The blinking reflex is a bioelectrical analogue of the corneal reflex. As you know, the afferent part of the reflex arc in this case are fibers n. trigeminus, and efferent - n. facialis. This must be remembered, since in the classical concept, the actual blink reflex is caused by the illumination of the eye or the sudden appearance of an object in the field of view. Naturally, the sensory nerve that provides this reflex is n. opticus. A sudden touch, a loud sound can also serve as an irritant.

The following technique has found the greatest application in clinical practice.

When studying the "blinking" reflex, the discharge electrodes are placed over m. orbicularis oculi on both sides, and the stimulation electrode in the projection of the exit point n. supraorbitalis (Fig. 8), carrying out two-channel registration. Stimulation is carried out by irregular impulses with an interval of 10-15 s and an intensity of 15 to 25 mA.

Fig. 8. Technique of applying electrodes when registering a “blinking” reflex.

The resulting response contains two main components: early (R1), arising on the side of stimulation as a result of a monosynaptic reflex, which closes at the level of the brain stem, and late (R2), bilateral, since the upper part of the facial muscles normally has bilateral cortical innervation (Fig. . nine). The figure shows the presence of the R1 and R2 components during ipsilateral stimulation and the R2 component during contralateral stimulation.

Fig. 9. The “blinking” reflex is normal. 1k, 1 and 2k, 1 - stimulation on the right, 1k, 2 and 2k, 2 - stimulation on the left.

Depending on the task of the study, the following is assessed:

1) the safety of the components of the reflex;

2) latent time of the R1 and R2 components on the stimulation side;

3) latent time of the R2 component on the opposite side;

4) symmetry of the reflex;

5) the presence of a reflex in the lower part of the facial muscles (in the case of pathological synkinesis).

The corneal reflex may also be absent in the normal function of the trigeminal and facial nerves - most likely as a result of damage to reflex collaterals. The absence of a reflex can be “functional” in nature (for example, in hysteria). Unilateral shedding always has an organic basis.

For differential diagnosis of the lesion level, it is necessary to study the reflex on both sides (Fig. 10).

Fig. 10. Study of the “blinking” reflex in a patient with peripheral paresis of the left facial nerve (designations are the same as in Fig. 9).

Analyzing the results of the study given as an example, it is necessary to pay attention to the signs of the loss of the function n. facialis sinistra, which is manifested by the absence of reflex components on the left in both ipsilateral and contralateral stimulation.

In another example, along with the defeat of n. facialis sinistra, a violation of the trigeminal nerve is found (Fig. 11). When stimulated on the right ipsilaterally, both components R1 and R2 are detected, and on the left, the late component is absent as a result of impaired conduction along the left facial nerve. When stimulated on the left, the R2 component on the right does not appear, which indicates a lesion of the left trigeminal nerve.

Of course, without taking into account the data of the study of the neurological status, only preliminary topical diagnosis is possible.

Fig. 11. Study of the “blinking” reflex in a patient with paresis of the left facial nerve and impaired conduction along the left trigeminal nerve (designations are the same as in Fig. 9).

Obtaining the blinking reflex and the conditions causing its inhibition:

When you touch inner corner eyes, both eyes blink involuntarily.

Figure 1 shows the reflex arc of this reflex.

The circle is the area of \u200b\u200bthe medulla oblongata where the centers of the blink reflex are located. The bodies of sensory neurons 2 lie outside the brain in the nerve node.

Irritation of receptors → a stream of nerve impulses heading by dendrite to bodysensitive neuron 2 and from it to axon in medulla oblongata... There's excitement through synapses transmitted intercalary neurons 3. Information is processed by the brain, including the cortex. We felt a touch to the corner of the eye! → then the executive neuron 4 is excited, the excitation along the axon reaches the circular muscles of the eye 5 and causes blinking. Let's continue our observation.

But, if you touch the inner corner of the eye several times - reflex slowed down.

When answering, one should take into account that, along with direct links, according to which the "orders" of the brain to the organs, exist and feedbackscarrying information from organs to the brain. Since our touch to the eye was not dangerous, the reflex died out after a while.

A completely different result would have been if a speck had got into the eye. The disturbing information would reach the brain and amplify the response to irritation. In all likelihood, we would try to remove the speck.

