A disease is called, which involves any persistent excess of blood pressure indicators relative to standard normal numbers (120/80 mm Hg). Based on the diagnostic data, the doctor determines the type of hypertension and determines the tactics of treatment. The article describes in detail the classification of the disease.

Stages of arterial hypertension

The disease develops gradually, passing through several stages. Usually, the patient seeks a doctor at a later date, when the symptoms are already affecting the quality of life. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the first signs of the disease, when the prognosis of treatment is most favorable.

1st stage

The pressure of a patient who has been diagnosed with stage 1 hypertension is noted within 159/99 mm Hg. Art. If the necessary measures are not taken to reduce it, the pressure can remain elevated for a couple of days or even for several weeks.

Hypertension of the first stage can be asymptomatic, which is its danger, because, without feeling any special changes in his usual state, the patient is in no hurry to see a doctor. Rest can help reduce pressure at the initial stage of the disease; during this period it is better to avoid stressful situations.

In the case of a diagnosis of a higher stage of hypertension, it is no longer possible to do without medication to reduce pressure.

The first stage of hypertension, as a rule, does not affect the internal organs. Common symptoms of the disease are:

• insomnia,
• heartache.

In the first stage of hypertension, a change in the tone of the blood vessels in the fundus can be detected. Possibly rare. The risk group includes women aged during menopause. The risk of a hypertensive crisis in this group of patients is possible when the body reacts to weather changes.

Stage 2

At this stage, the pressure can rise to 179/109 mm Hg. Art. It will no longer be possible to stabilize pressure in patients with the second stage without medication. Stage 2 arterial hypertension is characterized by the following symptoms:

• sleep disorders
• dyspnea,

After performing a series of tests, the doctor can detect protein in the urine, an increase in the amount of creatine in the blood plasma, a significant narrowing of the blood vessels in the retina. A characteristic symptom of the development of stage II hypertension is left ventricular hypertrophy.

If you observe at least a few symptoms that characterize stage 2 hypertension, you should contact a specialist as soon as possible: simple rest and avoiding stress at this stage of the disease can no longer get rid of.

Long-term neglect of the problem can lead to complications in the functioning of the kidneys, organs of vision and the brain. In addition, high blood pressure for a long time can provoke symptoms of coronary heart disease and even.

Stage 3

The third stage of the disease can be characterized as extremely severe. Hypertension at this stage provokes dysfunction of organs, disturbances in the work of which were noticed already at the second stage - this is the heart, brain and organs of vision. Blood pressure indicators at 3 stages of hypertension rarely fall below 180/110 mm Hg. Art.

The consequences of the disease can be a stroke, renal failure,. A patient who has suffered a heart attack may experience sudden pressure surges: from high to below normal. This phenomenon is called "headless hypertension." Patients with the third stage of hypertension often complain of frequent migraine attacks, discoloration of the skin (blue discoloration, or cyanosis).

Hypertension degree

The severity of the disease is determined by the severity of the symptoms, and is often related to the stage of the disease.

1st degree

Grade 3

It is considered heavy. The pressure in this group can rise up to 180/110 mm. rt. Art. The patient's addiction to cigarettes and alcohol, heavy physical activity, obesity, diabetes mellitus, and unhealthy diet can aggravate the disease. Signs of the 3rd degree of the disease include: cough with blood discharge, unsteady gait, arrhythmia, significant deterioration in visual function, paralysis. In addition, complications of grade 3 hypertension can provoke a number of problems with the functioning of internal organs.

Risks

The risks are assessed by the threat of the disease, which it poses for the normal functioning of other organs of the body and for human life in general.

Low, negligible

The group of low risk of patients with hypertension includes patients under 55 years of age who have been diagnosed with grade 1 disease. As a rule, in this group of patients, there are no serious complications of the disease at all. However, you still need to visit a therapist regularly. It is not necessary to see a cardiologist in a low-risk group.

Middle

The average risk group includes patients with the first and second degrees of hypertension. The pressure in patients of this group adheres to the level of 179/110 mm. rt. Art. Patients from the low-risk group can also get here if they abuse smoking, fatty and spicy foods, do not get enough physical activity, are overweight. The factor of heredity plays an important role in the development of arterial hypertension with an average degree of risk.

Tall

The high-risk group includes patients with grade 2 and 3 hypertension in the presence of aggravating factors for the development of the disease, such as bad habits, heredity, etc.

As a rule, in patients who are attributed to this risk group, the chance of developing complications of hypertension is 30%. In addition, in patients with a high risk group, pathological changes in internal organs (kidneys, brain, endocrine system) may be observed.

