All organisms on the planet are composed of chemicals, which are similar to each other in a chemical warehouse. In this article, we briefly talk about the chemical warehouse of the clitin, and its role in the life of the whole organism, we know that science is viable.

Groups of elements in the chemical warehouse of the client

The science that grows warehouses and lives of living cells is called cytology.

All the elements that enter the chemical structure of the body can be mentally divided into three groups:

• macronutrients;
• microelements;
• ultramicroelements.

Water, coal, sour and nitrogen are visible to macroelements. 98% of all warehouse items fall on this part.

Microelementi є in the number of ten and hundreds of chastok vіdsotka. І zovsіm maly vmist ultramicroelements - hundreds and thousands of parts of a vіdsotka.

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In the translation of Greek, "macro" is great, and "micro" is small.

Vcheni have established that there are no special elements, like taman, only living organisms. The one that is alive, that inanimate nature is composed of the quiet elements themselves. Cim to bring їхній vzaєmozv'yazok.

Irrespective of the quantity of a chemical element, it is necessary to change one of them to the death of the whole organism. Aje leather from them may have its own meaning.

The role of the chemical warehouse of the client

Macronutrients are the basis of biopolymers, as well as proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids and lipids.

Microelements enter the storehouse of life of important organic speeches, take part in exchange processes. The stench is a warehouse component of mineral salts, which looks like cations and anions, their spivvіdnoshennia is known as a puddle of the middle. Mostly, it is weakly lukewarm, even though the spiving of mineral salts does not change.

Hemoglobin is spared, chlorophyll - magnesium, proteins - sirku, nucleic acids - phosphorus, the exchange of speech is due to a sufficient amount of calcium.

Rice. 2. Storage warehouse

Active chemical elements are components of inorganic speeches, for example, water. Vaughn plays a great role in life as a growing, and creaturely culture. Water is a good retailer, so all speech in the middle of the body is divided into:

• hydrophilic - Break up near the water;
• Hydrophobic - do not grow apart near the water.

The signs of the presence of the water of the clitin become springy;

Rice. 3. Speech of the clitin.

Table "The power of the chemical warehouse of the client"

In order to understand exactly how chemical elements enter the warehouse of the warehouse, we entered into the following table:

What did we recognize?

The skin tissue of living nature is subject to a collection of chemical elements. Behind their warehouse, objects of living and inanimate nature create similarities, to bring a tight link. The skin tissue is composed of macroelements, microelements and ultramicroelements, the skin cells have their own role. The presence of even one of them led to illness and caused the death of the whole organism.

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Nearly 70 elements of the periodic system of elements of D.I. were revealed in clitins of various organisms. Mendeliev, but more than 24 years, the values ​​​​are set in full and are constantly increasing in all types of clitin.

The largest pet vaga in the elemental warehouse of the garden sows sour, coal, water and nitrogen. Tse so called main or biological elements. In front of these elements fall over 95% of the mass of clitin, moreover, they are seen instead of living speech richly thicker, lower in the earth's crust. Life important is also calcium, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, chlorine, sodium, magnesium, and iodine. Їx vmіst at the client are calculated by ten and hundred parts of a vіdsotka. Changed elements form a group macronutrients.

Other chemical elements: copper, manganese, molybdenum, cobalt, zinc, boron, fluorine, chromium, selenium, aluminium, iodine, salt, silicon can be found in small quantities (less than 0.01% wt). The stench is visible to the group microelements.

Vіdsotkovy vmіst in the organism of that chi іnshoy element by the same rank does not characterize the world of yogo importance and need in the organism. So, for example, a lot of microelements enter the warehouse of various biologically active speeches - enzymes, vitamins (cobalt enters the warehouse of vitamin B12), hormones (iodine enters the warehouse of thyroxin); add to the growth and development of organisms (zinc, manganese, copper), hematopoiesis (zalizo, copper), the processes of cellular indigestion (copper, zinc), and so on. given in the table:

Over 70 chemical elements were revealed in living organisms. The stench is a storehouse of singing speeches that make up the structures of the body and that in chemical reactions. Some chemical elements in organisms are more common, others less, and still others are present in insignificant numbers.

