1. Crying out of great anger

Tsar buv Mikhailo Fedorovich Romanov was nicknamed by the people “The Meek”, tobto peaceful, shards for the hour of kingship to Rus' came to dovgoochіkuvany svіt. Already in the sources at that time, it was noted that peace and lagness were noted. This is how the Pskov Opovíd writes: “Be the young king, but be kind, quiet, gentle, humble and good-natured, loving everyone, loving everyone and generous.”

At one time, the nickname “Meek” means “Humble”, so that he put up with the burden on the new people as a king and victorious over God's will. Adzhe vin becoming Tsar is not from the will of the sovereignty and navіt trample on his bazhannya. If fate after the Zemsky Sobor, on the occasion of Ryazan Archbishop Feodorit, voted out the decision of the Zemsky Sobor about converting to the Kingdom, then the stench of the radiant stench took away the categorical vіdmova and navit, like to celebrate the chroniclers, felt "weeping with great anger." Martha, the mother of the 16-fold Michael, was afraid that її sons, due to lack of information on the sovereign right, could not rule in the roiling Great Troubles of Russia, that yogo rule could end in inglorious death and the land of that yogo itself.

Mikhailo trichі vіdmovlyavsya tsarjuvat, і trichі Archbishop Theodoret іz chosen people served a prayer service and came to the new s ocholiti the Moscow throne. They came in a hell of a way, with the miraculous Theodorovskaya icon of the Mother of God. Prote Mihailo was encouraged. Then the Ryazan saint raised the icon above his head and yelled at the rose: “Do not listen to the goodness! Be on your mind, Russian land, weep again, Russian people. Ale, before this holy rank, I tell you, Tsar Michael, that you have fallen dashingly on you!”.

The heart of Mikhail Romanov and yoga mother Marfi shuddered. Winning God's will, the stench of the decisions of the Great Council came in handy. 14/27 birch 1613 Archbishop Theodoret of Ryazan blessed Mikhail Romanov with the icon of the Fedorovsk Mother of God.

In the presence of this mother, nun Martha was tormented and “weep a lot before the image of the Blessed Mother of God,” she said: “Behold, about God, the Most Holy Theotokos, and in your honor, hands, Lady, protect your child and, as you wish, rule over you korisna and all Orthodox Christianity."

The axis of why the “Charter is Approved” in 1613 is called Mikhail Fedorovich “God of the Tsar’s obedience”. Vіn becoming Tsar not from the will of the sovereign, but from the will of God to the Russian people.

The crowning of the Kingdom and calling Michael "Tsar and Grand Duke of all Russia" was celebrated on 21 chervnya 1613 in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. So after the rule of the Rurikovichs, the new ruling dynasty of the Romanovs was founded. However, the decline of the bula dotriman, the remains of Mikhailo was the cousin of the remaining Russian tsar of the Rurikovich dynasty, Fedor I Ivanovich. Batkom Mikhaila Bov Fedir Mikitovich / Patriarch Filaret /. In 1601 p. Boris Godunov made Fyodor, as a contender for the Tsar's throne at the Sophia Antoniev monastery, de vin buv tonsure at the Chentsi z im'yam Filaret. Godunov fell into disgrace and Matir Mikhail. Vіn sent її in Zaonezhzhі, de її sheared in blueberries in the name of Martha. Mikhail Godunov himself was sent at the same time from Titkoy Martha Mikitichnaya Cherkaska to Byloozero. So the 4-year-old boy was separated from his fathers.

Sim'ya went together and mayzhe until the end of 1608 rock lived together. In 1610 p. Filaret, at once, from Prince Golitsinim, sent messages for negotiations to the Poles, and tried them for 9 years at the Polon. And without a bar, and at once, from the matir'yu, the Poles entrapped the Moscow Kremlin. I was less than a zavdyak of the transfer of the Russian militia under the ceremonial work of Minin and Pozharsky in 1612. the stench was filled with flowers and went to their patrimony - the village of Domnina near Kostroma. There, the stench often lingered in the Ipatiev monastery, praying for the permission of the father from the Polish crowd.

