Vіdkrittya and the achievement of the main authorities of X-ray exchanges with the povniy right to belong to the German scientist Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen. The marvelous power in the wake of the X-promenades, once upon a time, created a majestic resonance in the scientific community. Even though it was a distant 1895, the teachings are unlikely to be allowed to take place, like a greed, which can sometimes bring X-ray exposure.

Let's understand in this article, how this kind of vipromonition is poured into healthy people.

What is x-ray viprominuvannya

First food, like a hitch of the last one, - what is the X-ray promotion? A number of experiments, having allowed to change, that the electromagnet is not viprominated with a long stubble of 10 -8 cm, that it occupies an intermediate position between ultraviolet and gamma-viprominuvannyam.

Stopping x-ray imaging

All the listed aspects of the ruinous influx of the cryptic X-changes do not include the completely great aspects of their stagnation. Where does X-ray viprominuvance take place?

1. Development of the structure of molecules and crystals.
2. X-ray flaw detection (defects were revealed in industrial production).
3. Methods of medical follow-up and therapy.

The most important zastosuvannya x-ray viprominyuvannya have become possible zavdyaka even small dozhina vshogo range tsikh hvil and їх unique authorities.

The shards of us chirp with the influx of X-ray exposure to people, as they stick with him for less than an hour of medical obstezhennia and likuvannya, then we can see that the scope of X-ray exposure is less visible.

Promotion of x-ray vipromenu in medicine

Irrespective of the special significance of his signature, Roentgen did not take out a patent for his honor, making him an invaluable gift for all mankind. Already in the first light war, X-ray installations began to victorious, which made it possible to quickly and accurately diagnose the wounded. At once, you can see two main areas of X-ray changes in medicine:

• X-ray diagnostics;
• radiotherapy.

X-ray diagnostics

X-ray diagnostics is victorious in different options:

Let's take a look at the guidance of these methods.

All listed methods of diagnostics are based on the quality of x-ray changes, light up photothermal and on different penetration of tissues and cystic skeleton.

X-ray therapy

Zdatnist x-ray changes to apply biological effect on tissues, in medicine, vicarious for the treatment of downy. Ionizuyucha di tsgogo viprominyuvannya most actively manifested in the inflow on clitiny, shovidko dilyatsya, yakim and є keltiny evil puhlin.

However, the next thing to know about the side effects that inevitably accompany X-ray therapy. On the right, in the fact that the cells of the hematopoietic, endocrine, and immune systems are also divided. Having negatively injected them with signs of a promeneu ailment.

Influx of X-ray vision on people

Unexpectedly, after the miraculous revelation of the X-promenade, it appeared that the X-ray prominence is pouring into the people.

These data are taken away during experiments on the last creatures, however, geneticists admit that such findings can be extended to the human organism.

The establishment of the naslіdkіv roentgenіvskogo promіnennia allowed razrobiti international standards for admissible doses of promіnennya.

Doses of x-ray vipromination in x-ray diagnostics

After seeing the X-ray room of a lot of patients, they are worried, - how can a dose of radiation be taken off for health?

The dose of the total injection should be given to the body depending on the nature of the procedure to be carried out. For the sake of convenience, I set a dose based on natural modifications, as it accompanies a person's entire life.

1. X-ray: chest - taken dose of radiation equivalent to 10 days of background treatment; the upper duct of the small intestine - 3 years.
2. Computed tomography of the organs of the empty stomach and pelvis, as well as of the entire body - 3 years.
3. Mammography - 3 months.
4. X-ray examination of kіntsіvok is practically non-shkidly.
5. When it comes to dental x-rays, the dose of the consultation is minimal, the scales on the patient are injected with a direct beam of x-ray changes from a small amount of vibrancy.

Dose rates are determined to acceptable standards, although the patient should be aware of anxiety before undergoing x-rays, and may have the right to ask for a special apron.

Influx of X-ray viprominence on the vagina

The X-ray obstezhennyu skin of a person is confused more than once. But the rule is that this method of diagnostics cannot be recognized by vaginal women. Embryo, which develops, is supra-lingually inflected. X-ray changes can reveal anomalies of chromosomes i, as a result, the birth of children from the vadamy of development. The most common in our plan is the term of vagity up to 16 days. Moreover, the most safe X-ray of the ridge, pelvic and cranial regions for the future baby.

Knowing about the harmful impact of X-ray enhancement on vaginess, physicians are unique in their victories during the life span of a woman.

Prote є side effects of x-ray viprominuvane:

• electron microscopy;
• kinescope of color televisions thinly.

Future mothers should know about the nebezpeka, what to go out of them.

For mothers-year-olds, X-ray diagnostics is not safe.

What should be done after x-ray viprominuvannya

In order to find the minimum traces of the X-ray examination, you can work out some simple things:

• after an x-ray drink a bottle of milk, - it is not necessary to inject small doses of radiation;
• I’ll take a bottle of dry wine, or grape juice, from the other side of the river;
• the next hour after the procedure, significantly increase a portion of the products with the addition of iodine (seafood).

Ale, nіyakі lіkuvalnі procedures аbо speсіalnі come in for vidennіnnya radiatsії after x-rays are not needed!