Macroelements. Chemical elements, instead of those in living organisms, to become from dozens to hundreds of chastots, are called macronutrients. Living organisms more than 98% are composed of several chemical elements: sour (O), coal (C), water (H) and nitrogen (N). Water and kisen are storage elements of water. The order of coal and nitrogen and elements is the main storage of organic parts of living organisms.

Before the warehouse of molecules of rich organic speeches, sirka (S) and phosphorus (P) also enter. In addition, sodium (Na), potassium lie before the macroelements. (TO), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), chlorine (C1) and in.

The most important macroelement to the human body is calcium. Yogo half, zocrema orthophosphate, to form the mineral basis of brushes and teeth. In other cases, calcium takes a part in nerve and m'yazovy dyalnosti, enters the warehouse of cells and tissues of the body. Dobova need for grown-up people in calcium to become 0.8 to 2 g.

However, in hedgehogs, speech can also be lost, which overdoes the absorption of calcium, for example, oxalic acid and fitin. With oxalic acid, calcium makes up a small amount of strength, fitin can also increase the amount of calcium. Therefore, it is important not to be ill with herbs from sorrel and spinach, the leaves of which contain 0.1-0.5% oxalic acid. Fitin, present in vegetables and cereals, collapses when heated, which is less shkidlivy. Zhitnіy khlіb korisnіshiy for wheat — in new less fitin.

Microelements. Life important elements, like in living organisms in small quantities (less than 0.01%) to form a group microelements. Before this group can be seen as metals, for example, iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Ci), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), molybdenum (Mo), and also non-metal fluorine (F), iodine (I) and in.

Vіdsotkovy zmіst ієї chi іnshої element do not characterize the steps of yoga importance in the organism. For example, iodine, instead of what is normal in the body of a person, does not exceed 0.0001%, enters the warehouse of hormones in the thyroid gland thyroxin and tr and t і r o n і n a. Qi hormones regulate the exchange of speech, add to the growth, development and differentiation of tissues, to the activity of the nervous system.

Zalіzo that mid enter to the warehouse of enzymes, which take the fate of the clitin's dihanni. Together with cobalt, stench plays an important role in the processes of hematopoiesis. Zinc and manganese are added to the growth and development of organisms. Fluorine enters the warehouse of the bone tissue and enamel of the teeth. More detailed information about the important and biological role of chemical elements in living organisms is given in Table 1.

Table 1. Biologically important chemical elements

* For roslin - macroelement

For people with dzherelami, macro- and microelements are food-producing water. Therefore, for complete satisfaction of the needs of macro- and microelements, it is necessary to have a complete and varied meal, which includes the products of the vegetal tarosling trip. For Belarus and other regions of the Earth, there is a characteristic lack of iodine and fluorine in natural water. It is even more important for him to get used to seafood more often, as well as to buy a small amount of fluorinated and iodized kitchen salt, which increases sales in our country.

1. In which group do all the elements lie before the macroelements? To microelements?

a) Zalizo, sirka, cobalt; c) sodium, acid, iodine;

b) phosphorus, magnesium, nitrogen; d) fluorine, copper, manganese.

2. Which chemical elements are called macroelements? Resurrect them. What is the significance of macronutrients in living organisms?

3. What elements are called microelements? Bring examples. Why is the role of microelements important for the life of organisms?

4. Set the value between a chemical element and a biological function:

1) calcium

3) cobalt

4) iodine 5) zinc 6) copper

a) taking part in the synthesis of hormones roslin, to enter the warehouse of insulin; b) to enter the warehouse of hormones in the thyroid gland.

c) є component of chlorophyll.

d) to enter the warehouse of hemocyanins of some spineless creatures.

e) necessary for m'yazovogo rapids and blood glottis; e) enter the warehouse of vitamin B 12.

5. On the basis of the material about the biological role of macro- and microelements and knowledge, taken away from the human body in the 9th grade, explain, to some notable conclusions, we can cite a lack of other chemical elements in the human body.

6. In the table, the number of main chemical elements in the earth's crust is indicated (by weight, %). Level the warehouse of earth's measles and living organisms. What are the features of the elementary warehouse of living organisms? How many facts allow the production of whiskers about the unity of living and inanimate nature?