The message about Michael's enthronement to the kingdom was like a yoma, so yogo mothers call her naked. And the stench was not only not ready before her, but they did not want to change their camp internally. However, they bowed to God's will. Mikhailo gracefully waited for the king.

2. Atonement for “every creature”

It was not easy for the lads to take the time to put on their heads the “heavy cap of Monomakh.” Rus' bula rozorena, Veliky Novgorod іz pіvnіchno-zahіdnymi lands zahopili Swedes. Smolensk and Western lands were occupied by the Poles. Pivden pіddavavsya postіynym nabіgam Crimean Tatars. Having driven a lot of free Cossacks, they began to engage in robberies and robberies. Management of Russia was not enough. It seemed that there was no greater Russian power. The country lay in ruins, a lot of land was not cultivated, the villagers devastated the devastated villages, many died from hunger, tributes were not paid, the treasury was empty.

Who could rule in such a devastated land as Russia was at that moment? Only a brilliant commander. Zhorstky, bullock, and before that I can push the army, calm down all the enemies. The most likely to occupy the throne was the Bi Tsar similar to Ivan the Terrible. The Dutchman Isaac Maas wrote: “I hope that God will flatten the eyes of the young tsar, as it was with the great tsar Ivan Vasilyovich; for such a tsar is necessary for Russia, otherwise you will be lost.”

However, Rus' took away the peace-loving, “Meek” Tsar, who could not have an army, not a penny, to hire an army. I can’t learn elementary enlightenment (having accepted the throne, Mikhailo couldn’t write and at least read in warehouses). Such a Tsar could only be chosen by God's providence. For a whole faith of people with God and in those who Vіn Himself recognize the King. And, obviously, for the people's conciliar prayers, even before the decisions, turn Michael to the kingdom of Rus' for three days fasting and praying from small to great. To develop thinness and she did not take away їzhі, to take the fate of the venerable "every creature." The Lord looked at Rus'. I gave the Tsar a pious, lagid humble one, who, having changed his mind, spent an hour in the Ipatiev monastery in prayers for his stubborn fathers. The lad was generously supported by God, believing that if you would pray diligently, then all the troubles that would threaten your mother and that tatov would pass away. Mikhailo already shanuwav his fathers. The first time he became Tsar, he immediately added about his father, captured by the Poles, sent to the new hegumen Ephraim, so that Filaret would not be so self-conscious in a foreign land. After a certain hour, Mikhailo specially sent to the new boyar, Zhelyabovsky, who could especially change in good health Filaret and take a blessing for the son-Tsar. Mikhailo himself diligently prayed in Moscow monasteries for the father's blessing. For the sake of the method of wine, I robbed pilgrimages and at the distant holy cloisters.

So, not illuminating, not the least statement about the sovereign rule, Mikhailo Romanov had another, most important gift - the gift of union with God, the recognition of the will of God and the acceptance of the will of the will. Vіn put all my hope on the Lord and did not quarrel. If Mikhailo has gone to Moscow, to marry the kingdom, then he has gone right, not hastening, seeing the holy mass, and praying to God. And the Lord, having wised up Yogo to hang out at the great and small places, she spends active listing with the boyars. Mikhailo zupinyavsya in Nizhny Novgorod, Volodymyr, Yaroslavl, Trinity Monastery, Rostov, Suzdal. Therefore, the way from Kostroma to Moscow three times a day - the second month, but in an hour Mikhailo fully settled in his new camp. Zavdyaks of negotiations and listing of wines, having chosen such people for themselves, they became for him faithful helpers in the ruling country. Like and inspired by the Dutchman Max Isaak "God flattened the eyes of the young king."

