Today the word "people" is nothing more than a simple designation of the concept of "person" in the plural. However, once "people" in the singular had the form "ludin". And not every person was considered "ludin".

Rope

Until the XIV century, the word "peasant" in the sense in which it is familiar to us now, was not in the Russian language. The first mention of a peasant as a farmer appears in chronicles dating back to the 1390s.

Most of the population of ancient Russia was made up of "people" (or "people"). Until the 13th century, free citizens were called so, mainly farmers, who were not in the service of the prince, but were obliged to pay taxes to him.

People formed communities - worms. Philologist E.F. Karsky identified the word "rope" with "rope", that is, a rope is a certain territory designated (bounded) by a rope. The fact is that at that time, in fact, ropes of a certain length were used to measure the distance. And the community really had its own plot with clear boundaries of the area.

At first, the Vervi people were blood relatives, that is, members of the same family. But gradually the Lyudins began to be united not by kinship, but only by close proximity. This is also mentioned in the ancient collection of legal norms called "Russian Truth".

This fact was noticed by the professor of history O.F. Miller. He wrote that the rope was divided into houses, plows, taxes, and so on, which, according to the scientist, indicates not the relationship between members of the community, but the role, the feasible participation of one or another ludin in the life of the rope.

Mutual guarantee

According to Russkaya Pravda, all members of the faith were bound by collective responsibility. So if a murdered person was found within the borders of the Vervi, then the community was obliged to incur a monetary punishment - Viru. In other words, the people of this line paid the victim's family a certain amount. Or if the traces of the escaped thief led to the community, then the people had to independently find the criminal in their ranks or pay the prince a fine.

Position in society

Above the Lyudins on the social ladder were other free citizens - "princely men". Their superiority is especially noticeable in the same “Russkaya Pravda”. For example, for the murder of Lyudin, the usual vira was relied, and for the murder of the prince's husband - already double.

Initially, the word "freak" was also used to refer to a consecrated person who is patronized by the gods. Over the centuries, the unequivocally positive coloring of this concept has gradually changed to negative. At first, initiates were called "freak". Then they began to call this holy people not of this world, all who were marked with the seal of holiness. Even later, those who were a little out of their minds, that is, "holy fools", began to be ranked among them.

Our ancestors considered the holy fools to be people of God, those who, after death, go to heaven and inherit the Kingdom of Heaven. But the further the Russians moved away from their pagan beliefs and joined Christianity, the more, contrary to expectations, the concept of "holy fool" became more black. Gradually, it acquired the meaning of "fool, crazy, abnormal."

A similar change of emotional and semantic coloring from positive to negative occurred with some other words of the Russian language. For example, with the word "witch": earlier it was a knowledgeable, wise woman; now she is an evil, quarrelsome old woman who knows with evil spirits.

The fact is that in different foreign languages ​​they sound differently. In addition, the names of their places of residence, occupation or other external signs were often used to designate certain peoples. Moreover, in the annals, in order to save scarce paper or expensive parchment, ancient authors very often wrote words without vowel, that is, using mainly consonants. Therefore, it is very difficult even for professional historians to establish exactly which people and the area of ​​their residence are in this or that document, and even in an obscure foreign language.

What was the name of the Russian people in different historical periods in foreign sources? We know mainly the name Rossa (Rus), which is considered a generic name. E.P. Savelyev in his book "The Ancient History of the Cossacks" (published in 1915) also mentions such names as rozzy, ruzzy, race, resy, aorses, rsi, rsha, roshy, razeny, roxa, roxolany, raz and other names consonant with them.

In various ancient sources preserved in the West, other names of our ancestors are given, which baffle many adherents of the official history of Russia and therefore are completely denied by them. As an example, you can use the numerous extracts from various historical materials cited by A. A. Bychkov in the book "Kievan Rus. A Country That Has Never Been?" ...

