Fractures - a violation of the integrity of the bone as a result of impact, bending or squeezing. Not only bones are damaged, but also the periosteum, vessels, nerves, muscles. There are complete and partial fractures, open and closed, with displacement and without displacement. Open fractures are especially dangerous, since in these cases there is a threat of heavy bleeding and penetration of pathogens into the wound, contributing to the development of inflammatory complications. First aid usually includes stopping bleeding, protecting the wound from infection, immobilizing bone debris (tire) and transporting it to the trauma ward.

For fractures and dislocations, the main task of first aid is to give the diseased limb the most comfortable, deceased position and keep it in complete immobility. This rule is necessary not only to eliminate pain, but also to prevent a number of additional damage to surrounding tissues.

The person who provides care does not find out whether a fracture or dislocation takes place, since only a doctor should reset the dislocation. It is necessary to preserve the most restful position of the damaged part of the body also during the delivery of the injured person to the medical institution.

Skull fracture. When falling (hitting) with the head or when hitting the head, causing an unconscious state, bleeding from the ears or mouth, suggest the possibility of a skull fracture. First aid in this case is to attach cold objects to the head (snow, ice, cold gadgets, etc.).

Spinal Fracture When falling from a height (for example, from a support) or when collapsing, if there is a suspicion that the spine is broken (sharp pain in the spine, it is impossible to bend your back and turn), first aid

consists of the following: gently slip a board under the victim without lifting him, or turn him face down on his stomach and strictly watch that when lifting the victim his body does not bend (in order to avoid damage to the spinal cord).

Fractures and dislocations of the clavicle. Signs - pain in the clavicle and pronounced swelling. First aid: put a small lump of cotton wool, gauze or any substance in the armpit of the diseased side; arm bent at the elbow at a right angle, pin to the body from the sore limb on the back; to tie a hand below the elbow with a scarf to the neck (the shape of the scarf is shown in Fig.8.3); Attach a cold object to the damaged area.

Fig. 9. Dressing "kerchief"

Fractures and dislocations of the arm bones. Signs - pain along the bone, an altered form of the limbs, unnatural mobility in a place where there is no joint (in the presence of a fracture), swelling.

First aid - impose the appropriate tires. If there was no tire, then just as with the fracture of the clavicle, suspend and pint arm to the body, placing a roller in the armpit. If the arm (when dislocated) lags behind the body, put something soft between the hand and the body (for example, a bundle of clothes). Attach to the place of damage

cold thing. In the absence of bandage and gusset hang your hand on the jacket.

Fractures and dislocations of the bones of the hand and fingers. If you suspect a fracture or dislocation of the bones of the hand, the hand should be pinned to the wide (palm-wide) tire so that the tire starts from the middle of the forearm and ends at the end of the fingers. Beforehand, they put a wad of cotton, a bandage, etc. in the palm, so that the fingers between them are somewhat bent. A cold object is applied to the injury site.

Fractures and dislocations of the lower limb. Signs - pain along the bone, swelling, unnatural form in a place where there are no joints (fracture). First aid is to strengthen the diseased limb with a splint, plywood plate, stick, cardboard, or some other similar object so that one end of the plate goes above the edge of the pelvis to the armpit, and the other reaches the heel. This creates complete peace of the entire lower limb. If possible, the tire should be applied without lifting the legs, but only holding it in place, pushing the bandages with a wand under the waist, knee and heel. A cold object should be attached to the injury site.

Rib fracture. Signs - pain when breathing, coughing, sneezing and movements. First aid - tightly bandaged chest or pull off with a towel during exhalation.

First aid for bruises (if there is confidence that the victim received only a bruise, not a fracture or dislocation) - attach a cold object (snow, ice, a rag dipped in cold water) to the injury site and tightly bandage the bruised place.

In the absence of injured skin, it should not be lubricated with iodine, rubbed and a warming compress should not be applied, since all this only leads to increased pain. For abdominal injuries, presence of fainting, severe pallor of the face and severe pain, you should immediately call a doctor or send the injured to the hospital (ruptures of internal organs are possible).

followed by internal bleeding). You should also do with heavy injuries of the whole body.

When stretching the ligaments, for example, when tucking in the foot, when a person stumbles (a sign of which is a sharp pain in the joint and swelling). When stretching occurs, not a lengthening of the ligament, but an tearing of its individual fibers with the development of hemorrhage in the thickness of the tissues. First aid consists of applying a cold object, tight bandaging and rest. The cold helps to stop the capillary bleeding and soothes the pain.