Very tall

The highest risk group includes patients with grade 3 arterial hypertension. Usually, the treatment of such patients is carried out in a hospital setting. Complications are diagnosed in more than 30% of patients. The blood pressure in very high-risk patients exceeds 180 mm Hg. Art.

4 degree of risk is characterized by symptoms:

• sweating;
• hyperemia of the skin;
• decreased skin sensitivity;
• violation of visual function;
• renal failure;
• heart hypertrophy, heart failure;
• decreased intelligence (vascular dementia).

To prevent hypertension or control its dynamics, representatives of all age groups need to pay more attention to their health, not neglect sports, refuse or significantly limit bad habits, at the first symptoms of the disease, immediately seek help from a specialist.

Almost everyone has experienced an increase in pressure at least once in his life and knows how much trouble he brings. However, hypertension (HD) is not as harmless as it might seem at first glance.

Serious fluctuations in pressure have a negative effect on the body, and a chronic disease, provided there is no treatment, does lead to the most dire consequences. Today we will talk about how each stage differs and what risks it carries.

GB stages

Stage I

The pressure at stage 1 of GB does not exceed 159/99 mm. rt. Art. In such an elevated state, blood pressure can be for several days. Even ordinary rest, the elimination of stressful situations, significantly helps to lower its performance. In more severe stages, it is no longer possible to normalize blood pressure so easily.

This stage of development of HD is characterized by the absence of any signs that target organs suffer from high blood pressure, therefore, in many cases, there is an almost asymptomatic course of the disease. Sleep disturbances, pains in the head or heart appear only occasionally. Clinical examinations may reveal a slight increase in tone in the fundus of the arteries.

The group is distinguished by the appearance of the first signs from the internal organs. Often, this form of damage has practically no effect on their functions. There are also no vivid subjective symptoms that bother the patient. Most often, at the 2nd stage of the development of hypertension, the following are detected:

• signs characteristic of left ventricular hypertrophy;
• the amount of creatine in the blood increases;
• narrowing of the arteries occurs in the retina;
• protein is found in the urine.

Hypertensive crises are not uncommon in stage 2 GB, which entails the threat of developing very serious complications, up to. In this case, it will no longer be possible to do without constant drug therapy.

Stages of hypertension

III stage

The last stage of GB has the most severe course and has the most extensive group of disorders in the functioning of a whole group of target organs. The kidneys, eyes, brain, blood vessels and heart suffer the most. The pressure is characterized by persistence, it is quite difficult to normalize its level, even if taking pills. Increases in blood pressure to 180/110 mm are not uncommon. rt. Art. and higher.

Symptoms of the 3rd stage of the disease are in many ways similar to those listed above, however, rather dangerous signs from the affected organs (for example, renal failure) join them. Often, memory deteriorates, severe heart rhythm disturbances occur, and vision decreases.

The most dangerous thing is that hypertension invariably affects the heart. The contractility and conductivity of the muscle are almost always impaired. In clinical trials, a lot of violations from other organs are also revealed.

Hypertension has not only 1, 2, 3 stages, but also 1, 2, 3 degrees, which we will talk about further.

Degrees

I degree

The first degree of severity refers to the mildest, in which there are periodic jumps in blood pressure. It is also characteristic of her that the pressure level is able to stabilize independently. The most common reason for the appearance of grade 1 HD is constant stress.

The video below will tell you about the degrees of hypertension:

II degree

A moderate degree of hypertension differs not only in the impossibility of self-stabilization of blood pressure, but also in that the periods of normal pressure are very short. The main manifestation is severe headaches.

If the disease develops very quickly, we can talk about the malignant course of hypertension. This form is very dangerous, since the disease can develop rapidly.

The degree of hypertension

III degree

At grade 3 GB, the pressure always remains in a steadily increased state. If blood pressure decreases, the person is pursued by weakness, as well as a number of other symptoms from the internal organs. The changes that have arisen with this degree of the disease are already irreversible.

Also, the classification of hypertension includes, in addition to 1, 2, 3 degrees and stages, 1, 2, 3, 4 risks, which we will discuss further.

Risks

Low, negligible

The lowest risk of complications is found in women under 65 and men under 55 who have developed "mild" stage 1 hypertension. Over the next 10 years, only about 15% acquire vascular or cardiac pathologies that developed against the background of the disease. Such patients are often managed by therapists, since there is no point in serious treatment from a cardiologist.

