum and ribs, below - with the diaphragm, and behind the complex of the posterior mediastinum.

• The heart looks like a triangular pyramid, tilted on its side. Extended part - basefixed on large vessels, and topdirected from the center of the chest cavity forward, to the left and slightly downward.

• Left - goes in an arched

• Upper - runs along the upper edge of the cartilage of the III pair of ribs
• Right - runs 2 cm to the right of the right edge of the sternum
• Left - goes in an arched
• lines from the cartilage of the III left rib to the projection of the apex of the heart
• The apex of the heart is located in the fifth intercostal space along the midclavicular line 1-2 cm closer to the sternum

• Endocardium
• the inner layer
• Myocardium - medium
• layer (muscle)
• Epicard -
• outer layer
• Pericardium-
• pericardial
• a bag

• Formed by elastic connective tissue - endothelium.
• Lines all cavities of the heart and is tightly fused with the underlying muscle layer, covers the papillary muscles with their tendon filaments.
• Forms the leaflets of the four heart valves.

• Formed by striated cardiac muscle tissue.
• Cardiomyocyte is a cell of the heart muscle.
• The myocardium is “packed” in several multidirectional layers and is attached to the elements of the “heart skeleton”.

• Serous membrane

• serous membrane - pericardium,consisting of two sheets, between which there is serous fluid.
• Functions of the pericardial sac:
• Restrictive (creates, maintains the shape of the heart, protects against sudden stretching);
• Protective (against bacteria);
• Reduces friction of the heart;
• The pericardial gap softens shocks when hitting, falling, walking.

• 2 Coronary arteries
• depart from the aorta

• Own veins of the heart. They flow into the coronary sinus, which opens into the right atrium.

• The ability of the heart muscle to come into a state of excitement and rhythmic contraction without external influences.
• Andrey Vesaliy
• 16th century

• Carries out the automatism of heart contractions
• Regulates and coordinates the contractile activity of the heart
• Built by special atypical muscle fibers

• Sinoatrial node
• (A. Kees - M. Fleck) consists of cells of the first type - pacemaker
• The atrioventricular node (L. Ashoff - S. Tavara) consists of cells of the second type that transmit excitation
• The atrioventricular bundle (V. Gisa) is divided into right and left legs. Consists of cells of the third type transmitting excitation to the cells of the ventricular myocardium.
• Purkinje fibers - lead to excitation of the ventricles

• Consists of three phases
• Atrial systole - 0.1 s
• Ventricular systole - 0.3 s
• General pause -
• 0.4 s
• Full cycle of the heart - 0.8 s

• 1 tone - systolic (low, dull, prolonged - arises when 2 and 3 leaf valves are slammed)
• 2 tone - diastolic (short, high - blood comes out into the ventricles when the semilunar valves are slammed)

• Mitral valve - heard in the apex of the heart - V intercostal space along the midclavicular line
• Tricuspid valve - at the point of attachment of the xiphoid process to the body of the sternum on the right
• Aortic valve - in the second intercostal space on the right at the edge of the sternum
• Pulmonary valve - in the second intercostal space on the left at the edge of the sternum

• An electrocardiogram is a recording curve of the heart's biocurrents.
• Teeth P, Q, R, S, T.
• P - reflects the excitation of the atria
• Q, R, S - reflect the process of excitation of the ventricular myocardium
• T - cessation of excitation in the ventricles

• Nervous regulation
• Sympathetic nerves from the sympathetic trunk. According to them, impulses from the central nervous system cause an increase and increase in cardiac activity.
• Parasympathetic branches from the vagus nerve. According to them, impulses from the central nervous system cause a weakening and slowing down of the heart, up to its arrest.

• Humoral regulation
• Acetylcholine, excess sodium ions reduce and weaken the work of the heart
• Norepinephrine, adrenaline, excess of calcium ions enhance and speed up the work of the heart, stimulate metabolic processes in the heart, and increase energy expenditure. Adrenaline causes expansion of the coronary vessels and improves myocardial nutrition.

Human heart

The heart was and remains an organ that indicates the entire state of a person. Learning Questions: What is the structure of the heart? What are the phases of the heart? What is the heart cycle? What happens to the heart during various physical activities? Didactic goals of the project: Methodological tasks: Is life possible for a person with an artificial heart? - Human heart.ppt

Heart structure

The structure of the heart. Aristotle. William Harvey. Fish heart structure. The structure of the heart of amphibians. The structure of the heart of reptiles. The structure of the heart of birds. The structure of the heart of mammals. Human circulatory system. Find the top of your heart. Determine what the size of the heart is. What is the heart covered with? What is the significance of the fluid secreted by the formation covering the heart? Determine the right and left sides of the heart. Name the chambers of the heart. Find the aorta - the largest artery and pulmonary artery. Find the vessels that drain into the right and left halves of the heart. Locate the flap valves in the pictures. - The structure of the heart.ppt