So, describing the events of the distant 941, when the Russian army under the leadership of Prince Igor unsuccessfully tried to take possession of Constantinople, Bychkov cites several statements by his contemporaries about who attacked the capital of this great empire. The Russian chronicles, of course, unambiguously call the warriors Russians, the Greek ones - Ross or Rus, which, in general, are the same thing.

And here is what the Bishop of Cremona (Cremona is a city in Northern Italy) Liudprand wrote about the participants in this battle, who twice visited Constantinople as an ambassador (in 949 and 968): (in Greek - fair-haired, fair-headed.) We call (them) Normans by their location, because in German "nord" means "north", "mann" means a person; that's why northern people can be called Normans. "

So, for a contemporary of those events, the bishop (that is, a very literate person at that time, an ambassador) Liudprand RUSSIANS are NORMAL and they live north of Italy. John the Deacon also calls them in the "Venetian Chronicle" in the narration about this event: "At this time the people of the Normans on three hundred and sixty ships dared to approach Constantinople ....".

What do we know about the Normans from the official version of history? In the X century, they already owned vast territories in Europe - the northern part of France up to modern Paris (it did not exist at that time), the northeastern part of the British Isles and other lands. Consequently, the Bishop of Cremona and John the Deacon, as contemporaries of the famous Norman conquests, probably knew about this people firsthand and could not be mistaken in determining their nationality.

Confirmation of the fact of the attack on the Byzantine capital during this period can be found in the Greek author, who wrote "Theophan's Successor". He reports on the event of 941 as follows: "On the 11th of June of the fourteenth indicta on ten thousand ships, dews sailed to Constantinople, which are also called Dromites, they come from the Franks tribe ...". The fact that the Russians, it turns out, were also called Dromites (the meaning of this name is not clear) is not so important here. Another thing is noteworthy, namely that they came from "Franks", that is, they lived next to them. By the way, at that time the Germanic tribe was called Franks, and not the French, who were then called Gauls.

The fact that the Slavic-Russes lived next to the Franks is also confirmed by the Arab historian Masudi when describing Europe in the early Middle Ages: "... the first of the Slavic kings is King Dir, he has vast cities and many inhabited countries; Muslim merchants arrive in the capital of his state with all sorts of goods Next to this king of the Slavic kings lives IFRANJI, which has cities and vast regions. Then the king of TURKA borders on this king. This tribe is the most beautiful of the Slavs in face, in number greater, and in strength the bravest. "

This information is believed to date back to the 9th century. And it turns out that at that time the Franks (in Arabic - ifranji) and the Slavs lived side by side somewhere in the central and northern parts of Europe. There are many indirect confirmations of the spread of the Slavs on the territory of modern Germany up to the Rhine (Rina) and the south of Denmark, and historians do not dare to deny it, but they attribute these events to ancient times. Until now, the so-called Lusatian Sorbs (Serbs!) Live in the FRG - a people who have preserved their Slavic identity and culture, but already speaks German.

Moreover, the Franks, it turns out, had a Slavic king. Therefore, one should not be surprised that since ancient times, French kings at coronation took an oath of allegiance to a handwritten gospel, the first part of which is written in Cyrillic, and the second - in Glagolitic. This book (Texte du Sacre) is still the shrine of France and is kept in the cathedral of Reims. For the first time this fact was discovered by Tsar Peter I during his visit to France, and the scientific study of this book was carried out by the Russian archaeologist of Polish origin Yastrzhembsky Ludwig Corvin, who published a work on this topic in Rome in 1845. He proved that the gospel was written by the prior of the Sozava monastery in Bohemia, Saint Prokop in about 1030. It turns out that Slavic kings ruled France for many centuries! In this regard, the bitterness with which in the Middle Ages the struggle for the French throne of local clans with aliens from outside, that is, from Russia, was carried out becomes understandable.