Ignorantly, without a doubt, serious consequences in the wake of X-ray changes, not a trace of overestimating the need for medical conditions - the stench is carried out only on the singing logs of the body and even more quickly. The melancholy in them significantly outweighs the risk of the procedure for the human body.

X-ray viprominuvannya (synonymous with X-ray changes) - ce іz a wide range of dozhin hvil (vіd 8 10 -6 to 10 -12 div). X-ray enhancement is due to the galvanization of charged particles, mostly electrons, in the electric field of speech atoms. Quantities, which are settled at the same time, create different energy and establish an uninterrupted spectrum. The maximum energy of quanta in such a spectrum is the most valuable energy of electrons that is pouring in. The maximum energy of quanta of X-ray vibration, expressed in kiloelectron-volts, is numerically equal to the magnitude of the applied voltage to the tube, expressed in kilovolts. When passing through the speech, the X-ray vibrates the interaction between the electrons and the atoms. For quanta of X-ray modification with energy up to 100 kV, the most characteristic type of interaction is a photoeffect. As a result of such interdependence, the energy of the quantum is again spent on the vibration of the electron from the atomic shell and the addition of kinetic energy to it. With the increase in the energy of the X-ray quantum energy, the improvement of the photoeffect changes and the process of quantization on the free electrons rises - so the titles of the Compton effect. As a result of this interplay, the secondary electron is also established, moreover, the quantum with a lower energy, the lower energy of the primary quantum, vibrates. As a result, the energy of a quantum of X-ray modification transfers one megaelectron-volt, which may be the effect of the creation of pairs, in which an electron and a positron are established (div.). Later, after an hour of passage through the speech, there is a change in the energy of X-ray vibration, i.e., a change in its intensity. The shards at the same time with greater efficiency are due to low energy quanta, which may be enriched by X-ray enhancement by high energy quanta. The power of x-ray vicarious production is increased by an increase in the average energy of quanta, i.e., an increase in yogo hardness. The increase in the density of x-ray vibrancy is achieved for the help of special filters (div.). X-ray viprominyuvannya zastosovuyut for X-ray diagnostics (div.) and (div.). also Viprominyuvannya ionizuyuchi.

X-ray modification (synonym: X-ray change, X-ray change) - quantum electromagnet change with a long wind of 250 to 0.025 A (or quantum of anergy of 5 x 10 -2 to 5 x 10 2 kV). At 1895 p. cited by V.K. Roentgen. In addition to X-ray vibrations, the spectral region of electromagnetic vibrations, the energy quantum of which exceeds 500 kV, is called gamma vibrations (div.); viprom_nyuvannya, energy quanta of a lower value of 0.05 kev to become ultraviolet viprominyuvannya (div.).

Таким чином, представляючи відносно невелику частину великого спектру електромагнітних випромінювань, до якого входять і радіохвилі і видиме світло, рентгенівське випромінювання, як і будь-яке електромагнітне випромінювання, поширюється зі швидкістю світла (в порожнечі близько 300 тис. км/сек) і характеризується довжиною hvili λ (vіdstan, for example, vipromіnyuvannya expands in one period of coliving). X-ray exposure may also have a number of other weak powers (brokenness, interference, diffraction), prote posterigati їx significantly more folding, lower in more advanced thinning: visible light, radio wave.

Spectra of X-ray enhancement: a1 – sucrose galvanic spectrum at 310 kV; a – galvanic spectrum at 250 kV, a1 – spectrum, filtering 1 mm Cu, a2 – spectrum, filtering 2 mm Cu, b – K-series of the tungsten line.

To generate x-ray vibrations, x-ray tubes are installed, in which vibrations are caused by the interaction of swidden electrons with atoms of the anode speech. Distinguishing x-ray variations of two types: galmive and characteristic. The galvanic X-ray development, which has a strong spectrum, is similar to the splendid white world. Rozpodіl іntensivnostі fallow vіd dovzhini khvili (small) is represented by a curve with a maximum; in bik long hairs the curve falls off empty, and the beak of short ones is abruptly shaved behind the singing long hairs (λ0), called the short-haired boundary of the suctile spectrum. The value of λ0 is wrapped in proportion to the stress on the pipes. Galvanic vibrance is due to the interaction of swedish electrons with the nuclei of atoms. The intensity of galvanic vibration is directly proportional to the strength of the anodic struma, the square of the voltage on the tube and the atomic number (Z) of the anode speech.

As a result, the energy of accelerations in the X-ray tubes of electrons exceeds a value that is critical for the speech of the anode (the energy is critical for the pressure of the speech on the tube Vkr), which is characteristic of the production. The characteristic spectrum is linear, the other spectral lines are series, which are denoted by the letters K, L, M, N.

Series K - the most short-haired, series L - the largest dovgokhvilovy, series M and N are only used for important elements (Vcr for tungsten for K-series - 69.3 kv, for L-series - 12.1 kv). Characteristically viprominuvannya vinikaє in such a way. Shvidki electrons vibrate atomic electrons from the inner shells. The atom wakes up, and then it turns to the main state. With all the electrons from the outer, smaller layers of the shells, the masses that are emitted from the inner shells, and the photons of the characteristic increase in energy, which increase the difference in the energy of the main atom in the work station, are reduced. The difference (and also, the energy of the photon) is less significant, more characteristic of the skin element. This is the basis of X-ray spectral analysis of elements. On the little one, you can see the linear spectrum of tungsten and the anatomy of the sucrose spectrum of galvanic alcohol consumption.

