The process of water treatment is often accompanied by the release of such gases as carbonic acid, sour, and circulating water. Qi gases are corrosive-aggressive, to those who may be power-wielders to slander, or to help the corrosion of metals.In addition, carbonic acid is aggressive in terms of exposure to concrete, and the presence of hot water gives the water an unpleasant smell. For the force of the above listed, the task of the largest possible removal of these gases from the water is relevant.

Water degassing- the whole complex of calls, directing to the distribution center of the distribution of gas from them. Іsnuyut chemical and physical methods of water degassing. Chemical methods and degassing of water transfer vicarious reagents, which bind gases, separated from water. For example, acidic water can be reached by introducing sodium sulfite, hydrazine or sulfuric gas into it. With the introduction of sodium sulfite into water, it is oxidized to sodium sulfate, which is sour in water:

2Na 2 SO 3 + Pro 2→2Na2SO4

Introducing sulfuric gas into water reacts with it and transforms into sulfuric acid:

SO 2 + H 2 O → H 2 SO 3,

Yaka is sour in water, oxidizes to sulfuric acid:

2H 2 SO 3 + O 2 → 2H 2 SO 4

At the same time, in the given hour, vicory is modified with sodium sulfite (reagents, that in.), which may have a number of advantages in pure sodium sulfite.

Hydrazine sprays almost completely neutralize water.

Introductions in waterhydrazine binds oxygen and sprays with inert nitrogen:

N 2 H 4 + O 2 → 2H 2 O + N 2

Significance of water in the remaining way - the most thorough, and at the same time, the most expensive method (through high variance hydrazine). In connection with cym dans, the method is to stop mainly after physical methods of exacerbation of water with the method of removing excess concentrations of sour. At the same time, hydrazine is brought to speeches of the first category of insecurity, which also drags along the obezhennya according to the possibility of yogo zastosuvannya.

One of the options for the chemical method is water treatment with chlorine:

a) from the oxidation of the sіrkovodnya to sirka:

H 2 S+Cl 2 →S+2HCl

b) from oxidation of circulating water to sulfates:

H 2 S + 4Zl 2 + 4H 2 Pro-> H 2 SO 4 + 8HCl

Perebіg tsikh reactions (like i prodіzhnyh reactions utavlennja thiosulfates and sulfіtіv) vіdbuvaєtsya in parallel; їх spіvіdnoshennia depends on us before the dose of chlorine and the pH of the water.

Shortcomings of chemical methods of gas production:

a) The process of processing the water becomes more expensive and more expensive due to the need to stock the reagents. With great yearly flows through degassing with chemical reagents, with the relative simplicity of its implementation, thermal degassing begins to be strongly developed behind operational vitrates.

b) Damaged dosing of reagents to lead to an increase in water quality.

The reasons for this are significantly more stunted at the great objects of chemical methods of gas recovery, lower physical ones.

There are two main ways to deal with the distribution of gases by physical methods:

1) aeration - if the water, which is being cleaned in the gas, is actively in contact with it again (be aware that the partial pressure of the gas, which is seen, is close to zero in the air);

2) a combination of minds, with such a difference in gas near water, it decreases practically to zero.

Aeration sounds are seen from the water, carbonic acid and circulating water, the partial pressure of which in the atmosphere is close to zero. Degasifiers that create aeration, fallow in the form of a constructive outbuilding, the nature of the ruhu and the wind and the flow of the degassing process are divided into:

1) Plіvkovі degazatori (dekarbonіzatori) - tse columns with a nozzle (wooden, kіltsya Rashiga and іn), water flows down a thin stream. The purpose of the nozzle is to create a large surface contact with the water surface. Seeing that it is blown by a fan, it collapses along the stream of water;

2) .In them, there is a blowing of a squeezed air through the ball with plenty of dry water;

Another way to stop when air is removed from the water, it is clear that the first method does not work here through a significant partial pressure of air in the atmosphere. In order to remove the sour, bring the water to a boil, at which point there is a sharp decrease in the volume of all gases near the water.

Bringing water to a boil is necessary:

1) її heating (in atmospheric type deaerators);

2) lowering the temperature of the boiling water by means of a lowering vice (for vacuum deaerators).

IN atmospheric deaerators for rahunok surplus amount of bet, which is spent in a deaeration tank through an underwater steamer , And the rest - in the deaeration tanks of the shells, blowing with a pair. In vacuum degassers (deaerators), special attachments (such as vacuum pumps or water jets) create a vice, when water boils at a given temperature.

In the process of water treatment, the main stasis in the processes of removing carbon dioxide from carbon dioxide was known to be smelting degasifiers, for the removal of circulating water (along with other tasks - supplying sour, like oxidizing in , ) - bubbling, and for the presence of the presence, bet on the object - thermal, for the presence - vacuum.

The design of the degasser in the transmission is designed with the area of ​​the transverse section of the degasser, the height of the water column in a new, necessary windage, the type of area of ​​the surface of the nozzle, necessary to achieve the desired degassing effect.

Vidalennya sour water viroblyaetsya both desorption (physical) and chemical methods. Chemical treatment of acid in the corrosive-inert speech is carried out by dekilcom methods, the basis of skin sting is the oxidation-removal process. Since these processes are characteristic of a number of typical water treatment methods, for example, for cleaning from biological contamination, and are important in assessing corrosion of structural materials of the main and additional possession, then we will analyze their main provisions.

Oxidation-reactions are composed of oxidation processes (removal of electrons from speeches) and renewal (removal of electrons from speeches). Speech, which receives electrons in the reaction process, is called an oxidizer, and speech, which accepts electrons, is oxidizing. Deyakі speech can be used in oxidizing and indovlyuvalnіy forms and zdatnі pass from one form to another, possessing electronics or consuming them. For wine, sour and water, yakі є vіdpovіdno oxidіnі і vіdnovnymi agents, reshta rechovina fallowly in the form of minds can be either oxidizing agents, or hydrants, which is characterized by the oxide-hydraulic potential of the reaction system or the redox potential scrap. The redox potential to deposit in the activity of the oxide-water form is probably up to the Nornst level:

de n is the number of electrons that take part in the oxide-advance reaction; k is the parameter to deposit according to the temperature; E 0 is the standard potential, which indicates the equality of the activities of the oxide and dual forms.

Oxide-water potential to serve the world of oxide and boosting properties of the system. The most powerful oxidizers are ions and vicorist for the purpose of permanganate or bichromate oxidation, as well as fluorine, ozone and chlorine.

Chemical methods for the production of different gases are related to the new chemical fields. Suvore regulation of sourness in case of varying water regimes in the circuits of heat and power stations with drum boilers, in heat pumps, it is necessary to vary not only physical methods of degassing, but also chemical methods of additional deoxidation, for based on oxide-reddening reactions.

Such reagents as sodium sulfite, hydrazine and oxidizing-additional groups, which are mixed on high-molecular, non-soluble in water, polymers, are known to vicoristing agents.