If an insignificant risk is still present, patients need to try to significantly change their lifestyle in the near future (no more than 6 months). For some time, he can be observed by a doctor with positive dynamics. If such treatment has not brought results, and the pressure has not been reduced, doctors may recommend a change in treatment tactics, which will entail the prescription of drugs. However, doctors often insist on maintaining a healthy lifestyle, because such therapy will not have any negative consequences.

Middle

This group includes patients with hypertension of both the second and the first types. Their blood pressure usually does not exceed 179/110 mm. rt. Art. A patient in this category may have 1-2 risk factors:

1. heredity,
2. obesity,
3. low physical activity,
4. high cholesterol,
5. impaired glucose tolerance.

Over 10 years of observation, in 20% of cases, the development of cardiovascular pathologies is possible. Modification of the usual way of life is necessarily included in the list of treatment measures. For 3-6 months, drugs may not be prescribed to give the patient a chance to normalize their condition through life change.

Tall

The risk group with a high probability of detecting complications should also include patients with forms 1 and 2 of hypertension, but if they already have several predisposing factors described above. It is also customary to include any damage to target organs, diabetes mellitus, changes in retinal vessels, high creatinine levels,.

Risk factors may be absent, but a patient with stage 3 arterial hypertension also belongs to this group of patients. All of them have already been observed by a cardiologist, since hypertension is for the most part long-term. The likelihood of complications reaches 30%. Lifestyle changes can be used as an adjunct tactic, but the main part of therapy is medication. The selection of drugs must be carried out in a short time.

Risks hypertension

Very tall

Patients with the highest risk of complications in the work of the heart and blood vessels are a group of patients with 3 stages of hypertension or 1 and 2 degrees, with the latter having any violations of the target organs. This group is one of the smallest. The main treatment is carried out in a hospital. Drug therapy is active and often includes several groups of drugs.

The likelihood of developing complications is more than 30%.

The following video contains useful information about the stages and degrees of hypertension:

It occurs in impressionable, emotional people.

The mechanism of origin and development of hypertension is rather complicated.

The main reason for the appearance of deviations is violations that have arisen in the parts of the nervous and endocrine systems responsible for control.

As a rule, such manifestations are caused by a constant, in which most modern people live. Staying in negatively affects the inhibitory and activating signals of the brain.

As a result, there is an increase in the activity of the sympathetic nervous system, which provokes vasospasm and concomitant negative changes, unpleasant sensations.

If left untreated, hypertension can worsen, gradually flowing into a chronic disease. If you start therapy when the initial symptoms are found, it is possible.

Disease classification

Since the symptoms have different intensities, experts have identified separate stages and degrees of hypertension.

This made it possible to identify treatment options that effectively eliminate symptoms of varying intensity and maintain the patient's health in a satisfactory state.

Today, medicine uses the generally accepted classification of hypertension, in which blood pressure thresholds and symptoms are clearly spelled out, allowing you to quickly diagnose the severity of the disease and choose the right set of therapeutic measures.

Data on the stages and degrees of the disease are publicly available. But, even despite the availability of open data on the Web, you should not engage in self-diagnosis and self-medication, since in such situations the probability of an incorrect diagnosis is quite high.

In the case of hypertension, incorrectly taken measures can only aggravate the symptoms, provoke further and more intensive development of the disease and lead to.

Today, when diagnosing and choosing therapeutic procedures that can improve the patient's condition, two options for systematizing symptoms are used.

The main classification of GB is due to the division of indicators by stages and degrees. Also in medical practice, the division by.

Classification of hypertension by stages

The stages of hypertension, the table with which was derived on the basis of data obtained in the process of research by the World Health Organization (WHO), are one of the basic sources of information that doctors use in the diagnosis process.

The classification is based mainly on symptoms, accompanied by sensations specific for each separate stage:

• 1st stage... It is characterized by an erratic, often mild rise in blood pressure. Pi this in the tissues of internal organs does not occur dangerous or irreversible changes;
• Stage 2... This stage is characterized by a steady increase in blood pressure. At the second stage, changes are already taking place in the internal organs, but their functionality has not yet been affected. Possible simultaneous disturbances in the tissues of one or more organs: kidneys, heart, retina, pancreas and;
• Stage 3... There is a significant increase in pressure, accompanied by numerous severe symptoms and serious disturbances in the work of internal organs.

Possible consequences of stage 3 hypertension may include:

• wasting of the retina;
• violation of blood circulation in the tissues of the brain;
• disruption of the normal functioning of the kidneys and adrenal glands;
• atherosclerosis.