The energy accelerated by the X-ray tubes of electrons can be converted to thermal energy (the anode is very hot on its own), only a small part (about 1% at a pressure close to 100 kV) is converted to the energy of galvanic evaporation.

Zastosuvannya roentgenіvskogo vpromіnyuvannya in medicine ґruntuєtsya on the laws of polinannya roentgenіvskogo promenіv speech. Poglinannya roentgenіvskogo vpromіnyuvannya not lie in the optical powers of the speech of the clayman. Bezbarvne that prozora lead slo, scho vikoristovuetsya for zahistu staff X-ray rooms, practically pognistyu X-ray vimprominyuvannya. Navpaki, arkush paperu, not a vision of light, not weakening the X-ray vipromonition.

The intensity of a uniform (tobto sing long agony) beam of X-ray vibration during passage through the clay ball changes according to the exponential law (e-x), de e is the basis of natural logarithms (2.718), and the exponent of the exponent x dor / vnjuf g per tovshchina of poglinach in g / cm 2 (here p is the thickness of speech in g / cm 3). The weakening of the x-ray vipromenuvannya is due to the rahunok of the rose, and with additional help. Vidpovidno mass coefficient of weakening is the sum of mass coefficients of wear and tear. The mass coefficient of claying is sharply increased by the increase in the atomic number (Z) of the clay (in proportion to Z3 or Z5) and to the increase in the amount of thinness (in proportion to λ3). Appointed staleness in the form of a dozhina suffocation posterizes in the borders of swarms of clay, on the borders of such coefficients there are haircuts.

The mass coefficient of the increase in the increase in the atomic number of speech. At λ≥0, ЗÅ the coefficient of rozs_yuvannya in the form of a long quiver does not lie down, at λ<0,ЗÅ он уменьшается с уменьшением λ.

Changes in the coefficients of clay and rozsіyuvannya zі zmenshennyami hvili zumovlyuє zrostannya penetrating building roentgenіvskogo vіpromіnyuvannya. Mass coefficient of claying for tassels [drying is more important than Ca 3 (PO 4) 2 ] may be 70 times more, lower than soft fabrics, de-drying is more importantly coated with water. Tse explain why radiographs so sharply see the shadow of brushes and the density of soft tissues.

The broadening of the inhomogeneous beam of X-ray variation through the medium order and the change in intensity is accompanied by a change in the spectral warehouse, a change in the intensity of the change in the industry: the dovgokhvil part of the spectrum is covered by a larger world, instead of a short one. Vidfiltruvannya dovgohvilovoy part of the spectrum allows for x-ray therapy of follicles, deeply rotting in the body of a person, to improve the spontaneity between deep and superficial doses (div. X-ray filters). To characterize the quality of an inhomogeneous beam of X-ray changes, vicorist is understood as a “ball of half weakening (L)” - a ball of speech, which weakens the vibration by half. Tovshchina of which ball to lie down in the form of tension on the pipes, tovshchina and material of the filter. Cellophane (up to an energy of 12 kV), aluminum (20-100 kV), copper (60-300 kV), lead and copper (>300 kV) are used to soften half-weakened balls. For X-ray changes that are generated at voltages of 80-120 kV, 1 mm midi is equivalent in terms of filtering capacity to 26 mm aluminium, 1 mm lead - 50.9 mm aluminium.

Poglinannya that rozsіyuvannya x-ray viprominyuvannya slandered by yogo corpuscular authorities; X-ray vibrance in interplay with atoms like sweat of corpuscles (frequent) - photons, skin from any possible energy (backward proportional to the longevity of X-ray vibra- tion ). The energy interval of X-ray photons is 0.05-500 kV.

The decay of the X-ray vibration is conditioned by the photoelectric effect: the decay of the photon by the electron envelope is accompanied by the vibration of the electron. The atom wakes up and, turning to the main state, viprominyuє is characteristic viprominuvannya. A flying photoelectron takes all the energy of a photon (for a small amount of energy, the linkage of an electron in an atom).

Rozsіyuvannya roentgenіvskogo vipromіnyuvannya obumovlenа electrons rozіyuyuchy middle. Distinguish the classical rose (the old wind of the wind is not changed, but it changes straight ahead) and the rose of the wind is the Compton effect (the wind of the wind of the pink is bigger, lower falling). A yak of a kulka is shifted in the remaining vipad of the photon, and the ROSSIVANNYA of the photon is wound, for the extension of the velvy comnton, to the Kstalti Gickle on the Bellards by photons il Elektron (sticked by the yemgovye, fluctuations in rozsіyanikh) viprominyuvannya zbіshuєtsya), the electron vibrates from the atom with the energy of the output (qi electrons are called compton electrons or electrons of the output). The use of energy of X-ray production is carried out with the use of secondary electrons (compton - and photoelectrons) and the transfer of energy to them. The energy of X-ray enhancement is transferred to a single mass of speech, indicating a clayed dose of X-ray enhancement. Unit of dose 1 rad per dose 100 erg/g. For the fire of clayed energy in the speech of clay, a number of secondary processes take place, which may be important for the dosimetry of X-ray exposure, the shards themselves are based on the methods of X-ray exposure control. (Div. Dosimetry).