The treatment of water with sodium sulfite is based on the oxidation reaction of sulfite oxidized in water:

2Na 2 SO 3 + O 2 2Na 2 SO 4.

The reaction runs dry at a temperature of water not less than 80 0 C and pH ≤ 8. more grip 6 MPa sulfite is subject to hydrolysis and the process of self-oxidation - self-adjustment:

Na 2 SO 3 + H 2 O 2NaOH + SO 2; 4Na 2 SO 3 Na 2 S + 3Na 2 SO 4 .

For once-through boilers and drum boilers with high and overhead parameters, water is oxidized with hydrazine in the form of hydrazine hydrate (N 2 H 4 ∙ H 2 O), which does not lead to saline water.

N 2 H 4 ∙ H 2 O O 2 3H 2 O + N 2.

The main factors that determine the speed of reaction are temperature, pH of the medium, excess hydrazine, as well as the presence of catalysts. So, at a temperature of 105 0 C, pH = 9 ÷ 9.5 and an excess of hydrazine 0.02 mg / kg, the hour of total acidification is 2 - 3 seconds. At pH< 7 гидразин практически не связывает кислород. При рН = 9 ÷ 11 достигается максимум скорости реакции. Органические катализаторы интенсифицируют реакцию, повышая скорость взаимодействия в 25 – 100 раз. Каталитически влияют на скорость реакции также соединения меди и некоторых других металлов.

At boiler water and in steam reheaters, excess hydrazine is deposited with ammonia:

3N 2 H 4 4NH 3 + N 2.

In the presence of metal oxides, it is also possible to arrange hydrazine with H2 sightings:

3N 2 H 4 2NH 3 + 3H 2 + 2N 2 .

Oxidation-advancement reactions can be carried out during filtering water through non-dispersed high-molecular speech in water, which can be stored in its warehouse of oxide-adsorption groups, building up to reverse oxidation. Electric exchangers (EI) serve as the butt of such speeches, which are vicorated in the schemes for the addition of additional water to the thermal barriers, which have passed the front stage of thermal deaeration. EI has been introduced into the structure of the ionite during the synthesis of the material. On such resins, it is possible to simultaneously carry out ion-exchange and oxide-water processes. EI can be removed on the basis of midi and wismuth.

Initially, when choosing the type of ionite for packing on the new oxide-water cavities, the structure of the matrix should be minimized in the application of the floor. Tsya zdatnіst lie in the sign of the charge of the surface ionit.

Lecture №10

Organization of a chemical reaction.

Sodium sulfide powder for processing live water in medium pressure boilers is prepared in a tank protected from contact with the atmosphere. A concentration of 3 - 6% is introduced into the life-giving pipeline in front of the pumps behind the auxiliary washer and plunger dispensers. The dose of sodium sulfite for processing 1 m 3 of live water after thermal deaeration should be adjusted according to the formula:

de g - Vitrate technical sulfite, g / m 3;

The concentration of sour in the treated water, g/m3;

k - excess reagent (2 - 3 g / m 3);

When organizing hydrazine processing, it is necessary to protect the authority of hydrazine. Hydrasingidrate N 2 H 4 · H 2 O is a barless country, which easily tarnishes with repeated sour, carbon dioxide and water vapor, good at water. Hydrazine is toxic at concentrations greater than 40%, combustible, delivered and stored at a rate of 64% in a sealed container made of stainless steel. Pari hydrazine calls for teasing of wild ways, organіv zor, razchiny hydrazine to be worn on the skin, so when prompted with hydrazine, you need to strictly follow the rules of safety technology.

Rozrakhunkov's dose of hydrazine is responsible for rehabilitating both vitrate and binding sour, and interfering with the Cosmos with metal oxides. Yogo dozuvannya rozrakhovuyut for this formula:

g g \u003d 3C 1 + 0.3C 2 - 0.15C 3

de g d – rosrakhun's dose of hydrazine, mg/kg;

Z 1 - Z 3 - concentration in live water, moderately sour, moderately sour, and midi, mg/kg.

The dosing of hydrazine is carried out at one of two points: at the pumping of the living pumps or into the turbine condensate before heating the low pressure (LPH). Rozrakhunkov's quantity of 100% hydrazine φ, mg/kg, necessary for the introduction into the tank of the forward breeding, is determined by the following:

de D - Vitrata live water, m 3 / year;

τ – hour between tank recharges, year.

The capacity of the tank is 10 m 3 for hydrazine 20% concentration.

When specifying the vitrate of the living water, the yearly vitrate of the reagent d, kg/year, should be paid according to the formula:

Sound in living water to increase the supraworld concentration of hydrazine for normal use 0.03 - 0.06 mg/kg.

The technology of stosuvannya khіmіchnogo znekisnennya can be seen on the butt of vikoristannya zalіzoksidny elektroіonоnoobmnіnika (EI). This type of building is up to the point of deacidification and at once the water is turned on in the schemes with a forward vacuum deaeration. The front deaeration of water ensures safety up to 60 - 80 0 С and frequent removal of sour, which positively affects the economy of the way that is being considered. For the purpose of temperature minds, the process can be based on typical designs of ion filters. In case of acidic acidity of the treated water up to 1 mg/kg, the electric exchanger will safely reduce the amount of acidity to 5-20 mcg/kg.

The presence of the hydroxide of the salt on the surface of the electric exchanger of the spray is also non-solid.

Induced technological characteristics ensure the high efficiency of the choice of material for deoxidation of living water of a closed type heat source.

Water purification by distillation methods.

distillation method.

Purification (desalting) of waters with high salt content, including sea water, as well as processing of high-energy discounted products, using the method of protection of the most important medium - the most important scientific and technical task.

Processing of high-energy waters of that kind can be done earlier, more distantly from the water of different houses, which are realized, as a rule, without phase transitions of the retailer (water) at the steam-like or hard camp; in a different way, - by the method of dilution of water molecules, based on the change of the original aggregate mill (by the distillation method).

The first route of salt synthesis seems to be theoretically more significant, since the molar part of the distribution of highly mineralized houses is approximately 100 and more times less than the number of water molecules themselves. Prote tekhnіchnі difficulties nіd hоrіznіtії ї ї ї ї slyakhu іn't possible in all vipadkah economically vigіdno zdіisniti tsiu perevagu.

When water vapors are heated, water molecules swell with energy, which outweighs the forces of molecular gravity, and float into the steam expanse. If the pressure of the intense steam near the water becomes equal to the equal pressure, the water begins to boil. They are the molecules of different speeches, which are located near the water and which are found in a hydrated state, do not have such a reserve of energy and pass from the steam with a low pressure to an even insignificant quantity. In this manner, having organized the process of boiling water supplies, you can distribute the water supply and the houses that are to be found in it. Distillation (thermal unsalting) is carried out at the steam rooms (little 1), in which water is removed from the heat from the primary steam, which is fed into the heating system, converted to the secondary steam, and then condenses.