Vіn took care of his dress. So, if the Poles found out about the vote of Mikhail Fedorovich as Tsar, then they broke up to the Ipatiev monastery with a method of driving in yoga. Behind God's Providence, their death has gone astray. And even the simple peasant Ivan Susanin, having given the "year" to show the way, having curled them in such a dense forest, they did not know how to get out of such a stench. The stench of Susanin rolled zhorstoko, trying to see the right path. However, he died at the tortura, but did not show the way back. The Poles perished in the winter forests of Kostroma, though they never came up with their evil ideas.

3. Double Trojans from Hamburg

Having become Tsar Mikhailo Fedorovich, he became the ruler of our state. I fell asleep for this reason Punishment (his own sovereign states for the sake of government). Until 1639, the fate of Russia was respected by 14 orders, which were occupied as the imperial rights (Cholobitny, Judgment, Pushkarsky toshcho. bud.), and the right became - Kholopіy, Striletsky. Buv navit pharmacist's mandate, like seeing doctors.

Not long after the descent to the throne, Mikhailo fell asleep new Laws, like they put in order the main state lord's activity of the country - the land-ownership and the land-cultivation.

All this has led to a raging economic growth. In the wake of the earthly world, Rus' began to provide itself with more grain. The villagers grew more cultures! Zhito, wheat, barley, millet, buckwheat, peas, oats. They shone flax and hemp, from which they robbed fabrics and olives. Gorodnitstvo and gardening developed boisterously. Foreigners, like they came to Moscow, hoarded Russian gardens. Junius Tsar Mikhailo mave great schilnіst up to the development of gardens. Vin stained with a lot of pennies for a bunny behind a cordon of expensive roslins. Gamburzsky merchant Marselius, brought to you terry trojans, like in Russia before Buv. They were planted in special hanging gardens, where apple trees, pears, cherries, plums and pea hairs and grapes grew. Viticulture took off for Mikhail Fedorovich a great development. If you recognize that in Astrakhan the Chances have grown far away to grow sprats of vines, then they will punish you to plant vineyards for the treasures. At 1630 p. From Astrakhan to Moscow, they brought about 50 barrels of their own brandy wine.

Bestiality began to develop throughout Russia. Herds of cows, horses, sheep, kiz were counted in thousands! However, the main product in Russia was riba, and її they caught it and processed it more or less enough.

For the last ten years of the reign of Tsar Mikhailo, the government's activities have achieved unsatisfactory results. Even before 1627, Rus' was selling bread for the cordon in thousands of pounds! Yogo was bathed in such "civilized lands", like Denmark, Sweden, England, Holland, Holstein. And in 1632 France came before them.

For the expansion of land cultivation, the territories of the Urals and Western Siberia were actively developed. The villagers settled there in large numbers and settled on high-yielding lands near the flood of the Oleni River. The resettlers saw the day without a hitch. Take the leather in a moment to take positions for the supply of a strong support inventory and horses. In 1618 p. Russian people traveled to the Yenisei and fell asleep in the city of Krasnoyarsk.

For Mikhail Fedorovich, the formation of Russian industry began. Because of the cordon, the qualifications of fakhivtsiv were written down: metallurgy, steelworkers, ore-bearers. In Tula, the first saline plant was founded. A blast-furnace plant appeared in the Urals, a steel smelter and a copper smelter. Vlasniki zavodіv otrimuvali vіd tsar pіlgi, scho sprout promyslovosti. The largest breeders for Mikhail Fedorovich were the Stroganovs.

Developed and easy handicraft - weaving, release of oxamite and brocade. They made sewing craftsmen and shkiryan backwaters.

The production of fabrics from expensive metals began, coins were carved, weaving was dyed, oxamite and brocade fabrics were turned, sewing linens and shkiryans were made, books were made, books were published, a newspaper with novelties was published.

І tse for the Tsar, like a child of separation from a father, imprisonment at a monastery, and he lives in fear of death, without having received the desired sanctification! What can I say? Only the Lord could create such miracles in an instant. Tilki Vin could help the 16-year-old young man to overcome serious political and economic problems generated by the Great Troubles. How great would not be the support of the rule of Michael Yogo by the father - Patriarch Filaret - to help solve those problems, as if there were nothing in Russia, the Lord did not have a moment. I Tsar Mikhailo ceremoniously, that the head of the yogi's activity was prayerful standing before God, the fate of church services, pilgrimages at the holy missions.