With an effort of will, you can slow downblink reflex:

To do this, touch with a clean finger to the inner corner of the eye and try not to blink. Many people succeed. Impulses coming from the cortex, slowed down the nerve centers of the medulla oblongata - this central braking discovered by a Russian physiologist Sechenov: « Higher Centers of the Brain able to regulate work Lower Centers: to enhance or inhibit reflexes. "

Spinal cord knee reflex:cross your legs. Relax the muscles of the crossed leg. Use the edge of your hand to strike the quadriceps tendon of your outstretched leg. The leg should jump. Don't be surprised if the reflex doesn't happen. To get into the reflexogenic zone, you need to stretch the tendon. In all other cases, there will be no reflex.

Organizational Levels of the Body:cellular, tissue, organ, systemic, organismic.

Organ level form organs - independent anatomical formations that occupy a certain place in the body, have a certain structure and perform certain functions.

System level represented by groups (systems) of organs performing common functions.

Organism as a whole, uniting the work of all systems, constitutes the organismic level.

Behavioral level, which determines the adaptation of the organism to the natural, and in humans, to the social environment.

The nervous and endocrine regulatory systems unite all levels of the body, ensure the well-coordinated work of all executive organs and their systems.

from. 1
Blinking reflex Is a protective congenital reaction organism, which consists in the reflex closure of the eyelids on an object approaching the eye. It was described in 1896 and is reduced to the contraction of the circular muscle of the eye during mechanical irritation of the superior orbital nerve.

The center of this protective reflex, like many protective reflexes (sneezing, coughing, vomiting, tearing), is located in the oblong part of the brain.

1.Receptors(located in the inner corner of the eye) excitement occurs

2.Sensory neuron - transmits nerve impulses to the central nervous system

3.Intercalary neuron in the central nervous system (medulla ) process information

4 motor or executive neuron (transfers information and activates the executive body)

5.Working body ( circular muscle of the eye), closing the eyelids.

Reflex description

When you touch the inner corner of the eye, irritation receptors. They excited, i.e. formed nerve impulsewhich are transferred to sensitive neuron.A sensitive neuron transmits excitation to the central nervous system, CNS transmits a nerve impulse to executive neuron, which in turn transfers arousal to the circular muscle eyes. The muscle contracts and the eyelids close (i.e. the action takes place !!!)

M mechanism of transmission of a nerve impulse to a muscle:

1. Axon of the executive neuron

2.Synaptic cleft

3. Bubbles with acetylcholine

4. Receptors on the muscle cell that perceive acetylcholine

5.Mitochondria

On the axon of the executive neuron, there are bubbles with a biologically active liquid (acetylcholine), which burst when the executive neuron is excited. Acetylcholine leaves the synaptic cleft (the space between the axon and the muscle cell) and acts on the cell membrane of the muscle cell, which, in response to this substance, is excited and contracted. This is the reflex closing of the eyelids.

The blinking reflex is observed ONLY when excited certain receptorsthat are in the inner corner of the eye!

After a few touches, the blinking reflex disappears. Because it happens reflex inhibitionthat prevents the arousal from spreading infinitely.

Cause: With repeated irritation, the transmitter stores in the vesicles are depleted and it takes time for them to recover.
from. 1

State fire service fire safety standards special protective clothing for firefighters from increased thermal effects

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2. Touch gently the inner corner of the eye several times. Determine after how many touches the blink reflex will slow down. 3. Analyze these phenomena and indicate their possible causes.

Find out what processes could occur in the synapses of the reflex arc in the first and second cases. 4. Check the ability to slow down the blinking reflex with the help of volitional effort. Explain why this was successful. 5. Remember how the blinking reflex manifests itself when a speck enters the eye.

Analyze your behavior in terms of the doctrine of feedforward and feedback. 6.

Make a conclusion about the meaning of the blinking reflex.

With the help of volitional effort, you can slow down the action of the blinking reflex. A nerve impulse arises in the nerve center. The nerve impulse reaches the synapse, in which bubbles burst with inhibiting biologically active substances. The fluid is poured into the synaptic cleft and acts on the cell walls of muscle cells.

Inhibition of the blinking reflex occurs.

Conditioned and unconditioned reflexes.

Reflex - the response of the body is not external or internal irritation, carried out and controlled by the central nervous system.

The development of ideas about human behavior, which has always been a mystery, was achieved in the works of Russian scientists I.P. Pavlov and I.

M. Sechenov.

Reflexes, unconditioned and conditioned.

Unconditioned reflexes - these are innate reflexes that are inherited by offspring from parents and persist throughout a person's life. Arcs of unconditioned reflexes pass through the spinal cord or brainstem. The cerebral cortex is not involved in their formation.