Figure 1 - Scheme of the viparous installation:

1 - the line of the first bet; 2 - combustible section; 3 – evaporator body; 4 - the line of introduction of the (secondary) bet; 5 - capacitor; 6 – line for introducing the primary bet to the condensate; 7 – live water supply line; 8 - blowing line; 9 - line of emptying; 10 - line of introduction of distillate.

The primary steam sounds like a steam turbine. The rivers, which choke the water, are left in the waters, which are boiled, and are seen from the evaporator with the introduced (blown) water. Distillate - the condensate of the second bet - to take away only an insignificant number of non-flying houses, which have an additional droplet infusion of boiled water (concentrate).

Taking into account the first proximity that the transition of the houses to the second couple is equal to zero, it is estimated on the basis of the material balance of the boiler house the concentration of the houses near the water of the boiler C st and fallow in the concentration of the houses near the living water C p.v. etc. . Rivnyannya material balance may look:

R p.v C p.v \u003d R p C p + R pr C v.i,

de R p.v - vitrata of live water (P p.v \u003d R p + R pr);

R p - Steam productivity.

Vrakhovuychi, scho C p \u003d 0, (P p + P pr) C p.v \u003d P pr C v.i, stars.

The more blowing, the less concentration of houses at the water of the evaporator (at the blowing). Negative temperature coefficient of variability of salts of hotness during evaporation of water concentrations of ions Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , , , OH - up to inter, which outweigh additional variability of CaCO 3 , CaSO 4 and Mg (OH) 2 , є the cause of scale formation on heat transfer surfaces. The accumulation of water reduces the productivity of viparniks and increases their technical and economic indicators.

Viparnі installations buy one-і rich-stepіnchastimi. Since the secondary steam condenses without a middle in the condenser of the evaporator, then such a evaporator plant is single-stage. In rich-stepping installations (Figure 2), the second steam of the skin step, cream of the rest, beats like a steam of the offensive step, which is hot, and condenses in the same place.

Figure 2 - Scheme of a rich-stage viparous installation:

1 - line of introduction of a combustible bet; 2 - 4 - evaporator in 1 - 3 steps; 5 - line of introduction of the second bet; 6 - capacitor; 7 – condensate inlet line; 8 – live water supply line; 9 - pіdіgіvach of life-giving water; 10 - purge line.

With the increase in the number of surpluses, the quantity of condensate (distillate) obtained from the steam plant for one tonne of the first bet is also increased. However, as the number of steps increases, the temperature difference between the combustible and the secondary vapor changes, which calls for the need to increase the heat exchange on the surface of the heat exchange, which, in the final shell, to increase the overall dimensions, pet metals Cost and cost of installation.

The livelihood of a richly-staged installation can be followed by a parallel scheme with the livening of a skin evaporator from a cold collector, and more often - by a sequential scheme, as shown in little 2. її private viparovuvannya water flows into the foot the foot, which is thrown into the drainage from the rest. The richest parts of the vicorization plant are installed at thermal power plants with large heat inputs of steam and condensate. One-stage steam rooms of the installation are installed at condensing power stations (CES) at low costs (1 - 3%) and are switched on before the schemes for processing wastewater from water treatment plants when collecting water.

Some of the most important distillate is vibrated from the water, which is mixed in front on ionic filters, and water is vibrated at some vicarious slopes, which has gone through a simple processing. The pair that is served at the viparnik is called the first one, and having pretended to lead, that it comes near the viparnik, the second one.

In steam boilers of a mitt's boiling, steam settles not when boiling, but when boiling water, in front of it rises to a temperature that shifts the temperature of water saturation by a few degrees, in the chamber, in which steam is created. High quality of life-giving water is not needed, the shards of the process of evaporation of water when boiled up without transferring heat through the surface. The settings of the mitt's boiling are called adiabatic or “flash”. Since the temperature of the incubation lies in the pressure of the incubation, then when boiling at a pressure lower than atmospheric, it is possible to organize the work of a steamer in the type that can be seen, at a temperature below 100 0 C, which reduces the formation of scale.

A single-stage evaporator of mitt boiling with primus circulation is used in this way (Figure 3).

Figure 3 - Single-stage evaporator with mitt boiling from primus circulation.

The water comes out from the condenser 1, after some part it goes straight into the evaporation chamber 3. The circulation pump 5 takes water from the evaporation chamber and pumps it through the heater 6, turning the water through the nozzle 2 into the evaporator body. When gases are blown out, which are not condensed by the steam ejector 8, the pressure in the chamber decreases below the pressure of the steam, after which the vaporization from the surface of the drips and mirrors occurs. Separation of droplets of water is installed in the annex 7. Distillate is pumped out of the evaporator by pump 4, and its quantity in single-stage units is approximately equal to the quantity of steam that condenses.

Vaporniki of a mitt's boil can be arranged for a richly stepped scheme, which will provide less heat to your pet. At sea water desalination plants, the number of heaters can reach 30-40.

Zapobіgannya scaling utvorennya in viparnykh installations.

Dosvіd ekspluatatsii ї ї vparniki v vprinіnіnі brackish water vzduє serioznі difficulties, scho vykayut through svydke utavlennya scum on teploprodachivayushchih surfaces, lowering the coefficient of heat transfer and changing the efficiency of robots vaparnikov.

The growth of the slit ball of the crystal deposits is due to the cross-cutting as a result of the growth of the crystals present on the surface (primary boiling), as well as due to adhesion and adsorption of finely dispersed particles, which have already settled in the water, which єtsya (secondary boiling).

As a rule, the accumulation of both views proceeds at the same time. The formation of scale on the surface can be seen as follows: the establishment of germ crystals in the destruction of metal micro-irregularities; viniknennya utvoren to the type of coral bush; filling the gaps between the “bunch” with fine particles of the solid phase, which settled in the gap and is transported to the heat transfer surface.

Techniques for carrying out investigations, which are related to the assessment of the intensity of scale, have not yet been broken up, so that far from all the factors that are added to the whole process, it is necessary to know the exact value of the coefficient of activity of the ions in the scale vtvoryuvachiv for real parameters of the work of the evaporator.

Methods for combating scale in evaporators can be subdivided into physical, chemical and physical-chemical; In addition, it is possible to change the scale for the adoption of special constructions and materials for viparniks.

Reagentless methods.

The method of contact stabilization of Langelie's proponations and names so through the second time when the solid phase of the heat transfer surface is seen. There are reasons for the fact that the energy of the establishment of crystals on the indistinct parts of the house is less, the energy of self-vindication of the centers of crystallization is lower. Crystallization on the speech-stabilizers leaks with a smaller crossover. Behind the rahunok of the impersonal centers of crystallization, there is a sedimentation of the superfluous variety of scale-forming agents. As a stabilizer, it is possible to block the details of the materials: vapnyak, marmur, sand, through the filter ball of such circulating water, which is evaporated.