So it's not for nothing that Russians have always been drawn to France. This is the call of the ancestors, which, it turns out, left a noticeable mark there too. How they got there - whether as a result of a military campaign (as Fomenko and Nosovsky write about it) or during the "Great Migration of Nations" - does not matter.

It is also interesting that the Franks (Germanic tribe) contributed to the formation of the French nation and the unification of France. This fact is still the subject of heated discussions between French and German historians and the reason for the negative attitude of the two peoples towards each other.

No less interesting is the name by Arabs in the 10th century of individual Slavic peoples TURKS, although the Turkish people in the modern sense was formed several centuries later.

It is amazing how carefully such facts are "plastered" by our and Western historians. They managed, for example, to convince the whole world that the Normans are Norwegians and subsequently to consolidate this name as a proper name for them. At the same time, none of the historians is still really unable to explain how this small people could seize vast territories, establish their power there and, most importantly, hold it for a long time. Even now, the population of Norway is just over 5 million people, and at that time it was many times smaller due to the harsh living conditions. They say that all the Scandinavian peoples helped them. This is unlikely to be so, since there was no unity between them at that time. Of course, the Scandinavians could participate in these campaigns, but they were not the main driving force in them. It was undoubtedly a more numerous people, to which the Russians and Slavs belonged at that time. However, in the history of Europe, only the Norwegians now appear as Normans. Nevertheless, due to the "reinforced concrete" version of the story, some small details sometimes surface that clearly conflict with it.

Thus, the name of Norway (Northway, Nordweg), which is believed to be the birthplace of the Vikings, translated from English and German means "Northern Route". The Norwegians themselves call their country Norge, which means about the same. But they could not call their country that way, because for them to the outside world this was the only way. But aliens from the outside, for whom there was probably a "Southern Path", could do it. It turns out that the Vikings are not Norwegians, but some immigrants who passed through this country and left their mark there. And this question haunts some Scandinavian researchers.

In particular, the famous Norwegian traveler and explorer Thor Heyerdahl, in the last years of his life, at his own expense organized the search for the historical homeland of the Vikings and the supreme Scandinavian god Odin, god of war, sage, master of Valhalla. He got information about her from the Scandinavian sagas. They mention that the Vikings and their leader - the real prototype of the god Odin - came to Scandinavia from the banks of the Tana River. The city of Az-Hof is called the homeland of Odin. Do you know where he found it? Near the city of Azov, Rostov region, which is located at the mouth of the Don River in the primordial Cossack lands. Archaeological excavations organized by him, in fact, confirmed his guesses. This means that the Vikings - Normans in origin were indeed Russians (or Slavs) who came to Europe in several ways, including through Scandinavia. The only trouble is that the great traveler passed away in April 2002 and did not manage to publish the results of his research. And its opening remained unclaimed either in Russia, and even more so in Norway.

There are also interesting fact from the history of Great Britain. When the Normans landed in England, the first Norman king to seize power in the country abandoned the customs of his ancestors, took off his long clothes and began to shave his beard! (Does this remind you of anything?). Norwegians are seafarers and they never wore long clothes, on ships at sea it was simply dangerous. We, in Russia, are very familiar with such a case. The great reformer Peter I began "perestroika" by forcibly cutting off the beards and hem of long caftans for boyars and merchants, introducing a fashion for short coats and striving to imitate them throughout Western Europe. Long-skirted clothing was worn, as a rule, by people who often rode horses; it covered the rider's legs and the horse's croup from rain and frost. The long-skirted greatcoat remained an indispensable attribute of the Soviet cavalrymen until the Great Patriotic War.