Unconditioned reflexes ensure the adaptation of the organism only to those changes in the environment that many generations of this species have often encountered.

TO unconditioned reflexes relate:

Food (salivation, sucking, swallowing);
Defensive (coughing, sneezing, blinking, pulling the hand away from a hot object);
Approximate (mowing eyes, turning the head);
Sexual (reflexes associated with reproduction and caring for offspring).
The meaning of unconditioned reflexes lies in the fact that thanks to them the integrity of the organism is preserved, the constancy of the internal environment is maintained, and reproduction occurs.

Already in a newborn child, the simplest unconditioned reflexes are observed.
The most important of these is the sucking reflex. An irritant of the sucking reflex - touching the baby's lips with any object (mother's breast, nipple, toy, finger). The sucking reflex is an unconditioned food reflex. In addition, the newborn already has some protective unconditioned reflexes: blinking, which occurs if a foreign body approaches the eye or touches the cornea, constriction of the pupil when exposed to strong light on the eyes.

Are especially pronounced unconditioned reflexes in various animals.

Not only individual reflexes can be inborn, but also more complex forms of behavior, which are called instincts.

Conditioned reflexes- these are reflexes that are easily acquired by the body during life and are formed on the basis of an unconditioned reflex under the action of a conditioned stimulus (light, knock, time, etc.). I. P.

Pavlov studied the formation of conditioned reflexes in dogs and developed a method for obtaining them. To develop a conditioned reflex, an irritant is needed - a signal that triggers a conditioned reflex, repeated repetition of the action of the stimulus allows you to develop a conditioned reflex. With the formation of conditioned reflexes, a temporary connection arises between the centers of the analyzers and the centers of the unconditioned reflex. Now this unconditioned reflex is not carried out under the influence of completely new external signals.

These irritations from the outside world, to which we were indifferent, can now take on vital importance. Throughout life, many conditioned reflexes are developed, which form the basis of our life experience. But this life experience makes sense only for this individual and is not inherited by its descendants.

e. skills or automated actions. The meaning of these conditioned reflexes is the development of new motor skills, the development of new forms of movements. During his life, a person masters many special motor skills associated with his profession.

Skills are the foundation of our behavior. Consciousness, thinking, attention are freed from performing those operations that were automated and became the skills of everyday life. The most successful way of mastering skills is systematic exercises, correcting mistakes noticed in time, knowing the ultimate goal of each exercise.

If the conditioned stimulus is not reinforced with an unconditioned one for some time, then the conditioned stimulus is inhibited.

But it does not disappear at all. When the experiment is repeated, the reflex is restored very quickly. Inhibition is also observed when exposed to another stimulus of greater strength.

1. Reflex. Reflex arc diagram

The basic principle of the nervous system is reflex... A nerve impulse arising from irritation goes through a certain path, called reflex arc... The reflex arc consists of five parts:

• receptor - a nerve ending that perceives irritation (Receptors are found in organs, muscles, skin, etc.

  Each type of receptor reacts to a specific stimulus: light, sound, touch, smell, temperature, etc. Receptors convert these stimuli into nerve impulses - signals from the nervous system).

• sensitive way, transmitting an impulse to the central nervous system (This part of the reflex arc is formed by sensitive neurons).
• central nervous system site (an intercalary neuron lying in the brain or spinal cord),
• motor path (an executive or motor neuron that transmits an impulse to an executive organ or gland).
• working body

Human reflexes are varied. Somatic reflex arcs carry out motor reflexes.

Vegetative reflex arcs coordinate the work of internal organs.
The reflex reaction consists not only in excitation, but also in inhibition, i.e.

in delay, weakening or complete cessation of the arousal that has arisen. The interrelation of excitement and inhibition ensures the coordinated work of the body: pulling back the hand in response to an injection or burn of the skin, profuse discharge of tears under the influence of substances that irritate the eyes, sneezing when foreign particles enter the nasal cavity.

A reflex is the body's response to irritation, which occurs with the participation of the nervous system. A reflex arc is a neural pathway along which nerve impulses are conducted during the implementation of a reflex. Lyubimova Z.V., Marinova K.V. Biology. Man and his health. Grade 8 - M .: VladosLerner G.I.

Biology: A Complete Guide to Preparing for the Unified State Exam: AST, Astrel http://dok.opredelim.com/docs/index-62310.html

When you touch inner corner

by dendrite to body axon in medulla.

There's excitement through synapses transmitted intercalary neurons

reflex slowed down.

direct links feedback

A completely different result would have been if a speck had got into the eye. Disturbing information would reach the brain and intensify the response to irritation.