The height of the filter can become 1.8 - 2 meters. The dryness of the rozsol, to avoid the guilt of the stabilizing material, is not guilty of more than 35 m / year. Zastosuvannya contact stabilization allows you to change the amount of scale in the evaporator by 80 - 90%, and the ale wines are structurally foldable.

The magnetic field of the water is pumped through the device, which creates a magnetic field. It seems that the installation is equipped with magnetic devices, if the water is not stable, then CaCO 3 is crossed effectively. The theory of magnetic processing is still being formed, but it has been established by the conducted studies. What is located near the water, what is transported through steel pipes, ferromagnetic products of corrosion and columnar particles, which are driven by an electric charge and magnetic moment, accumulate in a magnetic field created by a magnetic device. Increasing the concentration of solid microphase in the gaps of the magnetic apparatus with admixture of crystallization of calcium carbonate with unstable water in the її volume, as a result of which the firmness of scale formation changes, but the con centralization of the sludge with low heating and vaporization of the water, which is subjected to magnetic processing. Shards of chemical and dispersed storage of natural water houses change according to seasons and regions, and the level of CaCO 3 water transfer also depends on temperature, the efficiency of magnetic processing can change in wide ranges right up to zero values.

Ultrasonic processing during vaporization of the water can create for the springs of spring mechanical cracking of the middle of significant energies of the mind, which leads to the destruction of the kinetics of crystallization in the near-wall ball. The use of ultrasonic waves on the surface of the heating can be made on the inter-crystal links from the surface of the familiar sound of the susilla, which calls out, clear, removes the scale. The mechanism of injection of ultrasound into the boil until the end of the cycle.

E.F. Tebenikhin, Reagent-free methods of water processing in power plants. Moscow: Vishcha shkola, 1985.

Lecture №11

Zapobіgannya scum utvorenniu at vaparnyh

installations by chemical and other methods.

Chemical methods. Stabilization of acidification should be stopped to prevent scale on heat transfer surfaces from calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide.

Natural water, which can avenge Ca 2+,,, CO 2 fallowly in the form of a carbon dioxide equal system, can be aggressive, stable or unstable. The main criterion for the stability of such a system, which is victorious in practice, is the “index of stability”, Langelier’s proponations.

For natural waters, pH values ​​are calculated, which are healthy ≥ pH fact. The difference between the actual and equally important values ​​is indicated through Y and is called the stability index or the Langelier index:

pH fact - pH value = Y.

For Y = 0 water is stable, for Y< 0 она агрессивна, при Y >0 the water is unstable and it is built up to the end of the day. When stabilized, the water is acidified, so that the stability index is close to zero. Knowing the nature of the change in pH fact \u003d f 1 (Sch) and pH more \u003d f 2 (Sh) with a decrease in the amount of water as a result of acidification, it is possible to change the pH equal to ΔSch (reduction of the amount of water to a stable state).

The required dose, mg / kg, technical sulfuric or hydrochloric acid can be determined by the formula:

de e – equivalent weight of acid, mg-eq/kg;

The dose of acid to deposit in the water content of the live water, the temperature of the distillation process and the frequency of evaporation and sound to become 70 - 90% of the water content of the fresh water. Acid overdosing can cause corrosion of the construction materials of the viparous installation, and in connection with this, the necessary control over the dosing process is necessary. Consumption of sodium bisulfate is analogous to acidification, since as a result of the dissociation of NaHSO 4 they dissolve in water.

For acidification, it is possible to vicorate chlorine salt, in which order with ion water, during hydrolysis, it becomes dependent on salt hydroxide, particles of which serve as centers of crystallization of scale formers.

Physico-chemical methods. They are based on the infusion of chemical reagents-additives-surface-active speeches, which are introduced into the water, which are evaporated, in small quantities (1 - 20 mg/kg), so that the reaction roles. The effectiveness of such additives is due to the fact that, due to their great surface activity, the crystallization of scale deposits on the surface heating is sharply reduced. Surface-active speech is adsorbed like a monomolecular slurry to lie on the surface of the seed crystals, or complicate the adhesion of them at the surface.

Strong stabilizing-peptizing powers, which favor the coagulation of particles in a wide range of solid phases, are characterized by speech-anti-accumulation agents, which are present in water and sound like micelles and micromolecules.

Cream of overexposure of reagents vicarious agents are complex-forming agents, for example, sodium hexametaphosphate Na(NaPO 3) 6 and other polyphosphates.

At high temperatures (up to 120 0 C) and high water hardness, a good effect was obtained by the infusion of anti-scale reagents to eliminate polyacrylic acid, EDTK (Trilon B), sulfonic acid and others.

Removal (purification) of scale from the surface of the apparatus in a chemical way from the stagnation of reagents - sulfur, hydrochloric, citric, otstovoy and іnshі.

Technological methods of scaling. The stench stagnates us in front of the steam plants with vertical pipe sections to heat. Applying technological methods of scaling exchange can be organized by the exhausted gas (gas blower) of evaporators for the saturation of live water with carbon dioxide. During thermal decomposition of bicarbonates in the gas phase, apparently, carbon dioxide is seen. Zmіshuyuchi yogo with water in such a quantity, as if outweighing the equally important value, the waters give aggressive power in relation to calcium carbonate, which is changing yogo vision in the growth of life-giving water. Care should be taken that the overworld in the presence of carbon dioxide water, which lowers the pH, intensifies the corrosion processes of structural materials.

Methods for maintaining a clean wager in viparnyh installations.

The zabrudnennya of the rich steam of inorganic slugs is connected, in the first place, with the introduction of the vologist (mechanical wine) and, in another way, with the versatility of the speeches of the water steam. The main deposit for a betting bet is to make a mechanical (drop) wine. Sounds like water that boils, wafts at the sight of droplets with a size of 0.5 to 3 microns, which settles when the steam bulbs boil, which go beyond the water volume.

Wine salts with steam intensify when spinning the water of the evaporator, moreover, the structure of the pine is deposited under the vise of the evaporator. It follows that the regularity of wine drips in a couple of steams is the same for vaping plants, as well as for other units that make bets. To ensure the high purity of the steam at the evaporators, stagnate: the volume of separation in the steam space, for which the height of the steam space should be chosen equal to at least 1.5 meters, and for strong heights - 2.5 - 3 meters; separate leaves in front of the steam pipes for checking the security of the bet in this zone; louvered separators for trapping water droplets.

An effective way to ensure the purity of the bet is to wash the bet with life-giving water. Rinse zdіysnyuєtsya bubbling bubbling dry bulbs of the bet through a ball of washing water, saline, which means less saline viparovuєtsya, which ensures the KKD promyvannya not less than 90%. At high temperatures to the point of distillate, the washing of the bet is made with cold or damp condensate, in a number of troughs, a double-stage washing of the bet is organized. When you look at the entrances, you can take the distillate off while revitalizing the steamers with soaked water, which satisfies the help of the PTE of the electric stations and the fence, which is vicorated for revitalization without additional purification, like additional water (life) of drum boilers. On power units with once-through boilers, additional purification of distillate at the BOU is required.