The listed consequences can occur in a complex or separately from each other. In any case, the classification of pathology by stages allows you to accurately determine the extent of the disease and to correctly choose ways to deal with existing disorders.

Classification of arterial hypertension by degrees

In addition, in modern medicine, another classification of hypertension is also used. These are degrees based on the level of blood pressure.

This system was introduced into use in 1999, and since then has been successfully used independently or in combination with other classifications to determine the extent of the disease and the correct choice of treatment methods.

So, the following degrees of arterial hypertension are distinguished:

• ... Also doctors call this degree of GB "soft". At this stage, the pressure does not exceed 140-159 / 90-99 mm Hg;
• ... Blood pressure in moderate hypertension reaches 160-179 / 100-109 mm Hg, but does not exceed the specified limits;
• ... This is a severe form of the disease in which blood pressure reaches and may even exceed the specified limits.

At the second and third degree of hypertension, there are 1,2,3 and 4 risk groups.

As a rule, the disease begins with the slightest damage to organs and over time the risk group grows due to an increase in the number of pathological changes in organ tissues.

In this classification, there are also concepts such as normal and high. In the first case, the blood pressure is 120/80 mm Hg, and in the second, it is in the range 130-139 / 82-89 mm Hg.

High normal pressure is not dangerous for health and life, therefore, in 50% of cases, correction of the patient's condition is not required.

Risks and complications

In itself, an increase in pressure for the body does not pose any danger. Health risks are caused by risks, which, depending on their severity, can lead to very different consequences. In total, doctors identify 4 risk groups.

For clarity, doctors make a conclusion in this way: grade 2 hypertension, risk 3. In order to determine the risk group during the examination, doctors take into account many factors.

So, the following groups of risks are distinguished:

• 1 group (small)... The risk of negative effects on the heart and blood vessels is extremely low;
• Group 2 (middle). The risk of complications is 15-20%. At the same time, health problems due to hypertension arise in about 10-15 years;
• 3 group (high)... The chance of complications with such symptoms is 20-30%;
• 4 group (very high)... This is the most dangerous group, the risk of complications in which is at least 30%.

The high-risk group includes patients over 55 years of age and with a hereditary predisposition to hypertensive disease.

As a rule, hypertension of groups 3 and 4 most often occurs in those who have bad habits and are elevated.

Symptoms

The symptoms of hypertension can be very different. But often at the initial stage, patients do not take into account the alarming "bells" that the body gives them.

Most often, such manifestations of a general nature as excessive sweating, weakness, distracted attention, and shortness of breath are perceived by the patient as vitamin deficiency or overwork, therefore, there is no question of measuring blood pressure. In fact, the listed signs are evidence of the initial stage of hypertension.

If we consider the symptoms in more detail, all signs can be divided into groups, according to the stages of development of the disease:

• 1st stage... At this stage, the patient has not yet undergone changes in tissues and organ function. The first stage of hypertension is easily eliminated. The main thing is a timely appeal to a doctor and constant. The listed measures will slow down the development of the disease;
• Stage 2... In the second stage, the main load falls on one of the. It may grow in size. Accordingly, the patient feels. At the same time, other organs do not bother him;
• Stage 3... This degree significantly expands the range of affected organs. For this reason, the occurrence of heart attacks, strokes, heart failure is possible. Also, in most cases, the development of renal failure and hemorrhage in the vessels of the eyeballs occurs.

Related Videos

How hypertension is classified in the video:

In order to minimize the consequences of hypertension and prevent irreversible consequences, it is recommended to seek help from a doctor as soon as alarming symptoms have been detected. It is also possible to undergo regular examinations and visit specialists for preventive purposes.

Today they write and talk a lot about hypertension (HD) and its effect on the quality of human life. This chronic disease is really worth learning about it all that is known to modern medicine, because according to some estimates, it affects about 40% of the adult population of the planet.

The greatest concern is caused by the fact that in recent years there has been a persistent tendency to "rejuvenate" this disease. Exacerbations of hypertension in the form of hypertensive crises are found today in 40-year-olds and even 30-year-olds. Since the problem concerns almost all age categories of adults, awareness of the pathology called hypertension seems relevant.

The term "hypertension" in everyday life replaces another concept - arterial hypertension (AH), but they are not entirely equivalent. Although both denote pathological conditions characterized by an increase in blood pressure (BP) above 140 mm for systolic (SBP) and above 90 mm for diastolic (DBP) indicators.