All gases and rich gases, conductors and dielectrics under the influence of X-ray enhancement increase electrical conductivity. Conductivity is shown by the best insulating materials: paraffin, mica, gum, burshtin. The change in conductivity is bound by the ionization of the medium, so that neutral molecules are broken down by positive and negative ions (ionization is vibrated by secondary electrons). Ionization in the face of victoria for the appointment of an expositional dose of X-ray exposure (dose in the face), as well as in X-rays (div. Doses of ionizing exposure). At a dose of 1 r, the dose is poised again, 0.88 rad.

Under the influence of x-ray vibrance, the awakening of the molecules of speech (and for the recombination of ions) is awakened in rich vibra- tions, the light of speech is visible. For greater intensities of X-ray vibrance, it is possible to see a visible light, paper, paraffin thinly (they made vinyak). The greatest amount of visible light is given by such crystal luminophores, such as ZnCdSAg-phosphorus and others, which can be used for screens during fluoroscopy.

Під дією рентгенівського випромінювання в речовині можуть проходити також різні хімічні процеси: розкладання галоїдних сполук срібла (фотографічний ефект, що використовується при рентгенографії), розкладання води та водних розчинів перекису водню, зміна властивостей целулоїду (помутніння та виділення камфори), парафіну (помутніння) .

After the new transformation, everything is clayed with chemically inert speech, and the energy of X-ray transformation is transformed into warmth. Vimir even small amounts of warmth combined with highly sensitive methods, then it is the main method of absolute mitigation of x-ray vibrance.

Side effects of biological effects in the injection of x-ray therapy as the basis of medical x-ray therapy (div.). X-ray measurements, the quanti of which become 6-16 kV (effective longevity hvil vіd 2 to 5 Å), are practically covered by the thick covering of the tissue of the human body; stinks are called near-cord exchanges, or sometimes Bukki exchanges (div. Bukki exchanges). For deep X-ray therapy, it is necessary to filter the zhorstke viprominuvannya with effective energy quanta from 100 to 300 kV.

The biological effect of X-ray exposure is to be blamed not only for X-ray therapy, but also for X-ray diagnostics, as well as in all other types of contact with X-ray exposure, as they require protipromenic infection (div.).

X-ray changes were made in 1895 by the famous German physicist Wilhelm Roentgen. Vivchav cathode exchange in gas-discharge tubes of low pressure for high voltage between electrodes. Irrespective of those that the tube was in a black box, the X-ray had turned its attention, that the fluorescent screen, that it was entrusted vipadkovo, shone brightly, if the tube was blowing. The tube seemed to be the core of the industry, as if it could penetrate through papyrus, wood, bend and wind a plate of aluminium, a second centimeter.

X-ray showed that the gas-discharge tube is the dzherel of a new kind of invisible vipprom_nyuvannya, which can be a great penetrating building. Vcheny is not a moment to signify, chi bulo tse viprom_nyuvannya by a stream of particles abo hvil, and vіn virіshiv give it the name X-promenі. Nadals were called x-ray exchanges.

Now it seems that X-promeni is a kind of electromagnetic modification, which may have less longevity, lower ultraviolet electromagnetic wheeze. Dovzhina hvili X-changes kolivaetsya vіd 70 nm up to 10 -5 nm. What is the shortest longevity of the X-promeniv, the greater the energy of their photons and the greater building that penetrates. X-promenі s equal to the great dovzhina hvili (more than 10 nm), are called m'yakimi. Dovzhina hvili 1 - 10 nm characterize Zhorstki X-change. The stink of mayut greatness penetrating building.

Otrimannya x-ray imaging

X-ray exchanges are blamed if the electrons or the cathode exchanges stick against the walls or the anode of the gas discharge tube of a low grip. A modern x-ray tube is vacuum-coated with a glass balloon with a new cathode and anode. The potential difference between the cathode and the anode (anticathode) reaches dekilkoh hundreds of kilovolts. The cathode is a tungsten filament, which is heated by an electric jet. It is necessary to produce until the cathode vibrates electrons as a result of thermoelectronic emission. The electrons are fastened by the electric field at the X-ray tube. If the number of gas molecules is small in the tube, then the electrons on the way to the anode practically do not waste their energy. The stench reaches the anode with a great swirl.

X-ray exchanges are blamed forever, if the electrons, which are collapsing with high speed, are galvanized by the anode material. The greater energy of electronics rises like heat. That anode must be individually cooled. The anode of the x-ray tube is due to the production of metal, which increases the melting point, for example, of tungsten.

Part of the energy, which is not available in the form of heat, is transformed into the energy of electromagnetic waves (X-ray changes). In this manner, X-ray changes are the result of electron bombardment of speech to the anode. Є two types of X-ray enhancement: galmive and characteristic.

Galmivne x-ray viprominuvannya

The galvanization of x-rays is due to the galvanization of electrons, which are collapsing with great swirl, electric fields of the anode atoms. Wash the galvanization of the okremikh electrons are not the same. As a result, the energy of the X-ray transformation is transferred to different parts of their kinetic energy.