If the Normans were Russians, as the Bishop of Cremona claimed and John the Deacon confirmed, then the so-called "Norman" theory looks completely different in this regard - the fact of calling a Norman to the princely table in Western Russia (namely, in Western, and not in Eastern Russia) Norman - Rurik's boarder. According to a number of German historical documents, he was of a princely family and had Danish-Russian roots, but not Swedish, as is commonly believed in our country. His mother was the daughter of a Russian-Slavic prince and a Danish nobleman. Apparently, the Vikings in Russia were called people from mixed marriages of Russians with Scandinavians, or Russians and Slavs of Scandinavian origin. That is why the Vikings so easily switched to military service to the Russian princes. They knew Slavic languages. In Soviet historiography, this theory is called "antiscientific". In world history, however, there was nothing particularly in the practice of inviting foreigners to the throne. And Russia in this case was no exception to the rule. In the second half of the 18th century, it was generally ruled by the Germans, who had only an indirect relationship to the Romanovs' house.

What else famous names were the Russian people? So, in the book of Jacob Reitenfels "Legends to the Most Serene Duke of Tuscany Kozma III about Muscovy", published in the 17th century in Padua, when describing the events that took place more than 4 thousand years ago, SKIFS and SARMATS were considered as the general name of the Russian people. Moreover, they acted on the historical arena almost simultaneously. According to the version of Russian historians, the Scythians lived in the Northern Black Sea region, allegedly, in the VII-III, and the Sarmatians - in the VI-IV centuries BC. At the same time, according to Russian textbooks, at first the Sarmatians ousted the Scythians from these territories, who dissolved among other peoples, and then they were defeated by the Huns themselves. In general, these peoples disappeared, disappeared without a trace.

Nevertheless, on the maps from "Geography" by Claudius Ptolemy (allegedly the 4th century AD, but published already in the 16th century (!)), The names "Scythia" and "Sarmatia" stand side by side in the European part of modern Russia. Thus, in fact, it is argued that 7-8 centuries after the alleged complete disappearance of the two peoples, this territory was still called by their name. Quite an unusual phenomenon for history. After all, the winners always renamed the cities and the names of the areas in the occupied lands. An example of this is the actions of the Germans in the captured Slavic territories east of the Rhine (Rina) River. And our Kaliningrad region (Königsberg) is also an indicator of such actions. So, maybe these peoples did not disappear anywhere, but their external name simply changed?

The Greeks also called the Russian warriors Scythians or Tavro-Scythians. So, in one of the books "History" of Leo the Deacon, dedicated to the war of the Byzantines with the Russian army under the leadership of Prince Svyatoslav (son of Prince Igor) in 971 in Mizia, the following legend is given. One girl saw in a dream the Mother of God, who summoned the martyr Theodore Stratilates to her and said to him: "Fedor! Your Tsar John, fighting with the Scythians (this is 13-14 centuries after their disappearance!), In extreme circumstances; hurry to his aid ; if you are late, he will be in danger. " The warrior obeyed, heroically entered the battle and soon the Greeks achieved peace .... with the Russians! An amazing fact, but in the Russian church there is the holy Archangel Theodore Stratilat! Was it not he? Is there such a saint in the Greek church? It follows from this that our history is full of mysteries!

The fact of Svyatoslav's participation in the Russian army also looks rather strange…. Huns. According to our historians, the Huns defeated in their time both the Scythians and the Sarmatians, and in the 5th century AD, after the defeat of their troops led by King Atila on the Catalaunian fields, they left the political arena and ceased to exist as a people. Miracles, and more! How could the Byzantine Empire in the 10th century fight against peoples that, according to our historians, did not exist for hundreds of years? They were not at war with ghosts. Can professional historians help uncover this mystery?

Another interesting name for the Russian people is given in the writings of Constantine Porphyrogenitus, who was not only the Byzantine emperor (since 945), but also a historian and initiator of the creation of the first encyclopedias. So, talking about the invention of "Greek fire", he reports the following. "Under Constantine, the son of Konstantius, a certain Killinik from Iliopolis, who deserted to the Romans, was the first to prepare liquid fire, thanks to which the Greeks, having burned the SARATSIN fleet, won a victory."