4. A thin light for war

The pious Tsar Mikhailo the Meek, listening to the commandments of the “blessed peacemakers”, zoom in to calm down in Russia all the rest. With his humility and malice, he managed to unite all.

Vіn vlastovuvav not fell on anyone, navіt his special foe Boris Godunov. Respectfully admiring yourself to your perfection, choosing obedient, wise people from your friends, exalting tolerance to different political glances, listening to different thoughts about leaving the crisis. For the solution of complex political and economic problems, Mikhailo Fedorovich called the collective doradchі government bodies - the Boyar Duma and the Zemsky Sobori.

However, during the execution of the deacons, the head of the guard, with a special thought, zastosovuvav his Tsar's power. So, if the Russian embassy, ​​sent to the Crimean Khanate, was arrested and buried in the kaydan, the Zemsky Sobor succumbed so to the Crimean ambassadors in Moscow. And the Boyar Duma was pushing against the military invasion to the Crimea. However, the Gentle Tsarne, having become a guest of stosunki from Krim, and gave expensive gifts to the khan. With which wines, having designated what to work for the renewal of friendly stosunkivs. Peacefulness of the Meek Tsar gave its results - the blues from Krim were rejoiced, the apostle was admitted.

Tsar Mikhailo, although he was lagidnym, but not weak, cowardly and weak-willed. About tse to speak documents of that hour. So, at the letter of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, in a sharp form, you write that if you call before the authorities not to pin theft, robbery and robbery, then the wine can be taken on a trip to Moscow to descend to the throne. And in the letter of 8 April 1613 p. I blamed the boyars for those that they cannot know the bones for the security of "serving and military people." Zemsky Sobor Tsar Mikhailo Vyovlyaє for the laziness in the country. In the same document of the first fates of Mikhail's rule, there is no way to put pressure on the co-government of the boyars;

Mikhailo Fedorovich buv tsar-ob'ednuvach, tsar-peacemaker. Volodinnya's power did not make him a despot and a tyrant. Prote the Meek Tsar, if necessary, not sharply reciting nedbalih piddanih. Moment to praise and radical laws. For example, having completely fenced in the country tyutyunopalinnya and zhorstko regulating the introduction of alcohol. Vipivati ​​was allowed only chotiri tizhnі on the river. Tsі tizhnі went for the great saints of Great Day, Dmitriyeva Saturday, winter Mikoli and Maslyana. For drinking in the last hour they were severely fined. The rioters paid chimali for that hour a penny - two rubles. In addition, the p'yanitsa was brought up to the "brazhnoy v'yaznitsa" in the first place. It’s possible to speak out of it only for the sake of squealing. As if the p'yanitsa had suddenly wandered off, they planted him again until the pit, but already for a long time. Evil p'anitsy, following the decree of the Meek Tsar, were led through the streets, mercilessly beating with a batog. Moreover, the docks of the wine "do not show the harmful predilections." And if they didn’t help you to call in such a way, then they placed the penny until you die until you die - “until you die.”

Tsar Mikhailo suvoro hung up the pits of the mortgage, taverns on the vitals at the great trading places. Oslukhovnikov the Short Tsar, saying to beat with a batog and plant until the pit.

Prote dobryh poddanih Mikhailo Fedorovich urged on. Thank you for the needy. For the wedding of the Holstein guardian Adam Olearius, “the tsar is pious, you don’t want to allow it, if you want one of the villagers to beat, we’ll save the treasury for help.”