The spectrum of galvanic X-ray enhancement is deposited in the nature of the speech of the anode. Apparently, the energy of photons of X-ray exchanges determines their frequency and longevity. Therefore, galvanic X-ray viprominuvance is monochromatic. It is characterized by a variety of dozhin hvil, as it can be represented sucillnym (bezperervnym) spectrum.

X-ray exchanges cannot generate more energy, lower kinetic energy of electrons, which they can use. The least amount of x-ray vipromenuvannya vіdpovidaє maximum kinetic energy of electrons that are humming. The greater the difference in potentials in x-ray tubes, the lesser the length of x-ray vibrance can be taken away.

Characteristic x-ray viprominuvannya

The characteristic X-ray variation may not be significant, but line spectrum. This type of vibrance is victorious, if a swedish electron, reaching the anode, penetrates the inner orbitals of atoms and vibrates one of their electrons. As a result, there is a free space, which can be filled with another electron, which descends from one of the upper atomic orbitals. Such a transition of an electron from a higher energy level to a lower energy level caused an X-ray improvement in the singing of a discrete state of sickness. This is characteristic of X-ray line spectrum. The frequency of the lines of the characteristic variation lies in the structure of the electronic orbitals of the anode atoms.

The lines of the spectrum of the characteristic variation of various chemical elements may look the same, but the structure of their internal electronic orbitals is identical. Ale dozhina їkhnyoї khvili і frequency zavdyaka energetic vіdmіnnost between the inner orbitals of important and light atoms.

The frequency of the line spectrum of the characteristic x-ray vibrance changes in the frequency range up to the atomic number of the metal and corresponds to the Mose levels: v 1/2 = A(Z-B), de Z- Atomic number of the chemical element, Aі B- Constance.

Primary physical mechanisms of interaction between X-ray imaging and speech

Three mechanisms are typical for the primary interaction between X-ray changes and speech:

1. Coherent expansion. Tsya form vzaєmodії vydbuvaєtsya, if the photons of X-ray exchanges may have less energy, lower energy binding of electrons from the nucleus of the atom. At such a time, the energy of a photon appears to be insufficient for the sounding of electrons from the atoms of speech. A photon is not swayed by an atom, but rather changes its width directly. For whom, the pain of X-ray treatment is permanently overwhelmed.

2. Photoelectric effect (photoelectric effect). If a photon of x-ray vibrance reaches an atom of speech, it can hit one of the electrons. Tse vіdbuvaєtsya at times, as the energy of the photon outweighs the energy of the bond between the electron and the nucleus. With whom, the photon sags, and the electron wiggles behind the atom. As the photon carries more energy, it is necessary for the electron to vibrate, it is necessary to transfer the energy, which is lost, to the emitted electron in the form of kinetic energy. This phenomenon, called the photoelectric effect, is observed when using a low-energy, low-energy viplination.

An atom that consumes one of its electrons becomes a positive ion. Trivality of the use of free electronics is rather short. The stench is drenched with neutral atoms, which, when they do, transform into negative ions. The result of the photoelectric effect is an intense ionization of speech.

If the energy of a photon of an X-ray change is less, the energy of the ionization of atoms is lower, then the atoms will go over from the vibrations of the camp, but not ionize.

3. Incoherent expansion (Compton effect). This effect was revealed by the American physicist Compton. Vіn vіdbuvaєtsya, as if the speech is tarnished by the X-ray prominnja of a small illness. The photon energy of such X-ray exchanges is higher, the lower is the ionization energy of speech atoms. The Compton effect is the result of the interplay of a high-energy photon of X-ray exchanges with one of the electrons in the outer shell of the atom, which may be a weak link with the atomic nucleus.

A high-energy photon transfers a part of its energy to the electron. The awakening of the electron vibrates from the atom. Reshta of the energy of the primary photon, which is lost, is seen by the photon of the X-ray increase in a greater longevity under the deakim kutom to the direct collapse of the primary photon. The second photon can ionize another atom, etc. Qi zmіni directly and the longevity of X-ray changes according to the effect of Compton.

Effects of interaction between x-ray vibrance and speech

As it was guessed more, X-ray changes of the building zbudzhuvat atoms and molecules of speech. It can cause fluorescence of singing speeches (for example, zinc sulfate). If a parallel beam of X-ray changes is directed at the obscurity of the object, it is possible to predict how the change will pass through the object by placing a screen covered with fluorescent speech.

The fluorescent screen can be replaced with a photographic one. X-ray changes are applied to the photographic emulsion the same day, like light. Offending methods and vikoristovuyutsya in practical medicine.

The most important effect of X-ray enhancement is the ionization of buildings. Tse to lay in the old days of good energy. This effect is ensured by the method of vimiryuvannya _intensity of x-ray vipromenuvannya. If the X-ray changes pass through the ionization chamber, the electric strum vibrates, the value of some proportional intensity of the X-ray exposure.