But in medical sources, hypertension is defined as hypertension, not provoked by somatic diseases or other obvious reasons that cause symptomatic hypertension.

Therefore, when asked what hypertension is, what it means, the answer should be - it is primary, or (of uncertain etiology) arterial. This term has found widespread use in European and American medical circles, and the prevalence of the syndrome exceeds 90% of all diagnoses of hypertension. For all other forms and a general definition of the syndrome, it is more correct to use the term arterial hypertension.

What can cause development in humans?

Despite the vagueness of the pathogenesis (causes and mechanisms of origin) of hypertension, several provoking factors and aspects of its potentiation are known.

Risk factors

Normal blood pressure in a healthy vascular system is maintained through the interaction of complex vasoconstrictor and vasodilator mechanisms.

Hypertension is provoked by the abnormal activity of vasoconstrictor factors or insufficient activity of the vasodilator systems due to a violation of their mutual compensatory functioning.

The provocative aspects of hypertension are considered in two categories:

• neurogenic - caused by a direct effect on the tone of arterioles through the sympathetic part of the nervous system;
• humoral (hormonal) - associated with the intensive production of substances (renin, norepinephrine, adrenal cortex hormones) with vasopressor (vasoconstrictor) properties.

It has not yet been possible to establish exactly why the blood pressure regulation fails, resulting in hypertension. But cardiologists call the risk factors for the development of hypertension, determined in the course of many years of research:

• genetic predisposition to diseases of the heart and blood vessels;
• congenital pathology of cell membranes;
• unhealthy addictions - smoking, alcoholism;
• neuropsychic overload;
• low physical activity;
• excessive presence of salt on the menu;
• increased waist circumference, indicating metabolic disorders;
• high body mass index (BMI)\u003e 30;
• high plasma cholesterol values \u200b\u200b(more than 6.5 mmol / l in general).

The list is not a complete list of everything that can cause hypertension in humans. These are only the main causes of pathology.

A threatening consequence of hypertension is a high likelihood of damage to target organs (TOM), which is why such types of it as hypertensive heart disease affecting this organ, renal hypertension and others arise.

Classification tables by stage and grade

Since different clinical recommendations for choosing a therapeutic regimen are provided for different forms of hypertension, the disease is classified by stages and severity. The degrees are determined by the numbers of blood pressure, and the stages are determined by the scale of organic damage.

Experiencedly developed classification of hypertension by stages and degrees is presented in the tables.

Table 1.Classification of hypertension by degrees.

The severity of hypertension is classified according to a higher indicator, for example, if the SBP is less than 180, and the DBP is more than 110 mm Hg, this is defined as hypertension of the 3rd degree.

Table 2.Classification of hypertension by stages.

The abbreviation of OPSS used in the table is total peripheral vascular resistance.

The tables presented would be incomplete without one more summary list - the classification of hypertension by stages, degree and risk of complications from the heart and blood vessels (CVC).

Table 3.Classification of the risk of cardiovascular complications in hypertension

Determination of the degrees and stages of hypertension is necessary for the timely selection of adequate antihypertensive therapy and prevention of cerebral or cardiovascular accidents.

ICD code 10

The variety of variations in hypertension is also confirmed by the fact that in ICD 10 its codes are defined in 4 headings from I10th to I13th positions:

• I10 - essential (primary) hypertension, this category of ICD 10 includes hypertension 1, 2, 3 tbsp. and malignant GB;
• I11 - hypertension with a predominance of heart damage (hypertensive heart disease);
• I12 - hypertensive disease with kidney damage;
• I13 is a hypertensive disease that affects the heart and kidneys.

The set of conditions manifested by an increase in blood pressure are presented in the I10-I15 categories, including symptomatic hypertension.

Today antihypertensive therapy is based on 5 basic clusters of drugs for the treatment of hypertension:

• diuretics - medicines with a diuretic effect;
• sartans - angiotensin II receptor blockers, ARBs;
• BKK - calcium channel blockers;
• ACE inhibitors - angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, ACE;
• BB - beta-blockers (subject to background AF or coronary heart disease).

The listed clusters of medications have passed randomized clinical trials and have shown high efficiency in preventing the development of CVC.

Additional means of modern methods of treating hypertension are often new generations of medicines - centrally acting alpha-adrenomimetics, renin inhibitors and agonists of I1-imidazoline receptors. For these drug groups, in-depth studies have not been carried out, however, their observational study gave reason to consider them the drugs of choice for certain indications.