Choosing the method of removing the house from the water is determined by the nature and power of the house. So, the most important houses are the easiest to lead to filtration; Likewise, one of the houses can make a small difference, they can be transferred from the same place, the houses-oxidizers can be used for inspiration, and the houses-permeators - for oxidation. For distant houses, adsorption is widely victorious, and uncharged houses are adsorbed on the activated vugillion chi others

adsorbents, and ion - on ion-exchange cavities. Charged houses can be removed by electrochemical methods. In this rank, knowing the warehouse of power of the house allows you to choose the method of purification of the water.

Vidalennya sour from the water.

Kisen, rozchineny near the water, calling for corrosion of the metal of steam generators in power plants, pipelines in stations and thermal barriers, that may have been removed from the water. Vidalennya sour zdijsnyuetsya deaeration and chemical inspiration.

The air deaeration is based on Henry's law, which means that the gas distribution is directly proportional to the pressure on the motherland. By reducing the partial pressure of gas over the homeland, you can reduce the amount of yoga in the homeland. Partial pressure can be reduced either by changing the gas pressure, or by replacing the gas with another gas. In practice, vicorists are offended by priyomi. Call the water to blow it with water vapor, with which the partial pressure changes the acid. However, the method of deaeration does not allow for a deep removal of the sour. Remain within reach of sourness from chemical agents. Sodium sulfite, which, when oxidized, passes to sodium sulfate:

This method is done at stations of low strain. However, during sulfite processing, the saline moves up, which is unacceptable at power plants, which works with a high pressure of betting. At such stations, kisen is seen for additional hydrazine, which is a strong agent. When hydrazine interacts with sour, nitrogen and water are dissolved in equal reactions

With this, the saline does not change. To the point of failure, hydrazine has been observed to be toxic, so when working with it, it is necessary to follow the rules of safety technology.

Pom'yakshennya lead by way of the siege.

For low-grade salts at a constant temperature, the steel of creation of ionic activities, called the creation of diversity, is increased. For example, at 20 °C for equal

The concentration of the ion, which enters at a small opening, can be changed to the greater concentration of the ion of the opposite sign, which enters before the same entry. For example, the concentration of ions can be reduced by increasing the concentration of ions in the same way. Tsey principle

you can vikoristovuvati for the settlement of non-bazhan houses from a retailer. The method of settling small slabs is used to purify the water, for example, to soften (reduce the hardness). To change the carbonate hardness, the vaping method is used, when the water is treated, vaping is introduced. As a result of the electrolytic dissociation of the water, the pH of the water increases, which leads to a shift in carbonic acid balance in the carbonate ions:

As a result, it is possible to get more calcium carbonate and the rest falls into the siege:

In addition, with an increase in the concentration of hydroxide-ions, it is possible to obtain the abundance of magnesium hydroxide and the rest falls into the siege

The reactions that occur during the introduction of the vapne can be recorded in the molecular form by equals

As you can see, with the introduction of the vapne, the concentration of ions decreases (slowing down), (reducing the lumen) and

The method of vapnuvannya non-adherent reduction of non-carbonate hardness. For whom it is necessary to introduce a good rozchinnu force to avenge carbonate-ions. Sound for whom you vicorist soda, yak, dissociate, give ion.

Carbonic acid equal may be shifted to the right when heated:

As a result, the concentration of carbonate ions increases and the amount of calcium carbonate is reached, which falls into a siege. Such a method of assistance is called thermal. Zhorstkіst, vidalena method of heating, is called timchasovoj zhorstkіstyu. The thermal method is only necessary if there is no need to use it in a deep way, and when the water is due to be heated by the technology in other devices.

For the purification of natural and sewage waters from houses, the methods of cation treatment, anion treatment and chemical salting are widely used.

Ionny exchange.

For the removal of ions from water, the ion exchange method is widely used. The ion exchange proceeds on ions, which are solid polyelectrolytes, in which ions of the same charge sign are fixed on a solid matrix, and ions of the opposite sign to the charge of the building become different and are replaced by other ions of the same charge sign.

Building up to ion exchange may be a work of nature, for example aluminosilicate. However, synthetic ion-exchangers, which sound like polymer materials, were more widely used. As a polymer, which serves as a basis (matrix) for ions, one can name copolymers of styrene with divinylbenzene and methacrylic acid with divinylbenzene. It is composed of matrices, there is a large number of functional groups. The remainder are either introduced into the monomer or the reaction mixture during polymerization, or they are split to the polymer after polymerization. Functional groups of buildings are dissociated in different ways, moreover, ions of the same charge sign are overridden on ions, and ions of a different charge sign are transferred to rozchin. Fallow in addition, if they cross at the rozchiny, they separate cations and anions.

At the cations of the differences, the cations can be transferred, so then we can exchange for the cations that are in the difference. Functional groups in cations should serve as sulfogroups of phosphoric acid groups of carboxyl groups of hydroxyl groups. As a result of which the ionit is charged negatively, the origin of the ionite is positively charged. In the fallow, the degree of dissociation of functional groups is distinguished by strong and weak cations. Cation after the dissociation of functional groups can be mentally denoted by the formula and ion exchange reveal equals

de - cations, which have an ionic exchange. In anionites, functional groups during dissociation appear in anionic varieties, but in ionites, positively charged ions are overwhelmed. Functional groups in anionites should serve as amino groups and quarterly ammonium bases. During dissociation of these groups, the ion exchanger is charged positively, and the ion exchanger is charged negatively. Anionite after dissociation of functional groups can be identified by the formula and anionic exchange can be shown equal

de anioni, that at the ion exchange. Anions can also be strong and weak.

Cation water.

Most often, for the processing of natural water by the method of cationization, cations are formed, in which the ions that are exchanged are Na + (Na-cations) or H + (H-cations). Na-cation exchanges Na+ ions for ions that can be found near natural water. Since the main cations in natural water are ions, then when - cationic ionation, the water is softened:

The result of Na-cationation decreases both carbonate and non-carbonate hardness. However, the saline does not change in practice, so as to change the process of cationization, the process of cationization is carried out in passing water through the filter, zavantage with Na-cationic powder. In the world of robots, the Na-cation filter is removed (it does not change into the Ca-Mg-form). After the expiration of the cation, yoga is regenerated. The process of regeneration is the same reaction of ion exchange, but it can also be carried out at the return line. Call for regeneration to be carried out with kitchen salt:

As a result of regeneration, ionit will renew its building until the waters are calm.