Poglinannya x-ray viprominyuvannya speech

With the passage of X-ray changes through the speech, the energy changes through the clay and the expansion. The weakening of the intensity of the parallel X-ray beam, which passes through the speech, is determined by Bouguer's law: I = I0 e-μd, de I 0- Pochatkov intensity of x-ray viprominuvannya; I- The intensity of x-ray changes that passed through the ball of speech, d- tovshchina of a clay ball , μ – linear attenuation coefficient. Vіn dorivnyuє sum of two values: t- linear coefficient of clay σ - linear coefficient of expansion: μ = τ+ σ

In experiments, it was shown that the linear coefficient of clay is deposited according to the atomic number of the speech and the length of the x-ray change:

τ = kρZ 3 λ 3, de k- Coefficient of direct proportion, ρ - Shchіlnіst speech, Z- The atomic number of the element, λ - Dovzhina hvili X-ray changes.

The fallow in the Z is also important from a practical point of view. For example, the coefficient of claying of brushes, which are added to calcium phosphate, may be 150 times greater than the coefficient of claying of soft fabrics ( Z=20 for calcium Z=15 for phosphorus). During the passage of X-ray changes through the human body, the cysts are clearly seen on aphids, m'yazyv, good tissue, etc.

Apparently, organ etching can have the same value of the coefficient of etching, like other soft fabrics. Ale tin to the stravokhod, the bowel and intestines can be separated, so that the patient will take an internal contrast speech - barium sulphate ( Z= 56 for barium). Barium sulfuric acid is also opaque for x-ray prominence and often vicorous for x-ray obstezhennia of the intestinal tract. Singing impenetrable sumishi introduce a channel at the bloodstream in order to reach the camp of blood-bearing vessels, nirok too thinly. As a contrast speech in times of vicorist iodine, the atomic number of which becomes 53.

Deposits of clay on X-ray mines Z vicorist also for zahistu in a possible shkіdlivoї di ї roentgenіvskogo vipromіuvannya. For ts_єї meti zastosovuyut lead, the value Z for someone else 82.

Promotion of x-ray vipromenu in medicine

The reason for the stagnation of X-ray imaging in the diagnosis was the high penetrating building, one of the main authorities of the X-ray industry. On the back of the letter, X-ray vicarious treatment was made of the best, for further fractures of the bones and the purpose of rozashuvannya of third-party bodies (for example, a sump) in the body of a person. In the present hour, a small number of methods of diagnostics for the help of X-ray technology (X-ray diagnostics) will be called upon.

Fluoroscopy . The X-ray attachment is made up of an X-ray tube (X-ray tube) and a fluorescent screen. After the passage of x-ray changes through the body of the patient, the doctor will posture its shadow image. Under the screen of that eye of the doctor, a lead window can be installed in order to protect the doctor from the harsh X-ray changes. This method allows you to improve the functional state of certain organs. For example, the doctor can without delay watch out for the rukhs of the leg, the passage of contrasting speech along the intestinal tract. Not enough of this - insufficient image contrast and equal high doses of vipromination, taken by the patient for an hour of the procedure.

Fluorography . This method is based on the taken photographs of the images of a part of the patient's body. Vikoristovuyut call for the advance follow-up of the internal organs of patients for the help of small doses of x-ray vipromenuvannya.

Radiography. (Radiography of x-ray changes). This is the method of follow-up for additional x-ray changes, at the hour of any image, sign up for a photographic bath. Photographs oscillate at two perpendicular planes. Tsey method may work. X-ray photographs contain more details, lower images on a fluorescent screen, and more informative. The stench can be saved for further analysis. The total dose of viprominuvannya is less, lower zastosovuєtsya in fluoroscopy.

Computer x-ray tomography . The equipment of the enumeration technique is an axial tomographic scanner, the most modern X-ray diagnostic device, which allows you to understand the image of any part of the human body, including soft tissues of organs.

The first generation of computed tomography (CT) scans included a special x-ray tube attached to a cylindrical frame. A thin beam of X-ray changes is directed to the patient. Two X-ray detectors are attached to the protile side of the frame. The patient is in the center of the frame, so that he can turn around 1800 around the body.

X-ray promin to pass through a non-robust object. The detectors take and record the evidence of the wear of various fabrics. Recordings are scanned 160 times while the X-ray tube moves linearly across the scanned area. Then the frame rotates for 10 and the procedure is repeated. The record is trivaє, the frame docks do not rotate 180 0 . The skin detector records 28 800 frames (180x160) in the forwarding sequence. The information is processed by a computer, which, with the help of a special computer program, forms an image of the selected ball.

Another generation of CT vicorist beams of X-ray beams and up to 30 detectors. Tse allows you to speed up the process of reaching up to 18 seconds.

The third generation of CT wins a new principle. A wide beam of x-ray changes in the form was distorting the results of the object, and x-ray changes that passed the crisis are recorded by hundreds of detectors. An hour, the necessary follow-up, shortens to 5-6 seconds.

CT may be of no importance for the majority of early methods of X-ray diagnostics. Vaughn is characterized by high razdіlnoyu zdatnіst, yak gives the possibility of razrіznyat thin change of soft fabrics. CT allows to reveal such pathological processes, which can be detected by other methods. In addition, the use of CT scans allows you to change the dose of X-ray imaging, taken during the diagnostic process by patients.

The nature of X-ray enhancement

Galmivne X-ray development, yogo spectral power.

It is characteristic of X-ray manifestations (for understanding).

Interaction of x-ray vibrance with speech.

Physical foundations of the development of X-ray development in medicine.

X-ray modification (X - change) by K. Roentgen, who was born in 1895. becoming the first Nobel laureate in physics.