Section 1. Chemical components of living organisms

• § 1. Replacement of chemical elements in organisms. Macro and microelements
• § 2. Chemistry in living organisms. Inorganic speeches

Chapter 2

• § 10. History of the opinion of the client. Creation of clitin theory
• § 15. Endoplasmic mesh. Complex Golgi Lizosomi

Chapter 3

biology- The science of life. The most important task of biology is the development of diversity, life, life, individual development and evolution of living organisms, their interaction with dovkilliam.

Living organisms Mayut low features that excite them in the form of inanimate nature. Okremo skin z vіdmіnnosti є dosit umovnoy, to that їх sіd look at the complex.

Signs that make living matter look like inanimate matter:

1. building up to reproduction and transmission of recessionary information to the coming generation;
2. exchange of speech and energy;
3. alertness;
4. adaptability to specific minds of living;
5. life material - biopolymers (the most important of them are proteins and nucleic acids);
6. specialization in the type of molecules to organs and the high level of their organization;
7. spist;
8. old;
9. death.

Equal organization of living matter:

1. molecular,
2. clitinny,
3. textile,
4. organium,
5. organism,
6. population-species,
7. biogeocenotic,
8. biospheric.

The diversity of life

The first on the planet were non-nuclear cells. Most of them are accepted that nuclear organisms appeared as a result of the symbiosis of ancient archeobacteria with blue-green algae and oxidizing bacteria (theory of symbiogenesis).

Cytology

Cytology- science about clitz. Vivchaє budovu and functions of clitins of single-celled and rich-celled organisms. Klitina is an elementary unity of life, functioning, growth and development of all living things. Therefore, the processes and regularities characteristic of cytology lie at the basis of the processes that are developed by many other sciences (anatomy, genetics, embryology, biochemistry, etc.).

Chemical elements of clitin

Chemical element- Pevny type of atoms with the same positive charge of the nucleus. Nearly 80 chemical elements were revealed in clitins. You can divide it into chotiri groups:
1 group - coal, water, kysen, nitrogen (98% in the mix of clitins),
Group 2 - potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, phosphorus, chlorine, salt (1.9%),
Group 3 - zinc, copper, fluorine, iodine, cobalt, molybdenum and other. (less than 0.01%),
Group 4 - gold, uranium, radium and in (less than 0.00001%).

Elements of the first and other groups are called by most of the helpers macronutrients, elements of the third group microelements, elements of the fourth group ultramicroelements. For macro- and micro-elements, processes and functions are assigned, in which stinks take part. For most ultramicroelements, biological roles were not revealed.

Atoms of chemical elements in living organisms inorganic(water, salt) that organic sprouts(Proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates). On the atomic level of authority between living and inanimate matter, there is no authority, to appear on the next, higher level of organization of living matter.

Water

Water- The widest inorganic floor. Vmіst vodi to become vіd 10% (tooth enamel) to 90% mass of cells (embryo that develops). Life is impossible without water, the biological significance of water is determined by chemical and physical powers.

The water molecule is in the shape of a molecule: the atom and the water are completely acidified by the cut, which is 104.5 °. That part of the molecule, de water, is positively charged, the part, de jelly, is negatively charged; Between water dipoles, water bonds are established. Physical power of the water: clearance, maximum width - at 4 ° C, high heat capacity, practically does not squeeze; pure water is bad to conduct heat and electricity, freezes at 0 ° C, boils at 100 ° C too much. Chemical power of water: a good retailer, adjusting hydration, entering the reaction of a hydrolytic distribution, interfacing with rich oxides just fine. According to the date to the building, they are divided by the water: hydrophilic speeches- good rozchinni, hydrophobic speech- practically indistinguishable from the water.

Biological value of water:

1. є the basis of the internal and internal clitinic medium,
2. ensure the support of the spacious structure,
3. ensure the transport of speeches,
4. hydrate polar molecules,
5. serve as a retailer and a medium for diffusion,
6. taking part in the reactions of photosynthesis and hydrolysis,
7. cools the body,
8. є a medium of residence for rich organisms,
9. spriyaє migrations that widen nasіnnya, fruits, larval stages,
10. є the middle, in which the flood is seen,
11. roslyn ensures the transport of that growth of the day,
12. spriyaє equal distribution of heat in the organisms and many others. in.