Fractures of the pelvic bones occur when falling from a height, squeezing between moving mechanisms, often accompanied by damage to internal organs.

Symptoms Severe pain, inability to sit or stand.

First aid. The pelvis is gently folded with a towel or cloth, a wooden shield is placed on the stretcher and the victim is gently placed on his back with his legs slightly bent and bent at the knees. Under the knee joints enclose rolled up in the form of a roller clothes, blanket, pillow. Hospitalization in the casualty department.

Ankle fractures. Symptoms Pain in places of fracture, deformity and swelling of the ankle joint, a sharp restriction of mobility. When pressing on the ankle there is a crunch.

First aid. Pressure bandage on the ankle joint. Immobilization of the shin splint with the transition to the foot. Hospitalization in the casualty department. Transport on a stretcher in the prone position.

Fractures - a violation of the integrity of the bone as a result of impact, bending or squeezing. Not only bones are damaged, but also the periosteum, vessels, nerves, muscles. There are complete and partial fractures, open and closed, with displacement and without displacement. Open fractures are especially dangerous, since in these cases there is a threat of heavy bleeding and penetration of pathogens into the wound, contributing to the development of inflammatory complications. First aid usually includes stopping bleeding, protecting the wound from infection, immobilizing bone debris (tire) and transporting it to the trauma ward.

For fractures and dislocations, the main task of first aid is to give the diseased limb the most comfortable, deceased position and keep it in complete immobility. This rule is necessary not only to eliminate pain, but also to prevent a number of additional damage to surrounding tissues.

The person who provides care does not find out whether a fracture or dislocation takes place, since only a doctor should reset the dislocation. It is necessary to preserve the most restful position of the damaged part of the body also during the delivery of the injured person to the medical institution.

Fracture of the skull. When falling (hitting) with the head or when hitting the head, causing an unconscious state, bleeding from the ears or mouth, suggest the possibility of a skull fracture. First aid in this case is to attach cold objects to the head (snow, ice, cold gadgets, etc.).

Spinal Fracture When falling from a height (for example, from a support) or when collapsing, if there is a suspicion that the spine is broken (sharp pain in the spine, it is impossible to bend your back and turn), first aid

consists of the following: gently slip a board under the victim without lifting him, or turn him face down on his stomach and strictly watch that when lifting the victim his body does not bend (in order to avoid damage to the spinal cord).

Fractures and dislocations of the clavicle. Signs - pain in the clavicle and pronounced swelling. First aid: put a small lump of cotton wool, gauze or any substance in the armpit of the diseased side; arm bent at the elbow at a right angle, pin to the body from the sore limb on the back; to tie a hand below the elbow with a scarf to the neck (the shape of the scarf is shown in Fig.8.3); Attach a cold object to the damaged area.

Fig. 7. Dressing "kerchief"

Fractures and dislocations of the arm bones. Signs - pain along the bone, an altered form of the limbs, unnatural mobility in a place where there is no joint (in the presence of a fracture), swelling.

First aid - impose the appropriate tires. If there was no tire, then just as with the fracture of the clavicle, suspend and pint arm to the body, placing a roller in the armpit. If the arm (when dislocated) lags behind the body, put something soft between the hand and the body (for example, a bundle of clothes). Attach to the place of damage

cold thing. In the absence of bandage and gusset hang your hand on the jacket.

Fractures and dislocations of the bones of the hand and fingers. If you suspect a fracture or dislocation of the bones of the hand, the hand should be pinned to the wide (palm-wide) tire so that the tire starts from the middle of the forearm and ends at the end of the fingers. Beforehand, they put a wad of cotton, a bandage, etc. in the palm, so that the fingers between them are somewhat bent. A cold object is applied to the injury site.

Fractures and dislocations of the lower limb. Signs - pain along the bone, swelling, unnatural form in a place where there are no joints (fracture). First aid is to strengthen the diseased limb with a splint, plywood plate, stick, cardboard, or some other similar object so that one end of the plate goes above the edge of the pelvis to the armpit, and the other reaches the heel. This creates complete peace of the entire lower limb. If possible, the tire should be applied without lifting the legs, but only holding it in place, pushing the bandages with a wand under the waist, knee and heel. A cold object should be attached to the injury site.

Rib fracture. Signs - pain when breathing, coughing, sneezing and movements. First aid - tightly bandaged chest or pull off with a towel during exhalation.