1. The nature of X-ray enhancement

X-ray imaging - Electromagnetic chirps with a length of 80 to 10-5 nm. The long-term x-ray enhancement overlaps with the short-wavelength UV vibration, the short-wavelength – with the long-wavelength -vibration.

Rentgenіvske vipromіnyuvannya occupied by x-ray tubes. fig.1.

K - cathode

1 - electron beam

2-X-ray imaging

Rice. 1. Insertion of X-ray tube.

The tube is a glass flask (possibly in a high vacuum: its pressure is close to 10 -6 mm Hg) with two electrodes: the anode A and the cathode K, to which a high voltage U (a kilka thousand volts) is applied. Cathode є dzherelom elektronіv (with an additional phenomenon of thermoelectronic emisії). The anode is a metal shear, it needs to be thinner on the surface in order to straighten the x-ray vibration under the hood to the axis of the tube. Vin is prepared from a heat-conducting material for the introduction of heat, which is established during the bombardment of electrons. On the beveled end there is a plate of refractory metal (for example, tungsten).

A strong rozіgrіv anode razumovleniya tim, scho the main number of electrons in the cathode beam, having spent on the anode, znaє numerical zіknen for the atoms of speech and transferring them to great energy.

Under a surge of high voltage, the electrons, released by the baked cathode thread, will rise to majestic energies. The kinetic energy of the electron is equal to mv2/2. There's more energy, like wine is bought, collapsing in the electrostatic field of the tube:

mv 2 /2 = eU(1)

de m, e is the mass of the electron charge, U is the shortest voltage.

Processes that lead to the vindication of galvanic X-ray imaging, zooming in on intense galvanization of electrons at the anode mouth by the electrostatic field of the atomic nucleus and atomic electrons.

The blame mechanism can be shown in this way. The electronics that are collapsing are like a strum that sets up its magnetic field. Improvement of electrons - a decrease in the strength of the strum and, a change in the induction of the magnetic field, which calls for a change in the change of the electric field, tobto. Viniknennya electromagnetic whil.

In this way, if a part of it is charged, it flows into the speech, it tumbles out, spending its energy and speed and vibrating electromagnetism.

1. Spectral power of galvanic x-ray vibrance.

Also, at the time of the galvanization of the electron at the speech of the anode, the galmivne x-ray viprominuvannya.

Spectrum of galvanic X-ray. The reason why is offensive.

When galvanizing electrons near the skin part, the energy is used to heat the anode (E 1 \u003d Q), and the other part of the creation of a photon of x-ray vip production (E 2 \u003d hv), otherwise, eU \u003d hv + Q.

In this way, the uninterrupted spectrum of galvanic X-ray enhancement is absorbed by the galvanization of anonymous electrons, the skin is emitted by one quantum of X-ray enhancement hv (h) of a strictly singing magnitude. The value of this quantum price for different electronics. p align="justify"> Dependence on the energy flow of the X-ray treatment in the future, , then. The spectrum of X-ray modification of representations in Fig.2.

Fig.2. Spectrum of galvanic X-ray vip- ration: a) at different stresses U in the tubing; b) for different temperatures T of the cathode.

Korotkokhvilyove (zhorstke) viprominyuvannya may be more penetrating building, lower dovgokhvilyove (m'yake). M'yake viprominyuvannya is more strongly clayed by speech.

On the side of the short dozhins, the spectrum is sharply shaved on the singing dozhina, the wind is  m i n. Such short-wavelength galvanization is blamed for that, if the energy is given by an electron near the field, I will sooner, I will again turn into the energy of a photon (Q \u003d 0):

eU = hv max = hc/ min ,  min = hc/(eU), (2)

 min (nm) = 1.23/UkV

The spectral warehouse of the development of the deposit depends on the magnitude of the stress on the X-ray tubes, with the increase in the magnitude of the stress  m i n is shifted near the bik short dozhina hvil (Fig. 2a).

With a change in the temperature T of the cathode filament, the emission of electrons increases. Also, the strum of the I tubes increases, but the spectral composition of the production does not change (Fig. 2b).

The energy potik F  galvanic viprominuvannya is directly proportional to the square of the voltage U between the anode and the cathode, the strength of the struma I at the tube to the atomic number Z of the speech of the anode:

Ф = kZU 2 I. (3)

de k \u003d 10 -9 W / (V 2 A).

X-ray variation is blamed on the interaction of electrons, which are collapsing with great swissnesses, with speech. If the electrons stick to the atoms of whatever speech, the stench quickly wastes its kinetic energy. In this case, a greater part of it transforms into heat, and a small part, less than 1%, transforms into the energy of X-ray vibration. Tsya energy vibrates in the form of quanta - particles, called photons, yakі mаyut energy, but the mass of calmness is like zero. X-ray photons are revitalized by their energy, wrapped in proportion to their longevity. With the best method of mastering X-ray vibrance, a wide range of long hairs is obtained, which is called the X-ray spectrum. The spectrum has clearly pronounced components, as shown in fig. one.

Rice. one. The primary X-ray spectrum is composed of a continuous spectrum (continuum) and characteristic lines (guest peaks). Lines Kia and Kib are due to the interplay of accelerated electrons with electrons of the inner K-shell.