Heart work

The structure and work of the heart. What is a heart? Is the stone hard? An apple with crimson red skin? The structure of the heart. The heart has four chambers - two atria and two ventricles. The muscular wall of the ventricles is much thicker than the atrial wall. The middle layer (myocardium) is a powerful muscle layer. The inner layer (endocardium) is the inner epithelial layer. The heart is located almost in the center of the chest cavity and is slightly displaced to the left. Mark the parts of the heart with numbers on the diagram. Interesting to know ... Heart cycle. Blood from the atria enters the ventricles. Blood from the ventricles enters the pulmonary artery and aorta. - Heart work.ppt

The work of the human heart

The structure and work of the heart

"The structure and work of the heart". Develop the skills of cardiovascular hygiene. What is a heart? Is the stone hard? An apple with a crimson skin? E. Mezhelaitis. Remember the structural features of the heart of fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals? The location of the heart in the chest. Cardiac cycle - 0.8 s Atrial contraction - 0.1 s Ventricular contraction - 0.3 s Relaxation of the ventricles and atria - 0.4 s. Blood vessels Arteries are the vessels that carry blood from the heart. Veins are vessels that carry blood to the heart. Capillaries are tiny blood vessels 50 times thinner than a human hair. - The structure and work of the heart.ppt

Cardiac system

Hygiene of the cardiovascular system. Learn to substantiate the harmful effects of alcohol, nicotine, physical inactivity on the CVS. Major diseases of the cardiovascular system. Hypertension angina pectoris arrhythmia myocardial infarction, etc. The effect of smoking: vasospasm, impaired blood supply to organs, gangrene of the legs, etc. Hypodynamia - insufficient physical activity. Quitting smoking and alcohol abuse. Avoiding stress, overwork and other negative situations. Rational and balanced nutrition. - Heart system.ppt

The cardiovascular system

Introduction. Using the data obtained, we find the step test index. Harvard step test. Heart. Located in the chest chest. Provides blood flow through the blood vessels. The work of the heart is described by mechanical phenomena (absorption and expulsion). Possesses automatism. The wall of the heart consists of three layers - epicardium, myocardium and endocardium. The location of the heart. The shape is determined by age, sex, physique, health, and other factors. Heart mass - approximately 220-300 g. Human cardiovascular system. Blood vessels are divided into: Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins. - Cardiovascular system.ppt

Effects on the cardiovascular system

The state of the cardiovascular system

Hygiene. The quality of the state of the cardiovascular system. Performance value. The mechanism of blood flow through the vessels. Biological firefight. The movement of blood through the vessels. Arterial blood pressure. Hygiene of the cardiovascular system. Arrhythmia. The state of the cardiovascular system. Active lifestyle. Heart mass. The effect of smoking on the heart. The heart is forced to work in an enhanced mode. The effect of alcohol on the heart. Cough. Knowledge about the effects of alcohol. The effect of drugs on the cardiovascular system. Decreased functions of the cardiovascular system. Myocardial infarction. - Condition of the cardiovascular system.ppt

The structure of the human heart

Heart. Phases of the cardiac cycle. Formation of knowledge and concepts about the structure of the heart. Knowledge of the circulatory system. The engine of human life. Human heart. High efficiency of the heart. The structure of the human heart. Chamber walls. Systole. Heart contraction time. Heart efficiency. An experience of revitalizing an isolated heart. Automation. Adrenalin. Literature. - The structure of the human heart.ppt

Diagram of the structure of the heart

The structure and work of the heart. Knowledge about the structure and work of the heart. Establish correspondence. Mutual verification of the assignment. Doctor Claudius Galen. Renaissance scholar. William Harvey. Circulatory system. The location of the heart. The external structure of the heart. The structure of the heart wall. Internal structure of the heart. Cardiac cycle. The phase of the cardiac cycle. The solution of the problem. The structure and function of blood vessels. Capillaries. Circles of blood circulation. Questions. Small circle. Monument to the heart. Homework. - Diagram of the structure of the heart.ppt

The structure and work of the human heart

Presentation. On the topic: "The structure and work of the heart." During the life of an average duration of about 5.7 million liters of blood. The main function of the heart is to pump and circulate blood throughout the body. Movement must be provided continuously. The heart muscles are nourished by the coronary (coronary) vessels. Phases of the cardiac cycle, the duration of the cardiac cycle is 0.8 sec. Regulation of the heart. - The structure and work of the human heart .pptx

Neurohumoral regulation of the heart

Neurohumoral regulation of the heart. Humoral regulation. Neurohumoral regulation of the heart. The mechanism of influence of catecholamines. Positive Effects. The mechanism of action of acetylcholine. Negative effects. Influence of thyroid hormones. Effect of corticosteroids. The influence of changes in the extracellular concentration of potassium ions. The influence of changes in the extracellular concentration of calcium ions. Endocrine function of the heart. Changes in intracellular metabolic processes. Frank-Starling law. The essence of the Frank-Starling law. The essence of the Anrep effect. Boudichey phenomenon. Influence on the activity of the heart of the cerebral cortex. -