Here we are clearly talking about the events of 941, witnessed by Constantine Porphyrogenitus, and the defeat of the Russians, but they are already called Saracens. And that's why. The Russian attack on Constantinople was carried out exactly at the moment when the Byzantine emperor Roman II (predecessor and co-ruler of Constantine) was fighting the Saracens and was absent from the city together with the troops. This was no accident, as some historians try to explain. Prince Igor was clearly an ally of the Saracens and was conducting a military operation coordinated with them to capture Constantinople.

The joint actions of the Saratsi and the Normans-Russians during that period of time were noted more than once. Moreover, the Saracens until the XII century served in the troops of the Norman princes and actively participated in wars on their side. This can serve as proof of their belonging to one nation and even, no matter how incredible it may seem, one faith. What are the Saracens famous for? They conquered North Africa, southern Spain and owned them for a long time, participated in the seizure of the territory of Southern Italy and the creation of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Many royal and noble families in Italy, Spain and other countries had Norman-Saracenic roots. These were grandiose conquests and the Arabs, to which it is customary to refer the Saracens, were clearly beyond their ability.

There is another name for the Russian-Slavic peoples, which is not disputed by historical science. These are VENES, VENETS, VENES (Latin - Veneti; German - Wenden, Winden). True, it is believed that this name referred to the Polabian Slavs, who allegedly lived in the 6th-7th centuries along the shores of the Baltic Sea and then mysteriously disappeared. Either they went east to the brothers Slavs, or the Germans exterminated them. Some of them left their mark on the lower Danube. But there is a lot of mystery about this issue. For example, in Europe until the XII century there was a mysterious "Wendian state", about which practically nothing is known now. Note, it was POWER, and not some small principality there. For some reason, the Finns still use the word venaja, that is, Wends, as the name of Russians. It is also surprising that the most beautiful city in Italy is called Venice and is the administrative center of the province of Veneta. These facts cannot be considered accidental. Didn't our ancestors leave their traces there too?

An even more surprising name for the Russian people is given in the book "History of the Crusades", published in France at the end of the 19th century. The book was translated into Russian by the well-known Russian historian and translator Gershenzon and published in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century, republished in 1994. In the section dedicated to Russia at that time, it is written: "It is generally accepted that MONGOLS are RUSSIAN" !!! That is, in the 19th century in France there were people who considered Russians to be Mongols. This fact could be attributed to the category of historical curiosities, but the book was written by the famous professors of the Sorbonne University Lavisse, Rambeau and others, whom it is simply not possible to accuse of ignorance of history.

By the way, there is documentary evidence of the special attitude of the above-mentioned Venetians towards the Mongols. Fomenko and Nosovsky in one of their books quote from a letter from the Hungarian king, in which he complains about the heavy oppression of the Mongols against all the peoples of Europe and is indignant that "only the inhabitants of Venice are happy about this." The Venetians could rejoice at the arrival of the Mongols for one, but important reason - if only they were of the same blood and the same faith with them.

Thus, even a brief review of the various names of the Russian people, taken from foreign documents that have not been edited by Romanov historians, reveals obvious contradictions in the officially accepted version of Russian history. It becomes obvious that specially selected historical documents were used to create it, while others that did not correspond to the political order were completely ignored. Apparently, the German historians, who created the history of the Russian State in the 18th-19th centuries, did not aim at an objective presentation of its past, but did their best to hide or belittle its enormous role in European affairs.

In the old days, parents gave a name to the child, approaching creatively. Nowadays popular names: Fedor, Varvara, Marya and Ivan were not always familiar to the ear of a Slav. Whether it's Borsch, Istoma, Dashing, Mal, Pup, Resin and Sixth.

How was the naming

In Ancient Russia, the functions of names could be performed by the most unexpected for modern man words. Common nouns, like adverbs, adjectives, verbs and participles of the Old Russian language became their own.