A wide continuum is called an uninterrupted spectrum, or it is a big change. Gostri peaks that are superimposed on the new one are called the characteristic x-ray lines of vibrance. Wanting the whole spectrum is the result of the plugging of electrons with speech, the mechanism of vindication of a wide part of that line is different. Speech is made up of a great number of atoms, skins of some kind of core, honed by electronic shells, and the skin of an electron in the shell of an atom of a given element takes up a single discrete energy level. Sound, qi of the shell, or energy equals, signify with the symbols K, L, M, etc., starting from the closest to the core of the shell. If an incoming electron, which can reach great energy, spives with one of the electrons bound to the atom, vibing the whole electron from the yogo shell. Let the space borrow another electron from the shell, which gives great energy. The rest of the day has too much energy, viprominuyuchi X-ray photon. Shards of electron shells can have discrete values ​​of energy, X-ray photons, which can be blamed, can also be a discrete spectrum. Why should the stars be given to the pikes for the singing dozhins of the wind, the specific meaning of which is to lie in the target element. Characteristic lines make up K-, L- and M-series, depending on whether there are shells (K, L or M) of electrons. Spivvіdshenie mіzh long hvіlі roentgenіvskogo vіpromіnіvannya i atomic number is called Mosely's law (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. DOVZHINA HVILI OF THE CHARACTERISTIC X-RAY VIPROMINATION, which is released by chemical elements, to deposit according to the atomic number of the element. The curve conforms to Moseley's law: the larger the atomic number of an element, the smaller the length of the characteristic line.

As an electron is nestled on a perceptibly large nucleus, it is galvanized, as kinetic energy is seen as an X-ray photon, approximately the same energy. If you fly past the core, then you will waste only a part of your energy, and you will decide to transfer it to other atoms that trap on yoga path. The skin is the act of wasting energy leading up to the vipromonition of a photon with such energy. Blame the uninterrupted X-ray spectrum, the upper limit of any kind of energy of the most visible electron. Such a mechanism is established without interruption to the spectrum, and the maximum energy (or the minimum longevity), which fixes between the interruption-free spectrum, is proportional to the shortest voltage, which is the speed of the electronics that are poured. Spectral lines characterize the target material that is being bombarded, and the interruption-free spectrum is determined by the energy of the electron beam and practically does not fall into the target material.

X-ray enhancement can be applied not only to electronic bombardment, but also to targeted X-ray enhancement targets from a different dzherel. In this way, however, most of the energy of the incident beam goes over to the characteristic X-ray spectrum and even a small part of it falls on the uninterrupted. It is obvious that the beam of the incident x-ray vibration is responsible for the revenge of the photon, the energy of which is sufficient to destroy the characteristic lines of the element that is being bombarded. The high energy that falls on the characteristic spectrum makes such a way of destroying X-ray vibrance effective for scientific research.

X-ray tubes. In order to reduce X-ray vibrance with the help of the interaction of electrons with speech, it is necessary for mothers of electrons, get accelerating to high speeds and meta, to increase the vibrancy of electronic bombardment and give X-ray enhancement is necessary. Attachment, for all that, is called an x-ray tube. The early successors were covered with "deeply evacuated" tubes of the type of modern gas-discharge tubes. Their vacuum is not too high.

At the gas discharge tubes, there is a small amount of gas, and if a large difference in potentials is applied to the electrodes of the tube, the atoms of the gas are transformed into positive and negative ions. The positives collapse to the negative electrode (cathode) and, falling on the new one, vibrate from the new electron, and the stench, at its core, collapse to the positive electrode (anode) and, bombarding it, create a stream of X-ray photons.

Modern X-ray tubes, developed by Coolidge (Fig. 3), dzherel electrons have a tungsten cathode, which is heated to a high temperature. Electronics will soon reach great speeds with a high difference in potentials between the anode (or anti-cathode) and the cathode. Shards of electrons can reach the anode without hitting the atoms, a very high vacuum is required, for which it is necessary to roll the tube well. This also reduces the ionization efficiency of atoms in the gas, which are left out, and the side streams are intoxicated by it.

Rice. 3. COOLIDGE X-RAY TUBE. When bombarded with electrons, the tungsten anti-cathode vibrates characteristically X-ray vibrance. The transverse section of the X-ray beam is less than the actually inspected area. 1 – electron beam; 2 - cathode with focusing electrode; 3 – glassy shell (tube); 4 - tungsten meta (anticathode); 5 - cathode filament; 6 - actually occupied area; 7 - effective focal flame; 8 – copper anode; 9 - window; 10 - rozsіyane roentgenіvske vipromіuvannya.

The electrons are focused on the anode behind the help of an electrode of a special shape that forms the cathode. This electrode is called focusing and at the same time from the cathode it creates the “electronic spotlight” of the tube. The anode, which is used for electronic bombardment, is guilty of being made from a refractory material, and most of the kinetic energy of the bombarding electrons is converted into heat. On the other side, bazhano, the anode was made from a material with a great atomic number, because Vihіd roentgenіvskogo vprominyuvannya zrostaє zі zbіlshennyam atomic number. As an anode material, tungsten is most often chosen, the atomic number of which is 74.

The design of x-ray tubes can be different depending on the congestion and vimog.