Mitosis, cariokinosis, indirect growth – universional way for any kind of eukaritiv. With a large number of condensed chromosomes, they pass into the compact form of mitotic chromosomes. We will allow the spindle to come down, as it will prevent the chromosomes from being distributed to the opposite poles of the cell. The mitosis will end underneath the tila clitini ( cytotomy). Biological day-to-day for mitosis of polyagus in the normal growth of genetic material between daughter cells. The process of mitosis grows into several main phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase (Fig. 2-14).

prophase... DNA, as a result of super-spiralization, appears under the microscope in the nucleus of the cell in the eyes of the palate-shaped chromosomes. The transcription processes in them are attached. It is possible to see the knowledge (disintegration) of the nucleus and the nuclear envelope. The number of granular endoplasmic fissures is decreasing: it falls on short cisterns and vacuoles, the number of ribosomes bound to membranes decreases. Tse to produce up to the maximum potential for the biosynthesis of the bottle in the cell. The centrioles spread out to the poles of the klitini, pretend mitotic spindle, Yogo threads are attached to the kinetochore chromosomes.

Small. 2-14. Scheme of mitose cellini. 1. Interphase. 2. Prophase.

3. Metaphase. 4. Anaphase. 5. Telophase. 6. Early interphase. (For Yu. I. Afanas'ev, N. A. Yurinoi).

metaphase... At the end of the period, the confirmation of the spindle will end, and the chromosomes will appear in the equatorial area of ​​the clitin, approved metaphase plate of chromosomes(Side view) abo motherboard star(View from the poles of the clitini). Before the end of the metaphase, the process of the subtype of the sister chromatids is completed and the stench gets tied together only in the area of ​​the centromere. Metaphase for a trivial loan of 30% per hour of all mitosis.

anaphase... Chromosomes are stretched to the poles of the cell, behind an additional microtubule of the spindle, underneath with a diameter of 02-05 microns / min, which is tied to depolymerization and shortening of microtubules and a robot translocator. The price of a nykorotsha phase of mitosis, which is borrowed for a trivial deprivation of a few drops from an hour of mitosis.

telophase... To repair from the zupinka rose to the poles of the chromosomes (early telophase) and to end the stems of the new interphase nuclei and the base of the mother's cell on two daughters as a result of cytotomy (the loss of telophase). With a whole number of chromosomes are decondensed, nuclear envelopes are established and new nuclei are formed.

Oscillations of mitosis are even more folding і delicate process, from the hour of the time the cells are even more sensitive to physical and chemical factors (optimization, toxic speech, lіkuvalny drugs). When the spindle is popped, it is possible to capture mitosis in metaphase, or to raise chromosomes. In case of impaired reproduction of the centroids, there may be a variety of high-polarity and asymmetric mitosis. Destruction of the cytotomy process to produce gigant nuclei of abnormal nuclear cells before the appearance.

Endoreproduction- approval of a cytin from a change in chromosomes and DNA (polyploid). flatness- the number of sets of chromosomes in cells, denoted by a letter n... Proportionate change of DNA in cells is represented by a letter s... In individual cells, the set of chromosomes is haploid (1n і, apparently, it smells like 1s of DNA), and in somatic cells, the set of chromosomes is diploid (2n і 2c DNA). The middle of somatic cells is developed and polyploid, in some types of chromosomes there are more: tetrahedral (4n) and octaploid (8n).

Polyploidy - Confirmation of a clitin with an increase (greater than diploid) change of chromosomes and DNA. Such cells appear as a result of daily activity or incompleteness of the process of mitosis, in case of blockade of cytotomy. At the same time, the passage of S and G2-period cells in cells enter into mitosis with a tetraploid set of chromosomes, pass through all phases, or not be divided into two daughters. A special way of polyploidization - endoreproduction... At the same time, a few cycles of DNA reduplication (S-periods) are seen in the cells, without further education of mitotic chromosomes and mitosis. To produce a progressive increase in the amount of DNA in the nucleus.

Binuclear and multi-nuclear cells are established only if, as a result of mitosis, two or more nuclei are established, but without further cytotomy.

meiosis- a way to select somatic cells, as a result of which cells are established with a haploid set of chromosomes (status cells). An offense for meiosis is caused by an extraordinary mitosis, however, in the prophase of the first subtype, it is caused by the exchange of genes and homologous chromosomes ( crossing over), In the first and in the other subdivisions, there is no interphase and that does not involve DNA reduplication. The biological significance of meiosis is due to the fact that the number of children and women who have been established are genetic information from the father and mother, and when they are angry, the cells are not genetically formed with chromosomal diploid matrices.