When H-cationization occurs, the exchange of ions in ionita for cations, which are located near the water:

In the wake of this exchange, they are seen in the water

that in. In water, the concentration of ions increases, as they often bond with carbonate-hydrocarbonate ions:

As a result of H-cationization, water softens, the water content and salinity decrease in water. However, when the water pH changes, it becomes corrosive-aggressive. Therefore, H-cationization should be carried out using other methods of ion exchange. The regeneration of the H-cation is carried out with acid. As an example, we can look at one of the equal reactions that occurs during the regeneration of the H-cation:

The cation bath is zastosovuetsya for purification of both natural and sewage waters. Shkidlivy cations of sewage waters are exchanged for non-shkidlivy ionit. For example, for the removal of ions from water, the rest can be confirmed by Na-cationization:

The cationization of natural and sewage waters should be carried out as one of the final stages for deep purification, as well as the quality of ionic processing to mow down the temple. Since the concentration of houses near the water of the temple, the main part of the houses behind the back is removed by other, cheaper methods.

Anion bathing water.

Anion bathing is carried out in the exchange of anions, which are near the water, on anions. Exchange them and call them to serve and they are more like that of others. The process of anionation of natural water can be given by such equalities:

Anionuvannya vikoristovuetsya for the purification of natural waters, as a rule, in parallel with other methods. For the help of anionation, they also clean the water from shkidlivih anioniv, for example, ions of radioactive anioniv and others.

Chemically unsalted water.

With the construction of heavy thermal power plants of vinyl, there is a serious problem of taking away a large amount of water of high purity. This problem has been overcome by the method of chemical salting water. Chemically salty water is polluted in the last batch of water samples in H-cationic and OH-anionic filters. As a result of H-cationation, H+ ions pass to water, and as a result of OH-anionation -

and they are VIN-. The stinks are mutually neutralized and in the end the houses are left on the ions. After vigostrennya ionitovykh filters stinks are regenerated in the same way by acid and meadow. It is best to distinguish between the anions of weak acids, especially the anions of silicic acids. To this end, strong anions are won, as if there were functional groups of dissociation in the field. The ion exchange from the hydrosilicate anion flows for equal

Rice. XIV.3. Scheme of the electrodializer:

A - anode; K - cathode; - Anionite membrane; M cationic membrane

The presence of anionic silicic acid is an important operation in heat and power engineering, since it is easy to pass the acid near the steam of a high pressure, and then take it in a cover on the turbine blades, which reduces the CCF of the power plant. Chemical de-salting is the final operation to prepare the water for the steam generator to arrive. In the front, the main mass of houses can be seen by coagulation methods, settling and in.

Electrodialysis.

The view of ionic houses from rozchiniv by the electrochemical method with vicarious membranes or diaphragms took away the name of electrodialysis. Let's take a look at sodium sulfate from water in electrodialyzers with ion exchange membranes. The simplest electrodializer (Fig. XIV.3) consists of three separate, two ion-exchange membranes, and two electrodes. The membrane is made up of an ion-exchange material that allows either cations to pass through itself (cationic membrane - or anions (anionic membrane - Water, to avenge sodium sulfate), is supplied in the middle of the electrodializer. springs with sodium and water through the catnonite membrane of the motor hydroxide through the anionic membrane - to the anode A.

Vіdpovіdno up to the value of elektrodnih potencialіv (div. § VII.3) on the cathode can only be carried out ionization in water

Arrive at the entrance II. (Anions can pass through the anionic membrane and cannot - cations. The cationic membrane passes cations and does not pass anions.) l to see purified water, and z vіddіlen II - rozchin, in which the concentration of salt is zbіlshena (rossіl). On the cathode and anode, the same reactions take place, as in the three-chamber electrodializer.

G. Ovchinnikov

Oxidation and carbon dioxide in the water increase the level of corrosion of steel, especially due to the increase in temperature. Therefore, it is necessary to see them as much as possible from the boiler water and the water of the scorching systems. This publication shows a look at directing the current methods of water treatment

Boiler systems for їх recognitions accepted podіlyat on vіdіlіnі and steam, so for the skin type іsnuіє svіy іmоg іmоl to purified water, yаkі аlѕо sоlеd іn thаt temperature regime.

Rozrobku ofitsijnyh vymog zdiisnyuyut naglyadovі organi, protiv zavzhdi m'yakshi for the recommendations of the virobnik, yakі vkhodyachy z garantiynykh goiter'yazan. In addition, the European Union and its documents must undergo a universal examination in the standardization bodies and specialized organizations from the point of view of the effectiveness and efficiency of the operation of the boiler. Therefore, it is up to you to focus on the recommendations of the virobnik yourself.

Rice. Installation of granular redoxite for the removal of sour from the feed of pellet boilers in the National Botanical Garden im. N.M. Grishko

All changes in water-chemical regimes are regulated by the Rules of Technical Operation, as well as by various key documents, which can lie up to okremikh re-exploitation regimes. Only dotrimannya of the correct water and chemical regimes to ensure reliable, trouble-free and long-term operation of the boiler room, as well as heat supply systems.

Shkіdlіvіst razchinenіh v kotlovіy vіdі gazіv

It is also necessary to neutralize free 2 in circulating condensates of heating systems.

For the removal of sour from the life-giving water of boilers, it is possible to vicorate as a physical, and chemical method. Sound them combine, first of all physical, then chemical methods.

Physical methods

Before physical methods, one should add deaerators, as they are thermal and vacuum. For deaeration, water is also divided into electromagnetic, high-frequency and ultrasonic methods, as well as bulbous nitrogen.

The largest width in steam and water-heating boiler houses having taken away the thermal method. Vin is based on the processes described by Henry's law. It follows from him that the distribution of ideal gases near water at a constant temperature and low pressure is directly proportional to the partial pressure of these gases over water. The increase in temperature to the level of saturation with this pressure decreases to zero the partial pressure of gases over water, also, and the distribution of gases near water decreases to zero. As a result of damage to the water, the system sees gases from water (physical desorption).

Pіdbiaryuchi such spіvvіdnoshennia temperature and vise, with some gases become practically indistinguishable, it is possible to see more of them from the water.

For the rest of the design of the devices for remote gas were significantly reduced. Ninі є kіlka vdalikh types deaeratorіv, kozhen іz іkіh prystosovaniya spetsialії meth. Establish installations for deaeration of cold water without heating, which will give 15,000 m 3 per day and reduce acidity to 0.22 ml / dm 3. Water in such a device is sprayed with special trays of the chamber, which is under a low pressure. Gases can be removed by steam ejectors with coolers or vacuum pumps.

In steam boiler houses, there are more importantly desorbers of the atmospheric type of low overpressure. In such a device, the strings rush down to the bottom of the steam, which comes from the vapor chamber, and, sticking with it, heat up to a boiling temperature, as a result of which, one sees a difference in the air.

At the annex there is a pressure of 0.12 MPa, the water is heated up to 104 ° C, tobto. to the temperature of boiling at the same vice. The water that has been evaporating is again sent through the fitting to the heat exchanger for warming up the water that enters the device. The nominal productivity of such deaerators is 25-300 tons/year.

In boiler houses with hot water boilers, de no betting, vicorous vacuum deaerators are used, in which the pressure is close to 0.03 MPa for a boiling temperature of close to 69 ° C. Such a distribution is created behind the help of a water jet ejector.