At the old days, Tsar Mikhailo the Meek, having respected for the best war "a thin, scary world." Having laid down peace treaties with the sovereign powers, don’t let them inspire minds that are invisible to Russia, which brought peace to the tormented Troubled Russian people. So it happened in 1637. for the conflict of Azov, if the Don Cossacks, with the help of their own initiative, plundered the Turkish fort of Azov. This is a meta bula of goodness - there is a lack of a slave market there, where they traded with the full Russian people. The capture of Azov and the knocking in of the Turkish ambassador threatened Russia with wars in Turechchina, as our power, which was under the control of the Time of Troubles, could gain and spend more money, lower the fortress of Azov. I then Tsar Mikhailo vyrishiv turn Azov Turechchini. Tse allowed the wars to disappear and establish friendly stosunki from the Ottoman Empire.

For the lagid Tsar, the arrangement of the "eternal world" in Sweden was laid. I wanted to spend a trip to the Baltic Sea, but then they turned the Novgorod lands, before conquering Sweden.

After the recent war of 1632-34 r.b. From Poland, the “eternal light” was laid from the Rich Commonwealth. With whom, the Polish king and the Grand Duke of Lithuania, Vladislav IV, were inspired by their claims to the Moscow throne.

For an hour, the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich with our country was interrupted by a lot of diplomatic contracts - with England, Holland, Denmark, Sweden, France, Turkey and Persia. And the diplomatic talents of the Lagid Tsar were no more than a hitch, all the stinks were progressively improved. But the interests of the Russian citizens Mikhailo Fedorovich stood firmly. If the English turned back to the new one for permission to travel through the territory of Russia to Persia for trade, they did not allow wine, wanting to rob it, to protect the value of friendly ships from England. However, the Russian Tsar was not at peace with us - why would there be no such trade damage to the Russian merchants? The Boyar Duma and trade people confirmed this fight. With them, Mikhailo understands that the English trade with Persia will give merchants a lot of money, if you want to give a great profit. The tsar, unconcerned about the sovereign yisk, pokahuvavsya with the interests of the Russian merchants, and inspired the English at their wickedness. The same happened to the french ambassador's cruelty to allow trade with Persia. You were inspired by those of the quiet themselves, like the English.

At the old order of the Russian kingdom, the wise politicians of Mikhail Fedorovich to Russia were joined to the lands of the Lower Urals, the Baikal, Yakutia and Chukotka, and ended up going to the Pacific Ocean. To put it bluntly, these are the unfortunate gains of the Meek Tsar, who ruled the rough country.

However, the Gentle Tsar of Rozumiv, that Russia, zmіtsnіvshi, is obliged to enter into war and conquer the Poles and Swedes from the peace of the Russian lands. To that, by decree, they gave garmati and were powdered fire. On the Volz and in the suburban village of Dedinovo, the life of "war" ships began.

In 1631-1634 Mikhail Fedorovich Bulo carried out the military reform. Bulo created regiments of the "new way" - reiters, dragoons, soldiers.

5. Benefactor of piety

Without taking away his hour of enlightenment, Mikhailo Fedorovich zhvavo tsіkavivsya different sciences - astronomy, geography, Budova land. In 1637, by decree, the Russian Latins translated the book "Cosmography" by decree. Under the special control of Tsar Mikhail, scientific robots were carried out. Creating a road breaker, maps of Russia and the first systematic description of the Russian state.

For the development of engineering, the king vipisuvav from behind the cordon of fakhivtsiv. The stench was on the Volz ships, the Russian fortresses were marked. For foreigners near Moscow, a special settlement was put to sleep - the Nіmetska Sloboda. And in Russia, with the initiatives of Mikhail Fedorovich, they began to sear fry for the cordon for medical training.

Zavdyaks to foreigners near the capital appeared the masters of diamond and gold celebrations, anniversaries, accordionists, mulari. The craft of making the shkiri was rewarded, having planted a sklorobny plant.

In 1621, following the decree of Mikhail Fedorovich, the deacons of the Ambassador punished the publication of the first Russian newspaper - Vestovi Listi.