internal regeneration- renewal, replacement of structural components in cells. In the process of life of the cell, there is a continuous learning and improvement of the structural components: for a long period of time, or for days, step by step, all the molecules of biopolymers, from the membranes of non-membranous cells, are introduced. Progressively, all structural components of the cell are replaced by new ones. It is especially important for the cells, which do not grow and regenerate on the cell line (the nerves of the cell, the heart of the cell), and the structural components of the long life of the cell can catch the bagatoraz. Navigate relatively stable DNA molecules to see the post-replacement (reparation) and incremental fragments.

adaptation of clitin- the process of attracting clients to the smallest minds. For example, the cells of the cells are prone to the increased physical pressure, the nerves of the cells are up to the increased pink pressure, the cells of the liver and nirok are up to the inflow of toxic words, the cells of the ultrasound are up to the At the same time, in cells, the processes of biosynthesis of the bottle will be accepted, the size of the nucleus, the nucleus, the area of ​​the surface of the nuclear envelope, the intensity of transport and all the required rates of processes will grow. There is also a number and size of organelles that are necessary for a robotic cell. Everything should be done to increase the size of the cell itself ( hypertrophy The adaptation of the client is more important for the preservation of life in the changing minds of the mind, including in the case of growing ill health.

mitosis (Abo caries, indirect growths) є the main way to get somatic cells from tvarin and roslin, in case of any growth of genetic material between daughters, are in such a rank that they can recognize the stench of the mother's class Tsim to develop a permanent diploid set of chromosomes in cells, characteristic of the skin type of creatures and roslin. Formerly, the mitotic podil of the nuclei of Klin Tvarin Boulo was described in 1871 by A.O. Kovalevsky, and the kernels of the growing cells - in 1874 by I.D. Chistyakov.

A complex of processes, if two new cells are established with one father, is called a mitotic cycle. The whole cycle, in its turn, is stored up with the power of mitosis and interphase - the period between two pods of cells. The triviality of mitosis to become 30-60 chilines (in tvarin klin) and 2-3 years (in tall clitins), the triviality of interphase in older types of clitins can become from decilky years to decilky rocks. Before an hour, interphase against a lot of processes, which are necessary for the normal life of a cell. The ones that are important from them are the background of DNA and the synthesis of special cells of the histones, to produce up to the bottom of the chromosomes and changes in the formation of the nucleus and cytoplasm, the synthesis of ATP for the prevention of the process of energy synthesis, the necessary Tsi processes are completed without prior to the ear mitosis.

Mitosis is stored in 4 phases - prophasi , metaphase , anaphazi і telophase .

by the cob prophasi it is possible to increase the size of the nucleus and the spinalization of chromosomes, which become visible in the microscope. The skin chromosome is in the presence of a multitude of two identical halves (sister chromatids), both of which are in the center of the centromere. In the case of the prophase, the polarization of the cell - the center of the cell - goes to the center of the cell to the counterparts of the cell and the formation of the spindle underneath (achromatin spindle) is repaired. In the clits of the pookritonnyh vіdtnya clіtinniy center, ala, unaffected at the price, the spindle shape can be repaired on the opposite poles of the clіtini. In the beginning of the prophase, the nucleus is known, the nuclear envelope grows, and the chromosomes grow in the cytoplasm of the cellini.

V metaphase the completion of the formation of the spindle is completed, the thread should be drawn from the pole to the pole, and part of them should be attached to the centromere of the chromosomes. The maximum spiralization of chromosomes is observed, as it grows in the equatorial area of ​​the cell, forming a metaphase plate. It’s good for an hour, since the skin chromosome is folded into 2 chromatids, so that the implantation of the chromosomes is carried out in the first phase of the subtype.

V anaphase dermal chromosomes in the area of ​​centromeres are split into chromatids, setting up with two daughter chromosomes, as a spindle thread can be repaired to the poles of the cell. As a result, a diploid set of single-stranded chromosomes grows in the skin pole of the cell.

V telophase Processes occurring against the background, which took place in prophase: chromosomes are despiralized, the nucleus is established, the nuclear envelope is formed. As a result, two nuclei are established with the same set of chromosomes, which is a small nucleus of the mother's cell. For the release of nuclei, the process of cytoplasmic dilution is repaired, which can be used to pull the constriction (in wine cells) or the plate is set in the middle of the equatorial area (in tall cells).

Biological significance of mitosis in the fact that the exact growth of genetic material between the daughter cells is obtained, and the steel karyotype clitin (chromosome set) and genetic burden between generations of clitins. Growth, development, renewal of fabrics and organs of roselin and tvarin is taken for a rakhunok of a mitotic podilu clitin.

One hour before the offensive. To pass at two last stages - interphase and powerfully. The triviality of the process given to the process is to lay it down in the form of cells.

Interphase є periodically between two cells, one hour from the other side to the bottom of the cell or from the building to the bottom.