First aid for bruises (if there is confidence that the victim received only a bruise, not a fracture or dislocation) - attach a cold object (snow, ice, a rag dipped in cold water) to the injury site and tightly bandage the bruised place.

In the absence of injured skin, it should not be lubricated with iodine, rubbed and a warming compress should not be applied, since all this only leads to increased pain. For abdominal injuries, presence of fainting, severe pallor of the face and severe pain, you should immediately call a doctor or send the injured to the hospital (ruptures of internal organs are possible).

followed by internal bleeding). You should also do with heavy injuries of the whole body.

When stretching the ligaments, for example, when tucking in the foot, when a person stumbles (a sign of which is a sharp pain in the joint and swelling). When stretching occurs, not a lengthening of the ligament, but an tearing of its individual fibers with the development of hemorrhage in the thickness of the tissues. First aid consists of applying a cold object, tight bandaging and rest. The cold helps to stop the capillary bleeding and soothes the pain.

Fractures of the pelvic bones occur when falling from a height, squeezing between moving mechanisms, often accompanied by damage to internal organs.

Symptoms Severe pain, inability to sit or stand.

First aid. The pelvis is gently folded with a towel or cloth, a wooden shield is placed on the stretcher and the victim is gently placed on his back with his legs slightly bent and bent at the knees. Under the knee joints enclose rolled up in the form of a roller clothes, blanket, pillow. Hospitalization in the casualty department.

Ankle fractures. Symptoms Pain in places of fracture, deformity and swelling of the ankle joint, a sharp restriction of mobility. When pressing on the ankle there is a crunch.

First aid. Pressure bandage on the ankle joint. Immobilization of the shin splint with the transition to the foot. Hospitalization in the casualty department. Transport on a stretcher in the prone position.

Now it's time to talk about closed damage to organs and tissues. They are distinguished by four types: contusion, distension, rupture and dislocation.

Dislocation is a permanent displacement of the articular ends of the bones beyond their normal mobility.

Stretching is the tearing of tissues while preserving their anatomical integrity.

And if the anatomical integrity of the tissue is not preserved, then it is a gap.

But the most common closed mechanical damage to tissues and organs is a bruise. We will talk about it in more detail.

So, a contusion is a mechanical damage to the soft tissues, caused by a short-term impact on the body surface of a solid object without visible violation of the integrity of the skin.

As a rule, bruises occur when falling from a small height on a flat surface or when hit with a heavy blunt object. As a result of such exposure, small blood vessels are damaged and interstitial hemorrhage occurs.

What are the symptoms of bruising?

The first and most obvious is pain. Of course the hurt place hurts. Then, in a bruised place, a slight red swelling occurs, which quickly changes its color to blue (we call it a bruise). And as you recover, the color of the injury changes to green and yellow.

What is the first aid for injury?

The first thing to do is make sure that it is really a bruise, and not a fracture.

The next step is to stop internal bleeding. And we learned to stop bleeding at the last lesson. Just in case, we recall that the best way to stop bleeding is a pressure bandage.

You all know that you need to apply something cold to the hurt place. Of course, the ideal option would be to use an individual cooling package. But in his absence, any cold object from the refrigerator will do.

So let's imagine that we have a cooling package. Then we put a piece of cloth or napkins over it and put it on the hurt place. Then we apply this entire structure to the injured limb with a pressure bandage (for example, from elastic bandage).

If you do not have an individual cooling bag, then at first a pressure bandage is applied to the injury. And already on top of it you can put any cold object, an ice pack or make cold lotions.

Important! Cold in the hurt place must be kept for 25-30 minutes.

After all the manipulations of the bruised part of the body, it is necessary to give immobility, and the victim to rest and drink warm.

Approximately from the second - the third day, they begin to directly treat the contusion, aimed at the early resolution of hemorrhage. For this purpose, thermal procedures are carried out: warming compresses, warm heating pads or warm baths with a water temperature of about thirty-seven degrees.

Now consider the rules of first aid for the most frequent injuries - shoulder and ankle injuries.

The shoulder region is often exposed to various kinds of injuries and illnesses. Bruises of the shoulder joint are accompanied by pain, swelling and limitation of the amplitude of movement. Very often a hemorrhage occurs in the tissue surrounding the shoulder joint. As we have said, in all cases of soft tissue damage, first aid includes the creation of rest and immobility. More often than others, the shoulder joint is fixed with the aid of a spike dressing.