In all likelihood, we would try to remove the speck.

With an effort of will, you can slow downblink reflex:

to the inner corner of the eye and try not to blink.

Many people succeed. Impulses coming from the cortex central braking Sechenov: « Higher Centers of the Brain Lower Centers

cross your legs.

Relax the muscles of the crossed leg. Use the edge of your hand to strike the quadriceps tendon of your outstretched leg. The leg should bounce. Don't be surprised if the reflex doesn't happen. To get into the reflexogenic zone, you need to stretch the tendon.

In all other cases, there will be no reflex.

Organ level

System level

Organism

Behavioral level

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Obtaining the blinking reflex and the conditions causing its inhibition:

When you touch inner corner eyes, both eyes blink involuntarily.

Figure 1 shows the reflex arc of this reflex.

The circle is the area of \u200b\u200bthe medulla oblongata where the centers of the blinking reflex are located.

The bodies of sensory neurons 2 lie outside the brain in the nerve node.

Irritation of receptors → a stream of nerve impulses heading by dendrite to bodysensitive neuron 2 and from it to axon in medulla... There's excitement through synapses transmitted intercalary neurons 3. Information is processed by the brain, including the cortex. After all, we felt a touch to the corner of the eye!

→ then the executive neuron 4 is excited, the excitation along the axon reaches the circular muscles of the eye 5 and causes blinking. Let's continue our observation.

But, if you touch the inner corner of the eye several times - reflex slowed down.

When answering, one should take into account that, along with direct links, according to which the "orders" of the brain to the organs, exist and feedbackcarrying information from organs to the brain.

Since our touching to the eye was not dangerous, the reflex died out for some time.

A completely different result would have been if a speck had got into the eye.

The disturbing information would reach the brain and intensify the response to irritation. In all likelihood, we would try to remove the speck.

With an effort of will, you can slow downblink reflex:

To do this, touch with a clean finger to the inner corner of the eye and try not to blink.

Many people succeed. Impulses coming from the cortex, slowed down the nerve centers of the medulla oblongata - this is central braking discovered by a Russian physiologist Sechenov: « Higher Centers of the Brain able to regulate work Lower Centers: to enhance or inhibit reflexes. "

Spinal cord knee reflex:cross your legs.

Relax the muscles of the crossed leg. Use the edge of your hand to strike the quadriceps tendon of your outstretched leg. The leg should bounce. Don't be surprised if the reflex doesn't happen.

To get into the reflexogenic zone, you need to stretch the tendon. In all other cases, there will be no reflex.

Organizational Levels of the Body:cellular, tissue, organ, systemic, organismic.

Organ level form organs - independent anatomical formations that occupy a certain place in the body, have a certain structure and perform certain functions.

System level represented by groups (systems) of organs performing common functions.

Organism as a whole, uniting the work of all systems, constitutes the organismic level.

Behavioral level, which determines the adaptation of the organism to the natural, and in humans, to the social environment.

The nervous and endocrine regulatory systems unite all levels of the body, ensure the well-coordinated work of all executive organs and their systems.

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Date of publication: 2015-07-22; Read: 4042 | Page copyright infringement

studopedia.org - Studopedia.Org - 2014-2018. (0.001 s) ...

A reflex is the body's response to irritation, carried out by stimulating the central nervous system and having an adaptive meaning.

This definition contains 5 signs of a reflex:

1) this is a response, not a spontaneous one,

2) irritation is necessary, without which the reflex does not arise,

3) the reflex is based on nervous excitement,

4) the participation of the central nervous system is necessary to convert sensory stimulation into effector,

5) a reflex is needed to adapt (adapt) to changing environmental conditions.

Reflexes are divided into 2 large groups: unconditioned and conditioned.

Blinking reflex - the body's defensive reaction to light, sound, touching the cornea or eyelashes, tapping in the glabella region and other irritants. It also occurs with electrical stimulation of the supraorbital nerve (trigeminal branch), which is used as a neurophysiological test.

The blinking reflex was described in 1896 and is reduced to the contraction of the circular muscle of the eye during mechanical irritation of the superior orbital nerve.
The center of this protective reflex, like many protective reflexes (sneezing, coughing, vomiting, tearing), is located in the oblong part of the brain.

When you touch the inner corner of the eye, a blinking reflex occurs, after several touches it is inhibited. When you touch the inner corner of the eye, the receptors are irritated. They are excited, and nerve impulses from the receptors are transmitted along the sensitive neuron to the CIS.