In this hour, the cell grows and its basement DNA, as well as mitochondria and plastids. In the interphase, pass the first organic spoluks. The most intensive synthesis process takes place in a synthetic period of interphase. At the end of the hour, nuclear chromatids will be warmed up, energy will accumulate, as it will be victorious for an hour. Also, there are a number of cell organelles and centers.

Interphase borrows practically 90% of the clinical cycle. For her to undergo mitosis, which is the main way of spreading the cells of the cells (organisms, cells that replace the formed nucleus).

With mitosis, chromosomes are affected, and also a special device is established, which is responsible for the equal growth of decaying information between cells, which is established as a result of this process.

Go to the stage. The stages of mitosis are characterized by individual peculiarities and singing triviality.

phasi mitosis

In case of mitotic disease, the cytin undergoes various phases of mitosis: prophase, non-metaphase, anaphase, final є telophase.

Phase mitosis is characterized by the following features:

yake biologically meaningful the process of mitosis?

Phase mitosis allows accurate transmission to daughter clients of fallback information, regardless of the number of submissions. At the same time, the skin from them will be removed by 1 chromatid, which additionally helps to save the steel of several chromosomes in all cells, which are established as a result of the process. The mitosis itself will prevent the transfer of a stable set of genetic material.

In nature, there is a way for children to develop, in any case, there is a process of submission, and at the same time, because of the equal growth of genetic material, even in those approved by daughters. This process is called mitosis in biology. At the ts_y statti In the report, you know about the main steps given to the process, you can see it on the diagrams.

phasi mitosis

The process of subdividing the eukaryotes to be reviewed in the chotiri stages:

• prophase;
• metaphase;
• anaphase;
• Telophase.

Deyaki vcheni on the cob stage look at a larger number of phases. For example, the prophase before the preprophase (this is the name of the preparatory process), and before the metaphase, the prometaphase is seen. However, in a large number of people, all the additional information is united in one prophase mitosis.

Small. 1. Stages of mitosis

The whole process of growth occurs without interruption, so the skin phase of mitosis smoothly changes into the offensive phase.

Let's see how the skin looks like:

• prophase ;

At this stage, the centrioles can be clearly seen, as they play a great role before the hour of the day cottage cheese.

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In the nucleus of the growing clitine there are no centrolei, which on the mitosis diagrams is mainly shown in the rosemary of the green clitini. And all this is that the manifestation of the centrioles is to hamper the process of growing more efficiently.

Small. 2. Scheme of mitosis

In the course of the prophase, the centrioles spread and diverge along the poles. From them come microtubules, like spindle threads underneath. The very regulation of the distribution of chromosomes to the small poles of the cell, as it does. The threads of the spindle may be differently indicated: one is attached to the centromere of chromosomes, and it is stretched from the pole to the pole.

In the end, the nuclear envelope grows out, step by step the nucleus grows, the chromosomes become spiraled, as a result of which the stench becomes short and short. At the first stage, you can clearly poke at the microscope.

• metaphase ;

On the whole stage of the spindle-like chromosomes, one can see more clearly, as the stench moves to the adequate spindle bottom. So it is good to see chromatid, їkh at the skin chromosome by two. In the course of metaphase mitosis in a microscope, it is possible to bump, but chromatidis to knock out a constriction - a centromere. Itself from the help of the chromosome is attached to the spindle. As soon as the centromere grows, the dermal chromatid becomes an independent daughter chromosome.

• anaphase ;

In a very short phase, in the course of which the skin is already self-contained, the chromatid diverges to the different poles.

• telophase ;

Now the chromosomes are being despiralized again and the cob eyelid is swollen. Around them, a nuclear envelope with a nucleus in the middle is formed. The new one is pretending to be ribosomi. The spindle is located underneath, the chromosomes cannot be seen in the microscope. It is possible to observe a normal growth of cytoplasm and organoids among two daughter cells.

result of mitosis

The whole process was raised in the middle of a loan up to two years. However, it is impossible to lay down the most important factors: temperature, the appearance of light and from the other indicators.

As a result, we will recognize one cell at once, which may be the same genetic information. This rank, to save the amount of DNA.

Favors for mitosis to get it:

• growth to organism;
• transmission of fallback information;
• mossy process of articleless reproduction among deyakim representatives of wildlife;

Butt without staple propagation є vegetative propagation of roslin, brunkuvannya gidri and іnshe.

Small. 3. Ways of vegetative propagation of roslin

• renewal of tissue tissue

Who did you know?

The process of podіlu kіtin, at which genetic information is obtained, is called mitosis. Vіdbuvatsya wіn at chotiri phasi: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase. The skin of them has its own specialness and meaning. As a result, a subset of one mother's cell is established as two daughters at once with the same chromosome set. The establishment of mitosis is more likely to grow and develop to the body, renewal tissue tissue, without a state of reproduction, and at the same time - the transfer of all generations to the generation of the genetic code.

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