Other inorganic varieties of clitin

Other inorganic compounds are represented mainly by salts, which can be of a differentiated appearance (dissociation into cations and anions), or solid. An important value for the life of the cells is the cations K +, Na +, Ca 2+, Mg 2+ (div. table above) and the anions HPO 4 2-, Cl -, HCO 3 -, which provide a buffer of power to the cells. buffering- Health to improve pH on the penny level (pH is the tenth logarithm of the value of the serum concentration of water ions). The pH value, which is more than 7.0, is neutral, below 7.0 - acid, more than 7.0 - puddle. For clitin and tissues, a weakly lunar middle is characteristic. Phosphate (1) and bicarbonate (2) buffer systems are responsible for the light-lumen reaction.

Living organisms for their own chemical warehouse signifi- cantly vіdіznyayutsya vіd navkolishnogo їх inanimate medium and the structure of khіmіchnіh spoluk, і z set and zmіstu khіmіchnih elementіv. Around 90 chemical elements are present in living organisms (revealed on this day), yak, fallow in their place, divided into 3 main groups: macronutrients , microelements і ultramicroelements .

Macroelements.

Macroelementi significant numbers are represented in living organisms, varying from hundreds of chasms to tens of hundreds. As if instead of any chemical speech in the body, it exceeds 0.005% of the mass of the body, such speech is carried to macroelements. The stench enters the warehouse of the main tissues: blood, brushes and m'yaziv. Before them lie, for example, such chemical elements: water, kysen, coal, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, sodium, calcium, potassium, chlorine. Macronutrients in the sum become close to 99% of the mass of live clitin, moreover, most (98%) sit on the water, sour, coal and nitrogen.

The tables below show the main macronutrients in the body:

For all the elements that are the widest in living organisms (water, kysen, coal, nitrogen, as it was indicated earlier), one wild power is characteristic. These elements do not get one but a few electrons in the outer orbit for the creation of stable electronic communications. So, a water atom for the establishment of a stable electronic link does not get one electron into the outer orbit, atoms in sour, nitrogen and carbon - two, three and four electrons are viable. The bonds with cym, ci chemical elements easily establish covalent bonds for the electrons pairing, and can easily interact one by one, filling the oval electronic shells. Cream of this, kysen, charcoal and nitrogen can make both a single, and a dependent link. As a result of which there are more and more chemical compositions, as they can be established with these elements.

In addition, coal, water and sour are the easiest among the elements, building covalent bonds. Therefore, the stench seemed to be the most suitable for the adoption of the half, to enter the warehouse of living matter. It is necessary to mention one more important power of carbon atoms - the ability to establish covalent bonds together from chotirma with other carbon atoms. The hearts of this possiblity are created frameworks of impersonal various organic molecules.

Microelements.

Hocha zmist microelements do not exceed 0.005% for the skin element, and in the total stench it becomes less than 1% of the mass of clitin, microelements necessary for the life of organisms. For their lack of health, they can blame for illness. A lot of micronutrients enter the warehouse of non-protein groups of enzymes and are necessary for the development of their catalytic function.
For example, zalizo є warehouse heme, which enters the warehouse of cytochromes, which is the components of the lancet for the transfer of electrons, and hemoglobin - protein, which ensures the transport of oxygen from the leg to tissues. Deficiency of saliva in a person leads to the development of anemia. And lack of iodine, which allows the hormone of the thyroid gland - thyroxine, to enter the storehouse, to lead to illness, caused by a lack of hormone, such as endemic goiter or cretinism.

Apply the microelements presented in the tables below:

Ultramicroelements.

To the group warehouse ultramicroelements include elements that are very few in the body (less than 10-12%). Before them one can see bromine, gold, selenium, silver, vanadium and a lot of other elements. Most of them are also needed for the normal functioning of living organisms. For example, marriage to selenium can lead to cancerous illnesses, and a lack of boron is the cause of such illnesses in Roslins. A lot of elements in the group, like microelements, enter the warehouse of enzymes.