From the CIS, nerve impulses go to the executive neuron. At the point of contact between the axon of the executive neuron and the muscle cell, a synapse is formed. Bubbles with excitatory biologically active substances burst, fluid is poured into the synaptic cleft and acts on the cell membrane of the muscle cell, which is excited and contracted. The blinking reflex is realized. After a few touches, the blinking reflex disappears.

Braking prevents the excitement from spreading infinitely. Receptors in muscle cells send signals to the nerve center. From the nerve center along the executive neuron, nerve impulses reach the synapse, the bubbles with inhibitory substances burst, the liquid pours into the synaptic cleft, and affects the cell membranes of muscle cells. The action of muscle cells is inhibited.

With the help of volitional effort, you can slow down the action of the blinking reflex. A nerve impulse arises in the nerve center. The nerve impulse reaches the synapse, in which bubbles burst with inhibiting biologically active substances. The fluid is poured into the synaptic cleft and acts on the cell walls of muscle cells. Inhibition of the blinking reflex occurs.

When a speck enters the eye, the receptors of the membrane of the eye are irritated. They are excited, and nerve impulses from the receptors are transmitted along a sensitive neuron to the nerve center. From the nerve center, nerve impulses go to the executive neuron, which activates the circular muscles of the eye that close the eyelids. After removing the speck, the principle of "feedback" is triggered. A signal arrives at the nerve center. Information about the change in the situation is being processed. The nerve center sends nerve impulses that reach the synapse, bubbles with inhibitory substances burst, fluid is poured into the synaptic cleft, and acts on the cell membranes of muscle cells. The action of the muscle cells stops. The blinking reflex is inhibited.

The blinking reflex is a protective reaction of the body, which is carried out and controlled by the nervous system.

With tension headache, an increase in reflex excitability occurs: reflexes begin to be caused by weaker stimuli (decrease in the sensitivity threshold), at the same time, the response becomes more powerful and lasts longer. The pathogenesis (causes) of tension headache is associated with these phenomena, which are well noticeable when the blinking reflex is evoked: the painful reaction begins to arise as a result of exposure to even an inadequately weak stimulus.

The specificity of the newborn's vision is the blink reflex. Its essence lies in the fact that no matter how much you swing objects near your eyes, the baby does not blink, but he reacts to a bright and sudden beam of light. This is due to the fact that at birth the child's visual analyzer is still at the very beginning of its development. A newborn's vision is assessed at the level of light perception. That is, the baby is able to perceive only the light itself without perceiving the structure of the image.

Conditioned reflexes of the first signaling system

Usually, for the manifestation of an unconditioned reflex reaction, exposure to adequate stimulus.For example, for the production of saliva (unconditioned reflex), food (its taste, smell) is an adequate stimulus.

When developing a conditioned reflex indifferent stimulus begins to cause an unconditioned reflex reaction. For example, the blinking of a light bulb (under normal conditions this is an indifferent food stimulus that does not cause saliva to separate), when a conditioned reflex is developed, causes an unconditioned reflex reaction - the production of saliva. From the moment when an indifferent stimulus began to cause a reaction, it is called conditioned stimulus, and the reaction is conditioned (conditioned reflex).

To maintain the developed conditioned reflex, it is necessary reinforcement - unconditioned - an adequate stimulus, following in time the conditioned stimulus. That is, after the light is blinking, food must be given.

Laboratory work No. 3

The development of a conditioned blinking reflex

Purpose: develop a conditioned blinking reflex in a person and observe its extinction.

Equipment: spectacle frame with a rubber bulb, bell, clock (stopwatch).

Working process

Mechanical stimulation of the sclera is an adequate stimulus for an unconditioned blinking reflex, an indifferent stimulus for such a reaction is the sound of a bell.

Put on the spectacle frame to the subject and stand behind, moving the pear so that the subject cannot see it. Hold a pear in one hand and a bell in the other.

Press down on the bulb, make sure the air jet enters the eye and the subject blinks.

Turn on the bell, make sure that it is indifferent to blinking (the subject does not blink after it sounds).

Create silence!

Turn on the bell and immediately click on the pear. After pressing, turn off the bell.

Repeat the steps after 1 minute. Make 6-8 combinations of bell and air jets.

The next time you turn on the bell, do not press the bulb. Observers should note the flashing. If it occurs, note the time the subject has developed a conditioned reflex.