The best results are shown by combined therapeutic regimens with medications of different pharmacotherapeutic classes. The combination of ACE inhibitors and diuretics is considered the "gold" standard of treatment for hypertension.

Unfortunately, standard treatment is not suitable for everyone. It is worth looking at the table of the characteristics of the use of drugs, taking into account contraindications and other aspects, in order to assess the complexity of the selection of an adequate drug treatment for hypertension individually for each patient.

Table 4. Groups of drugs used for the treatment of hypertension (given in alphabetical order).

The selection of a suitable medication for the treatment of hypertension should be based both on its classification, and taking into account parallel diseases and other nuances.

Lifestyle with hypertension

Consider what medications are relevant for hypertension, aggravated by parallel diseases, damage to vulnerable organs, and in special pathological situations:

• in patients with microalbuminuria and renal dysfunction, sartans and ACE inhibitors are appropriate;
• with atherosclerotic changes - ACE and CCB inhibitors;
• with left ventricular hypertrophy (frequent consequences of hypertension) - sartans, CCB and ACE inhibitors;
• persons who have had a microstroke are shown any of the listed antihypertensive drugs;
• persons with a previous heart attack are prescribed ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, sartans;
• concomitant CHF suggests the use of aldosterone antagonists, diuretics, beta-blockers, sartans and ACE inhibitors in the treatment of hypertension;
• with stable angina pectoris, CCB and beta-blockers are recommended;
• with aneurysm of the aorta - beta-blockers;
• paroxysmal AF () requires the use of sartans, ACE inhibitors and beta-blockers or aldosterone antagonists (in the presence of CHF);
• GB with underlying persistent AF is treated with beta-blockers and nondihydropyridine CCBs;
• in case of damage to peripheral arteries, CCB and ACE inhibitors are relevant;
• in therapy for hypertension in patients with isolated systolic hypertension and the elderly, it is recommended to use diuretics, CCBs and sartans;
• with metabolic syndrome - sartans, CCB, ACE inhibitors and their combination with diuretics;
• with diabetes mellitus on the background of hypertension - CCB, ACE inhibitors, sartans;
• pregnant women are allowed to treat hypertension with Nifedipine (CCB), Nebivolol or Bisoprolol (beta-blockers), Methyldopa (alpha-adrenergic agonist).

According to clinical guidelines established by the results of the Congress of Cardiology, held in Barcelona in June 2018, beta-blockers were excluded from the list of 1st line drugs for the treatment of hypertension, where they were previously present. Now the use of beta-blockers is considered justified in case of concomitant or coronary heart disease.

Target blood pressure values \u200b\u200bhave also been changed in persons receiving antihypertensive therapy:

• for patients under 65 years of age, the recommended SBP values \u200b\u200bare 130 mm Hg. Art., if they are well tolerated;
• the target for DBP is 80 mmHg. for all patients.

To consolidate the results of antihypertensive therapy, it is necessary to combine drug treatment with non-drug methods - improving life, correcting diet and physical activity.

Overweight and abdominal obesity, as a rule, indicating the presence of metabolic syndrome, are indicated in the list of the main causes of hypertension. Removing these risk factors will make a significant contribution to the management of hypertension.

The greatest efficiency is shown by a significant reduction in the amount of salt - up to 5 g per day. Nutrition for hypertension is also based on limiting fat and sugar, avoiding fast food, snacks and alcohol, and reducing the amount of drinks containing caffeine.

The diet for hypertension does not require completely abandoning animal products. Be sure to use lean meats and fish, dairy products, cereals. A larger percentage of the diet should be given to vegetables, fruits, herbs and cereals. It is advisable to completely remove carbonated drinks, sausages, smoked meats, canned food and pastries from the menu. Non-drug treatment based on a healthier diet is the main factor in the successful treatment of hypertension.

What effect does it have on the heart?

A common consequence of hypertensive heart disease is left ventricular hypertrophy - an abnormal increase in the size of the heart muscle in the LV region. Why is this happening? An increase in blood pressure is caused by a narrowing of the arteries, because of which the heart is forced to function in an enhanced mode to ensure blood supply to organs and its own. Work under increased load potentiates an increase in the size of the heart muscle, but the size of the vasculature in the myocardium (coronary vessels) does not grow at the same rate, so the myocardium experiences a lack of oxygen and nutrients.

The response of the central nervous system is to launch compensation mechanisms that accelerate heart rate and vasoconstriction. This provokes the formation of a vicious circle, which often occurs with the progression of hypertension, because the longer the elevated blood pressure persists, the sooner the heart muscle hypertrophies. The way out of this situation is the timely initiated and adequate treatment of hypertension.