Slavic

Chosen for one occasion or another, naming the baby:

• Taking into account the time of birth: Grass (May), Berezen (April), Winter, Saturday, and even the weather: Frost;
• The order of birth: Pervusha, Vtorusha, Vtorak, Tretyak, the fourth child - Four, the number series is presented up to 10;
• By the nature and characteristics of the baby: Fun, Besson, Balamut, Neulyba, Scream.

The long-awaited and beloved baby could be called: Zhdan, Khoten, Lyubava, Goluba.

In addition, there was a desire to influence the character and fate of the baby: Gorazd (skillful), Gorynya (similar to grief), Dobrynya (kind).

The period of pre-Christian Russia - up to the X century, the time of paganism, unity and deification of the surrounding nature. Examples from flora and fauna: Watermelon, Walnut, Moss, Pike, Ruff, Lark, Swan. Wanting to give the baby the protection of an animal, a powerful totem, he could be called: Bear, Wolf, Eagle, Raven.

The names of the pagan gods were used: Yarilo, Lada, etc.

The approach of true people-making is seen in two-basic names, with the ending in: -mir, -slav, -yar, -polk and -grad. Yaroslav, Yaromir, Svyatslav, Bogdan, Izyaslav, Yaropolk, Vladimir, Mstislav, Vysheslav, Sudislav, Predslava, Premislava, Lyudmila.

The names often played the role of amulets that scare away evil spirits: Nelyub, Nekras, Neustroy, Nevzor, ​​as well as Tugarin and Rottooth.

Pagan names were widely adjacent to Norman ones: Gleb, Oleg, Rurik, Olga.

The line between a family name and a nickname was arbitrary. Appearing with age and accepted by the owner, they were firmly attached to the person, helping to identify the person, being an additional characteristic, or even replacing him altogether.

Social nicknames were given according to the differences in appearance: Nose, Slim, Malyuta; Character: Silent, Malicious, Balamut, profession and talent: Blacksmith, Fur coat.

Christian names

After the introduction of Christianization in Russia in 988, the situation began to change. The Byzantine namebook brought names that were for a long time alien to the ancient Russians: Jewish, Greek and Roman. The Christian name was given at baptism in honor of the saint tied to his birthday, and was called direct. The first name remained the old Russian - public, direct names did not spread for a long time, were used only in the church, sometimes they were kept secret. This refers to the period of the X-XIII centuries. The reformer Prince of Kiev Vladimir the Great (Clearly Solnyshko) at baptism received the name Vasily, Tsar Vasily III - Gabriel, Ivan the Terrible - Titus.

Foreign names that came to us with the adoption of Christianity are perceived by us as native Russian: Fedor, Varvara, Cyril, Ivan and Marya.

Pagan names associated with the worship of ancient gods were banned. The part included in the calendar thanks to the canonization of some saints: Boris, Vladimir, Yaroslav, Svyatoslav, have come down to our time.

Nicknames

Since the XIV century, baptismal names began to be widely used, while nicknames remained additions to them. A frequent scheme - a personal name - old Russian, pagan was combined with a nickname, plus a direct one - Christian. The combination was individual, fulfilling an official role: Melanitsa, the widow Muromka, Ignorant pop Nikolsky, not only among commoners: Alexander Nevsky, Ivan Kalita.

Surnames began to appear as a result of deformation of names (Ivanov - son of Ivan) or nicknames (Medvedev) in the 13-15 centuries. They became obligatory from the 16th century for the nobility, and for the peasantry - after the abolition of serfdom.

Half name

A variant of the personal name, slightly modified for belittling, was called a half-name. In Russia in the 17th-18th centuries, there were official half-names that were obligatory for the lower estates to use when communicating with their superiors: Petrushka, Ileyka, Annitsa. When drawing up a petition to the king, the boyar called himself a slave Ivashka or Ivants.