Consider the technique of imposing ascending spike dressing. So secure the first run of the bandage under the damaged shoulder. Through the axillary area, remove the bandage on the outer part of the shoulder, and then on the back. Pass the bandage through the back, go through the armpit hollow of the healthy shoulder joint and direct the coil to the injured shoulder along the rib cage. Wrap a bandage around the damaged shoulder and again head to your back through the armpit. Then, repeating the moves of the bandage until they close the entire shoulder joint, fix its end on the chest.

In the absence of a bandage, you can apply a bandage bandage from a triangular flap of some matter or a scarf.

Usually, with injuries of the ankle joint   preference is given to the so-called eight-shaped bandage. To make it you need to take an elastic bandage and wind it three times around the lower leg. It is very important that the bandage lies flat and does not wrinkle. Not worth too much drag leg. After that, you must take the bandage to the outside of the foot and lay the end of the bandage. Then you need to put a bandage through the inside of the foot, wrapping it several times and pulling it back to the outside. Next, you need to repeat a few times the turns, not much pulling the bandage. At the end, fix the bandage with special clips.

In the absence of a bandage, a temporary bandage on the ankle joint can also be applied with a scarf. To do this, the middle of the kerchief should be put on the sole top to the fingers.

Wrap the top on the back of the foot. Both cross over the back of the foot, circle back and forth around the ankle joint. Tie ends on the front surface of the tibia over the ankles.

Now let's talk about fractures.. You probably know that human bones are strong enough formations that can withstand very large loads. However, as with any material, their possibilities are not unlimited and, under certain conditions, they can break - a fracture occurs.

Fracture is a complete or partial violation of the integrity of the bone under the influence of mechanical force or disease.

There are several types of fractures. For example, by reason of occurrence it is customary to single out traumatic fractures   (they are caused by external mechanical effects) and pathological   (bone destruction is caused by a pathological disease, such as tuberculosis).

The integrity of the skin distinguish open and closed fractures. With open fractures, a sharp bone fragment breaks muscle tissue - a wound appears. Such fractures are most dangerous, since there is a high probability of severe bleeding and infection of the wound.

With closed fractures, the bone cracks or breaks without damaging the skin.

How is the first aid to the victim at the turn?

Immediately, we note that first aid for fracture is the beginning of his treatment.

So let's start with the most difficult - an open fracture. With such a fracture, the first thing to do is to stop the bleeding and prevent infection of the wound. Recall the procedure: first, we treat the wound edges with some antiseptic, for example, iodine, and then apply a pressure bandage (preferably, of course, sterile).

Further actions for open and closed fractures are the same: it is necessary to ensure the immobility of a broken limb (that is, immobilization) and take the victim to a medical institution.

Immobilization is especially important in case of closed fractures, in order to prevent displacement of bone fragments and not to injure surrounding tissues.

To ensure the immobility of the injured limb or other part of the body, standard ,   and improvised tires

But there is one important rule. Tires should be applied only when it is impossible for the ambulance or rescue services to arrive at the scene of the accident.

So, improvised tires are made from scrap materials (wooden slats, bars, pieces of cardboard). If there are none, then you can use tools and household items (these are sticks, skis, and even shovels).

As for the imposition of tires directly, there are some general rules. First, the tire must be comfortable for the victim and not hurt.

Secondly, before immobilization, the tire must be modeled to the size and shape of the damaged limb. Here, remember that fitting is done on a healthy limb.

Thirdly, the tires cannot be applied to the bare limb, that is, they are applied directly to the clothes (or any fabric is placed under them).

Well and the most important rule of imposing the tire - it should fix at once two adjacent to the place of a joint fracture (above and below the injury). For example, if an injured leg has a fracture, then it is necessary to fix not only her, but also the knee and ankle joints.

After you have put a splint, you should put a cold on the injury site and cover the injured and ensure delivery to a medical facility.

Of course, not every person will be able to impose a tire, but the victim can be helped in a simpler way. For example, if a hip, lower leg or foot is injured, the victim should lie on his back and stretch both legs. Then the legs firmly bind together so that the healthy one serves as a splint for the injured.

You can tie one leg to the other with a shirt, towel, scarf and other such things.

If the arm is damaged, then it is best to keep it as close as possible to the body: then it serves as a tire for the arm. To do this, the arm in a bent position is tied to the chest with a bandage or a suitable piece of cloth.

Important to remember! When providing first aid for fractures, in any case, do not try to insert bone fragments in place, remove the curvature of the limb, or right out the bone that has come out.