The head cumulative distance of gases from hot water є pіdtrimanny її in a thinly sawn mill (with a stretch of a sufficient hour) for a boiling temperature, which gives a vise, with any difference in gases, they are clearly seen in a gas-like phase. With a simple type of heated livestock, run a deaerator, when heated to 88-93 ° C and freely introduced gases into the atmosphere, reducing the concentration of sour to approximately 0.3 ml / dm 3.

Outbuildings for remote kisnya for hot water supply for great houses and complexes of buddies of power and in the past. Water is heated under vacuum so that the boiling temperature does not exceed 60-80 ° C for additional rows of coils with steam, which is hot. Let's sprinkle the water down on the plates. The temperature of the steam, which should be near the lower coils, is higher than the temperature of the water, as it is being steamed afterward; a couple of gasses, which were seen, through the valve, which are cooled by the inlet cold water. The condensate from the valve drains back, at the tray chamber, at that hour, as gases are pumped out by a vacuum pump or a steam ejector.

If the annex is located near the basement of the building, then a circulation pump for hot water is needed, and sometimes it is installed near the mountainous technical surfaces of the building, so that the supply of water is realized at the expense of natural circulation. In such minds, an acid concentration of 0.04 ml / dm 3 is reached, which ensures the protection of the system from corrosion at temperatures below 70 ° C.

In deaerators for boiler water, there is direct contact between the water and the steam. Most often, the devices of the tray type are installed, which work under the pressure of a vacuum. A desorber with cuts, which works under a small vice, is widely used at boiler plants. At a plate-type deaerator, cold water passes through the refrigerator, then comes to the chamber, which is heated by steam, de-sprayed on metal plates. Then the water drains from the reservoir for saving. The steam reminds the whole space, moreover, it’s such a fluff that you heat the water and see the gases that you see. In this rank, you can practically reach the full visibility of the sour by the water.

In the current model of the deaerator, the sawing of steam into the atmosphere at a pressure of approximately 0.1 kg / cm 2 is carried out. Tsey type of desorber of fragmentation for ship cauldrons. Attachment is folded out of the refrigerator, sections with steam heating, sections of deaeration, extra bet inlet, and sections for collecting deaerated water, roztashovanoy at the bottom of the device. It is cold water to pass through the refrigerator, then through the nozzles, to spray, enter the chamber, which is heated with steam, and again through the nozzles to the deaeration chamber, and then at the water collector. The steam enters at the deaeration chamber under a pressure of 0.7 kg/cm 2 and goes into the refrigerator, the gases are let out, and they are seen, and the heat of the steam is transferred to the water, which goes into the apparatus. More sour sour can be seen from the water during cob heating; the rest of the 5% sour is seen much more folded. This is served by a deaeration chamber, which ensures practically no air pollution from the water.

The most exhausting deaerators also remove a lot of carbon dioxide and often drink carbon dioxide and other gases. At the same time, the presence of carbon dioxide leads to an increase in the pH of the water.

The main reagent-free technology of deep water removal for steam and water heating systems, with high hydrophobic membranes in contactors, which allows reaching a deep level of water purification - up to 1 mcg / dm 3.

Zastosuvannya desorption methods allow you to remove the gas to a clear boundary, which is insufficient for a number of drops for the minds of the mind. In addition, do not be afraid of the possibility and necessity of including the schemes of folding devices for gas removal. That is why, at rich thermal power plants for the processing of livestock and additive water, chemical methods of binding O 2 and CO 2 of speech are developed, which are safe in corrosive water.

Chemical methods

The basis of chemical methods for the development of different gases lies in their chemical bonding, which can be reached by the introduction of reagents or by filtration through special entanglement.

To improve the sourness, stagnate її filtration through speech, which is easily oxidized, for example, steel shavings, and other regenerated vane.

Steps to remove the free acid to prevent corrosion of the boilers and to lie down at the temperature of the heat carrier, the volume of water.

Sound at 70 °, as may be in the case of rich GWP systems, it will not be necessary to change the oil instead of lower than 0.07 ml / dm 3. For steam boilers, which are less than 17.5 kg / cm 2 (without economizers), the border should not exceed approximately 0.02 ml / dm 3. For boilers with a high pressure (otherwise when the economizers are stuck), it is practically necessary to use the same amount of acid, which is lower than 0.0035 ml / dm3.

Use a rich variety of reagents in those compositions under various commercial names, which can be used to neutralize sour. The skin reagent has its own positive and negative power and strength. The stench will be seen below.

The most widely used reagent for chemical removal of acid from water is sodium sulfite Na 2 SO 3 under different brand names. Like a pure looking, so it looks like a catalytically active form. As catalysts vicorist are even small quantities of midi or cobalt.

The concentration of sodium sulfite, which is recommended, is significantly discussed by different authors. For the removal of 1 kg of acid, about 8 kg of sodium sulfite is required, and there are many recommendations for dosing an excess amount of catalyst - from 2 to 40 mg / dm 3 for specific boilers and operating modes.

The treatment of water for help with Na 2 SO 3 is based on the reaction of oxidation of sulfite with oxidization in water:

2Na 2 SO 3 + O 2 \u003d 2Na 2 SO 4.

In this reaction, as a guide, the sirka S 4+ appears, as if electrons are acidic, oxidizing to S 6+.

An important indicator of the process is the formation of sourness and the rapidity of the reaction between sodium sulfite and sourness. It will be deposited according to the temperature of the treated water and, according to the law of the mass, - according to the quantity of the reagent to be introduced.

So, at a water temperature of 40°C and a dose of a stoichiometric amount of sodium sulfite, the process is completed in 6-7 minutes, at a temperature of 80°C an hour of reaction becomes more than 1 minute. At 70% excess of the reagent, according to the law of mass, the reaction proceeds to the end with a stretch of 2 minutes for any temperature.

At temperatures above 275°C (pressure pressure 6 MPa), sodium sulfite can be dissolved in solutions of SO 2 or H 2 S, which significantly increases the corrosion resistance of the steam condensate path.

Therefore, this reagent can be used as a vikoristany only for the stoking of water in boilers of an average pressure (3-6 MPa), in viparniks and for life-giving water in a thermal pool.

The solution of sodium sulfite with a concentration of 3-6% is prepared in a tank protected from contact with the atmosphere, and then, after an additional dispenser, injected into the water, which is being processed, with too much of a stoichiometric quantity.

However, an overdose of the reagent in many cases increases the electrical conductivity of the boiler water (salt removal), as well as sludge disposal, and there may be problems with the connection between the stumps in the boiler water.

Sulfuration is simple at home, without the need for bulky and expensive equipment. The disadvantage of this method is those that do not increase the dry amount of 10-12 mg / dm 3 per 1 mg / dm 3 of sour.