State criminals were designated by the official authorities as: Stenka Razin, Grishka Otrepiev. And even Emelka Pugachev - at the end of the 18th century. Although Peter I, an opponent of Russian traditions, in the 17th century. banned by law the use of nicknames, half names and middle names.

About the traditions and customs that were common in Russia

In the old days, there were many rules, often based on superstition. It was impossible to name a newborn in honor of a living relative, so as not to create doubles. According to legends, it was believed that the death of one of the namesakes would lead to death of the other.

On the one hand, names given in honor of the dead were welcomed. Thus, a prototype was chosen. On the other hand, thanks to the name of the deceased sister or brother, the child could repeat the fate.

Traditionally, the names of those who died a violent death, as well as people of the mentally ill and criminals, were not given.

The name could indicate a person's place in society. The choice of names in the Rurik dynasty - the descendants of Rurik, the princes of Ancient Russia, indicated the right to power of each representative of this clan. A connection with the past was established, and the future prospects of the prince were already in infancy. The pagan names of the princely family: Vladimir, Izyaslav, Mstislav, Rurik, Svyatoslav, Yaroslav and others. Some of them, included in the Christian calendar, began to be used outside the ruling family only after the 17th century.

Female names

They have come down to us thanks to references in chronicles and ancient Russian documents. Unfortunately, pre-Christian female names were rarely used in ancient Russian primary sources. There are about 50 of them, 5300 for men. In the Christian namebook of the 13th century, about 330 male 60 female names are spelled out.

It is known that the names of women were often formed from male forms: Boleslav / a, Broneslav / a, Velimir / a, Vsemysl / a, Boyan / a, etc.

XX century

The October Revolution, rejecting the religious past, made its contribution to the name-book. There appeared funny and absurd names-remakes: Dazvsemir (long live the world revolution), Leninir (Lenin and the revolution), Istnosvet (holiday of Soviet power).

Currently, in the wake of interest in the phenomenon of paganism, old Russian names are again popular.

The words that modern people use in daily communication, during the time of Ancient Russia, had a different, and sometimes completely opposite meaning, linguists say. However, even amateur historians can find confirmation of this by reading birch bark letters.

Writing paper appeared in Russia only in the 15th century and quickly replaced parchment and birch bark. Some linguists believe that the word "paper" came to the Russian language from the late Latin - "bombacium" meant cotton. Paper in the sense of "document" and wallet in the sense of a place where money is kept are a later phenomenon.

The word "fat" in the Old Russian language was associated with the word "live" and meant "wealth, acquired, luxury, abundance." This word was considered a good omen for a child, therefore many Old Russian names contained this root: Domazhir, Zhirovit, Zhiroslav, Nazhir. In "The Lay of Igor's Campaign" it is said that Igor immerses fat (that is, wealth) at the bottom of the Polovtsian Kayala River.

Ass in Russia was called what a person left as a legacy to his descendants. The fact that this is the most characteristic Slavic social term is evidenced by the title of the article in Russian Pravda - "And se o ass". The note says: “ Even the brothers are growing up in front of the prince about the ass"(" If the brothers are in litigation before the prince about the inheritance "). The land, which no one inherited by inheritance, was called "backlessness."

The ancients used the word "healthy" in the context of "successful and prosperous." Etymologically, the word meant "from good tree". There is such an example in the Novgorod IV Chronicle: "I came all healthy, but wounded, and Ivan Klekachevich was brought from that wound."... It becomes clear that even a mortally wounded warrior could have been healthy - after all, he emerged victorious.

In the Old Russian language, the word "swear" meant only "to touch" and "to touch." In the meaning of "swear loyalty" this word began to be used already in the 16th century under the influence of the Polish word "przysięgać".

The word “kill” in Russia meant not only “kill to death”, but also “beat”. One of the birch bark letters, where a woman complains to an influential relative, says: “My stepson beat (killed) me and kicked me out of the yard. Will you tell me to go to town? Or go here yourself. I am beaten (I am killed) "."