Prevention cheat sheet

Preventive measures to prevent the development of hypertension is useful not only for people from the high-risk group (with hereditary factors, harmful working conditions, obesity), but also for all adults.

The Memo for the Prevention of Hypertension contains the following points:

• the maximum amount of salt is no more than 5-6 g per day;
• organization and adherence to the daily routine with a fixed time for the morning rise, meals and bedtime;
• an increase in physical activity due to daily morning exercises, walking on foot in the fresh air, feasible work on a personal plot, swimming or riding a bicycle;
• the norm of night sleep is 7-8 hours;
• maintaining a normal weight, with obesity - activities for losing weight;
• priority for foods rich in Ca, K and Mg - egg yolks, low-fat cottage cheese, legumes, parsley, baked potatoes, etc .;
• an indispensable condition is getting rid of addictions: alcoholic, nicotine;

Weight loss measures - carefully calculating calories consumed, controlling fat intake (< 50-60 г в сутки), 2/3 которого должны быть растительного происхождения, сокращение количества цельномолочных продуктов в меню, сахара, меда, сдобы, шоколадных изделий, риса и манки.

In order to prevent hypertension, regular blood pressure measurements, periodic medical examinations and timely treatment of detected pathological conditions are recommended.

Useful video

For more information on hypertension, see this video:

conclusions

1. The concept of hypertension in the medical literature is used for primary, or essential arterial hypertension, that is, hypertension of unexplained genesis.
2. The prevalence of primary hypertension is 90% of all cases of hypertension.
3. Hypertensive disease is a polyetiological disease, since it is caused by several provoking factors at the same time.

Arterial hypertension in diabetes mellitus develops quite often. Basically, an increase in pressure occurs when a complication such as nephropathy appears against the background of chronic glycemia.

Hypertension for diabetics is dangerous because it can lead to loss of vision, kidney failure, stroke or heart attack. In order to prevent the occurrence of undesirable consequences, it is important to normalize blood pressure in a timely manner.

A gentle and effective method for high blood pressure is a hypertensive enema. The procedure has a quick laxative effect, removes excess fluid from the body, and reduces intracranial pressure. But before resorting to such manipulations, you should study the features of their implementation and familiarize yourself with the contraindications.

What is a hypertensive enema?

In medicine, a special solution is called hypertonic. Its osmotic pressure is greater than normal blood pressure. The therapeutic effect is achieved by combining isotonic and hypertonic solutions.

When two types of liquids are combined, separated by a semipermeable membrane (in the human body, these are the membranes of cells, intestines, vessels), water enters the sodium solution from the physiological one along the concentration gradient. This physiological principle is the basis for the use of enemas in medical practice.

The principle of the procedure for stabilizing blood pressure is similar to that used for the setting of a conventional enema. This is filling with a solution in the intestine and the subsequent excretion of fluid during bowel movements.

Such manipulation is effective for severe edema of various etiologies and constipation. To deliver a hypertensive enema, an Esmark mug is often used. It is possible to use a special heating pad with a hose and a tip.

Hypertensive enema removes excess water from the body, due to which the hypotensive effect is achieved, and the hemorrhoids are resolved. Also, the procedure helps to normalize intracranial pressure.

Advantages of a hypertensive enema:

• comparative safety;
• ease of implementation;
• high therapeutic efficiency;
• simple recipe.

Many doctors recognize that an enema for hypertension lowers blood pressure much faster than oral antihypertensive drugs. This is due to the fact that the medicinal solution is instantly absorbed into the intestine and then enters the bloodstream.

Types of solutions and methods for their preparation

Sugar level

By appointment, enemas are divided into alcoholic (remove psychotropic substances), cleansing (prevent the appearance of intestinal diseases) and therapeutic. The latter involve the introduction of medicinal solutions into the body. Also, various oils can be used for the procedure, which are especially effective for constipation.

Hypertensive enemas are carried out with different solutions, but magnesium sulfate and magnesium sulfate are often used. These substances are available at every pharmacy. They increase osmotic pressure almost instantly, allowing them to flush excess water from the body. The patient's condition is normalized 15 minutes after the implementation of the therapeutic manipulation.

The hypertonic solution can be prepared at home. For this purpose, prepare 20 ml of distilled or boiled water (24-26 ° C) and dissolve a tablespoon of salt in it.

It is noteworthy that in the process of preparing the saline solution, it is better to use dishes made of enamel, ceramics or glass. This will prevent aggressive sodium from reacting with the materials.