The original effective technology of removal of O 2 from water from the granular filtering material, prepared on the basis of synthetic ionites of a macroporous structure, has been developed and developed into an active center of metals, zocrema, and a bivalent seal.

In the process of filtering, pass through the ball of the vanishing material the oxidation of the oxide with acid to transfer the acidic form of the hall (FeO) to the base oxide of the hall (FeO.Fe 2 O 3 nH 2 O) or p-fluorooxide (Fe 2 O 3 .nH 2 O).

The essence of the technological process is affected by the sorbent stoking, which can achieve a high clay capacity for sour (this is a redox in the new form). As such a sorbent of vicorstanium ionic complex with transitional metal, we introduce ionite into the phase.

In the course of the process of chemical claying, sour can be applied at a seemingly offensive level:

4RMe(OH) n + O 2 + 2H 2 O → 4RMe(OH) (n+1),

In the world of filtering, let more and more part of the redoxite pass through the sphere into the oxidized form i, nareshti, building up to a farther tarnishing, the sourness is completely exhausted. After the completion of the working cycle of the Redox filter, the sorbent is used for regeneration.

Regeneration - the process of restoring clay building redox by passing through the ball, for example, sodium thiosulfate:

RMe(OH) n + 2H 2 O → 4RMe(OH) (n-1) ,

de R - indistinguishable in water folded radical ionitu; Me - transitional metal.

Before skipping the regeneration, the redoxite must be fluffed up with a water jet. After that, add too much reagent and products of regeneration.

For drum boilers of high and supratemporal pressures, hydrazine stagnates in the form of hydrazine hydrate or hydrazine sulfate, which interacts energetically with acid, oxidizing the result to nitrogen, tobto. do not move saline water:

N 2 H 4 H 2 O + O 2 \u003d 3H 2 O + N 2.

Hydrazine hydrate can be successfully used for processing live water like drum boilers, as well as direct-flow boilers (wine does not produce a dry excess of water), as well as hydrazine sulfate - only for processing live water of drum boilers (wine hi surplus).

The speed of the reaction depends on the temperature, pH of the medium, excess hydrazine is consistent with the law of dimas, as well as the presence of catalysts. At temperatures below 30°C, hydrazine practically does not interact with O 2 ale at 105°C, pH = 9-9.5 and excess hydrazine is close to 0.02 mg / dm 3 hours of practically complete acidification becomes a sprat of seconds.

Hydrazine is introduced near the water at a level of 0.1-0.5%, the difference is too high for the amount of stoichiometric improvement that part of it is stained for the restoration of higher oxides of the hall and the middle of the chamber on the pipes.

Hydrazine sulfate can stagnate with any vise, it is most likely to vicorate only with a vise of 70 kgf / cm 2 and more, and with a low vise, it is more likely to stagnate sodium sulfite through yogo less vartist.

A dose of hydrazine g (mcg/kg) in a dose of hydrazine g (mcg/kg) in a dose of NH 4 is recommended to be carried out according to the formula:

g \u003d Z 1 + 0.35С 2 + 0.15С 3 + 0.25С 4 + 40,

de Z 1 - acid concentration in live water before the introduction of hydrazine, mcg/kg; Z 2 - concentration of nitrites in living water before the introduction of hydrazine, mcg/kg; З 3 - saline concentration in living water, mcg/kg; midi in living water, kg/kg.

The concentration of hydrazine in the working range (mg/kg) is determined by the formula:

de D - vitrata of live water, t/year; DН - average (regulated range) supply of the dosing pump, l/year.

When preparing a working solution, hydrazine sulfate is left to be neutralized with sodium hydroxide. yogo amount, necessary for neutralization, y (kg) is covered by the following formula:

y \u003d 0.62 y 1 +0.04 SCV b,

de y 1 - quantity of vanquished hydrazine sulfate, kg; U - lubricity in terms of phenolphthalein water, which is vicorous for the preparation of a working grade, mg-eq / kg;

At boiler water and in steam reheaters, excess hydrazine is deposited with ammonia:

3N 2 H 4 \u003d 4NH 3 + N 2.

When arranging hydrazine treatment, it should be safe to say that hydrazine is highly toxic and carcinogenic, at a concentration of 40% more combustible, that may be transferred to special suvori safety.

For zv'yazuvannya sour in the boiler water can stagnate other organic and inorganic slugs. For example, hydroquinone (paradoxybenzene), pyrogallol (non-syn-trioxybenzene), isoascorbic acid, carbohydrazine, N,N-diethylhydroxylamine (DEGA). The stosuvannya is regulated by the recommendations of the breeder of a particular possession.

All refurbished chemical slabs can be included in the formulation of rich complex company warehouses for processing boiler water and internal boiler surfaces.

Carbonic acid, which occurs in the steam water cycle through various increases in the insufficiency of the property, as well as for the distribution of carbonate salts (in supplementary water), leads to a decrease in the pH of the water. Tse, with my blackness, help the processes of corrosion with the help of the interplay of water ions with metal, and help reduce the power of oxide smelting to lie on the surface of the metal. As a result, carbonic acid is the main factor in the strengthening of corrosion.

To prevent carbonic acid corrosion in the condensate-hoisting tract of TES with drum boilers, a method of binding free carbonic acid is introduced into the condensate of turbines or lukewarm water of a puddle reagent - aqueous ammonia. The main task of such a treatment is to increase the pH of the water condensate in the steam-water path, which reliably protects against corrosion from water depolarization.

The dosing of ammonia is due to the amount necessary for the binding of carbon dioxide to ammonium bicarbonate. A small excess of NH 3 over the amount of water already dissolves ammonium carbonate and raises the pH to a value higher than 8.5:

NH 3 + H 2 O + CO 2 \u003d NH 4 HCO 3
NH 4 HCO 3 + NH 3 \u003d (NH 4) 2 CO 3.

From the pointing of equals, scho z zv'yazuvannya 1 mg / dm 3 CO 2 to add 0.26 mg / dm 3 ammonia.

Ammiac should be introduced into the water, which is being processed, with a difference of 1-5% NH4OH for additional dosing pumps, automated for vitreous water. At a concentration of free carbonic acid in water or vapor over 8 mg / dm 3, ammonia stagnation is unacceptable, shards can corrode copper alloys (brass), which can stagnate to prepare the condensate-living tract.

Decomposition and stagnation of combinations of hydrazine-ammonia mode, which is characterized by the introduction of ammonia into heat-carrying (mainly into live water) by the method of increasing the pH of the water and the neutralization of the injection of carbonic acid, as well as the introduction of hydrazine by the method of reducing the excess sour after deaerators. Zavdyaki infusion of high pH values ​​are enhanced by corrosion processes of steel and copper alloys. However, ammonia, the cream of the building up to the increase in the pH of the water, which is aminated, may also build up a specific corrosive infusion on the copper alloy. Therefore, the dose of ammonia during the introduction of the hydrazine-ammonia regimen is interchanged with live water instead of ammonia on the river, but does not exceed 1 mg / dm 3 .

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