Repeat a few more combinations of the bell and the stream of air (reinforcement of the reflex) and again, when switching on the bell, do not press the bulb.

Continue ringing at the same intervals. Note the time the conditioned reflex fades away.

Observations: the conditioned reflex worked out ___ times, died out ___ times.

IN withdrawal note what happens to reflexes without reinforcement, as well as which process occurs faster - the development or extinction of the reflex.

Conditioned reflexes of the second signal system

Persistent conditioned reflexes can play the role of an adequate stimulus in the development of new conditioned reflexes (this is a conditioned reflex of the next order). For example, understanding speech is a persistent conditioned reflex. If people are given a speech directive to raise their hand at the word "one", then they must raise it. In this case, the raising of the hand by the experimenter is not a signal for the raising of the hand by the subjects. If the experimenter combines the raising of his arm and the word "one", then a conditioned reflex of the second order should be developed. In this case, the word "time" (persistent conditioned reflex) will be an adequate stimulus. Indifferent stimulus (future conditioned) - raising the arm.

Laboratory work No. 4

Formation of motor conditioned reflexes on speech reinforcement

Purpose: develop a conditioned reflex of the second order to raise the hand.

Working process

The experimenter checks that raising the arm is an indifferent stimulus. Raising his right hand, he makes sure that the subjects do not raise their hands.

The experimenter gives the instruction to raise his hand to the word "time". Says "one" and makes sure that the subjects raise their hands.

Reflex development. The experimenter raises his hand several times (7-10), pronouncing the word "once" with an interval of 1-2 seconds with each lift.

The experimenter raises his hand, but does not utter the word "time". If the conditioned reflex has not been developed (none of the subjects raised their hand), the experimenter several times combines raising the hand and the word "one" and again raising the hand does not support it with a word.

The protocol notes on what time the conditioned reflex was formed and for how many students participating in the experiment.

Laboratory work No. 5

Study of conditioned speech reactions

Purpose: determine the level and predominance of certain types of associative links for different words.

Equipment: stopwatch.

Working process

The work is done in pairs. Each prepares two tables (Table 2) with ten different words - nouns in the nominative case. Note the name of the subject, his age.

Table 2. Associative speech reactions.

After small intervals of time (10-20 seconds), the experimenter pronounces the prepared words from the first table, while the subject must answer with any word that comes to mind. The experimenter records the response word and response time using a stopwatch.

The second experiment is carried out in a similar way, but the subject must try to respond with a word that matches the meaning of the stimulus word.

The processing of the results consists in determining the level of speech associative reactions (word-response) and their type for each case.

According to their quality, verbal reactions are divided, according to the proposal of A.G. Ivanov-Smolensky into the following groups:

Lower (primitive) reactions

Actually primitive or interjection verbal reactions: "um", "oh", "ah", "eh", "well", etc.

Imitative (consonant) verbal reactions that coincide with the word stimulus by their first or last syllables (rhyming).

Echological verbal reactions that literally reproduce the word-stimulus (repetition of this word).

Interrogative verbal reactions, when a question is asked instead of an answer ("Who?", "What?", "Why?", Etc.)

Extrasignal verbal reactions that are not related to a given stimulus word, but are caused by some other stimuli.

Refusal verbal reactions, which in their meaning represent refusal to answer (“I don’t know,” “I don’t want to,” “there is nothing to say,” etc.)

Persevering verbal reactions, when the same response is repeated to several stimulus words in a row.

Higher reactions

Individually-specific verbal reactions (city - Moscow).

General-specific verbal reactions (city - village).

Abstract verbal reactions (city - culture).

Make conclusions considering the following:

the duration of the latent period is less than three seconds indicates good mobility of the nervous processes;

lengthening of the latent period indicates the presence of inhibition;

a gradual lengthening of the latency period by the end of the experiment indicates a rapid fatigue of the nerve cells, and, consequently, the weakness of the nervous processes;

the repetition of the same words in the answers makes it possible to judge the inertia of the nervous processes;

by the predominance of concrete or abstract concepts in the subject's answers, it is possible to draw a conclusion about the predominance, respectively, of the artistic or mental component in the subject's higher nervous activity, that is, to judge the relationship of the subject's signal systems. For people with a predominance of the second signal system, generalizations are characteristic (for example, sea - water, love - feeling, ticket - paper, autumn - season, etc.), and for people with a highly developed first signal system, specific definitions are characteristic (sea - blue, love is strong, bus ticket, autumn is gray, etc.);

compare the prevalence of higher or lower reactions and their types in the first and second experiences.