Since salt irritates the intestinal mucosa, in order to soften its effect, add to the solution:

1. glycerol;
2. herbal decoctions;
3. vegetable oils.

To prepare a nutrient solution for hypertensive enema for an adult, petroleum jelly, sunflower or refined olive oil are used. Add 2 large spoons of oil to 100 ml of pure water.

Indications and contraindications

Cleansing with isotonic and hypertonic solutions is carried out in order to normalize blood pressure indicators. However, an enema can be effective for other painful conditions as well.

So, the procedure is indicated for severe and atonic constipation, increased intracranial or intraocular pressure, poisoning of various etiologies. Also, manipulation is prescribed in case of dysbiosis, sigmoiditis, proctitis.

Hypertensive enema treatment can be performed for cardiac and renal edema, hemorrhoids, intestinal helminthiasis. Another procedure is prescribed before diagnostic examinations or operations.

The hypertonic bowel cleansing method is contraindicated for:

• hypotension;
• bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract;
• malignant formations, polyps, localized in the digestive tract;
• peritonitis or appendicitis;
• inflammatory processes in the anorectal zone (fistulas, cracks, ulcers, the presence of abscesses in the anorectal zone);
• prolapse of the rectum;
• severe heart failure;
• ulcer of the digestive tract.

Also, the hypertensive enema method is contraindicated for diarrhea, abdominal pain of various etiologies, solar or heat overheating and a disorder of water and electrolyte balance.

Preparation and technique of enema

After the hypertonic solution has been prepared, you should carefully prepare for the procedure. In the beginning, you need to stock up on an enema-pear, a Esmark mug or Janet's syringe.

You will also need a wide bowl or bowl to use for emptying. For the comfortable performance of the therapeutic manipulation, you need to purchase a medical oilcloth, gloves, ethanol, petroleum jelly.

The couch, on which the patient will lie, is covered with oilcloth, and on top - with a sheet. When the preparatory stage is completed, proceed to the immediate implementation of the procedure.

The algorithm for setting a hypertensive enema is not complicated, so the manipulation can be carried out both in a clinic and at home. It is recommended to empty your bowels before the procedure.

First, the medicinal solution should be heated to 25-30 degrees. You can control the temperature with a simple thermometer. Then the patient lies on the bed on his left side, bends his knees, pulling them to the peritoneum.

Technique for setting a hypertensive enema:

1. The nurse or the person performing the cleansing procedure puts on gloves and lubricates the enema tip with Vaseline and inserts it into the anal area.
2. In a circular motion, the tip must be advanced into the rectum to a depth of 10 cm.
3. Further, a hypertonic solution is gradually introduced.
4. When the enema is empty, the patient should roll over onto his back, which will help him retain the solution for about 30 minutes.

Next to the couch, where the patient lies, you need to put a basin. Often, the urge to defecate occurs 15 minutes after the end of the procedure. If the hypertensive enema was done correctly, then there should be no discomfort during and after it.

After the procedure, it is always necessary to handle the handpiece or tube of the device used. For this purpose, the inventory is soaked for 60 minutes in a solution of chloramine (3%).

The setting of a cleansing, hypertonic, siphon, nutritional, medicinal and oil enema is performed only in a medical setting. Since for therapeutic manipulation, a special system is needed, including a rubber, glass tube and a funnel. In addition, nutritional enemas are contraindicated in any case, because glucose is present in the solution.

If a hypertensive enema is given to children, then a number of nuances should be taken into account:

• The concentration and volume of the solution decreases. If sodium chloride is used, then 100 ml of liquid is needed, and when using magnesium sulfate, 50 ml of water is required.
• During the procedure, the child should be immediately laid on his back.
• The technique for performing manipulations using a regular enema or a pear is similar to that described above, but when using a siphon enema, the algorithm is different.

Side effects

After this type of enema, as with any medical manipulation, a number of side effects may occur. Negative reactions appear with frequent use of a cleansing enema.

So, the procedure can lead to intestinal spasm and its increased peristalsis, which will contribute to the delay of the injected solution and feces in the body. In this case, the intestinal walls are stretched, and the intra-abdominal pressure increases. This causes an exacerbation of chronic inflammation in the small pelvis, leads to rupture of adhesions and the penetration of their purulent secretions into the peritoneum.

Sodium solution irritates the intestines, which helps to wash out the microflora. As a result, chronic colitis or dysbiosis may develop.

How a hypertensive enema is done is described in the video in this article.