The Russian Tsar is also fond of music. It seems that I wrote from Holland “two masters of the organ master that organ, which is a kind of embellishment with images of a nightingale and a zozu”. Moreover, the whole organ is duzhe maisterny. For yoga, the birds began to sleep. Tsar Mikhailo was choking with exhaustion and the beauty of the sound of the organ, and having punished the maisters with a sum of 2676 rubles and forty skin sables each.

Science, culture and music were taken by the respect of Tsar Michael. And despite the fact that I had to solve the most complicated state problems of centralization of the state, the creation of military-industrial production, the creation of a legislative system, the stabilization of zaєminah with aggressive ships Sunset that Pivdnya. The Lord has simply given you a lot of sovereign wisdom and gentry human traits!

In obedience to God, Tsar Mikhailo Fedorovich the Meek took part in church services every day, praying at home for a long time, fasting fast, often going to farewell. The king was virulent to piety. To celebrate an important hour for the country, immediately after I enter the throne, we will think about spiritual help. Having learned from the priests about the miracles of the icon of the Kazan Mother of God, he punished them to establish a new church sacredly: first the holiness of that “departure from the cross” 8 lime, if the icon appeared; friend 22 Zhovtnya, "how the Muscovite power will be cleansed."

The fellows wrote about Tsar Mikhail the Meek in this way: “Because of piety, bless the praises of the noble and Christ-loving Tsar and Grand Duke Mikhailo Fedorovich, autocrat of all Russia, be a noble, very gracious and merciful ... for all good, do embellish with prayer, truth and sensibility, purity and humility of wisdom, righteousness ... ".

The ancestor of the royal dynasty of the Romanovs died on 13 (26) lime 1645 at the age of 49 years. His remains were buried in the Arkhangelsk Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.

Virshev’s epitaph to the tsar Mikhail Fedorovich to say: “Summering the character of the lagid and gentleness, setting up the law of the lawless rights of his kingdom, the good and the lagid ones safely, tidying the evil ones with fear, and bestowing equality on everyone; And in the siklіtskіy rank of natural people, they are sorry for that, and non-pedigree people and unworthy of that rank, but in the days of their kingdom, they do not allow, and the rank of mіtsno tsurayuchi.

MIKHAILO FEDOROVICH ROMANIV(1596-1645) - the first Russian tsar of the Romanov dynasty (1613-1917).

Born on 12 lime 1596 in Moscow. Son of boyar Fyodor Mikitovich Romanov, Metropolitan (past of Patriarch Filaret) and Xenia Ivanivna Shestova (past of nun Martha). The first rocks are alive near Moscow, in 1601, together with the fathers, they fell into disgrace Boris Godunov, being the nephew of the king Fedorov Ivanovich. Lived with a messenger, from 1608. turning to Moscow, having drank from full to Poles, who shoveled the Kremlin. At the fall of the leaves in 1612, calls to the militias of D. Pozharsky and K. Minin, veered to Kostroma.

February 21, 1613 in Moscow after the intervention, the Great Zemsky and Pomіsny Cathedral, which robbed the new tsar. Among the contenders were the Polish prince Vladislav, the Swedish prince Carl Philip and others. Mikhail's candidacy was victorious through some disputes along the women's line with the Rurikovich dynasty, it dominated the nobility, as if trying to overthrow the aristocracy (boyars) from the right to establish a monarchy in Russia for the Polish spirit.

The Romanovs were one of the most famous pologіv, the youthful age of Mikhail was also the ruler of the Moscow boyars: “Misha is young, he’s not young yet, and he’ll be familiar with us” - they said in the Duma, gladly" Duma. The moral image of Mikhail as the son of a metropolitan supported the interests of the church and the people's statements about the tsar-pastor, intercessor before God. Vіn is guilty of becoming a symbol of turning back to order, calmness and old times (“lovers and sweethearts of them, having served them, like the stench went away”).

March 13, 1613 after the Cathedral arrived to Kostroma. In the Ipatiev monastery, de Mikhaylo bov iz matir'yu, youma was told about the rise to the throne. Having found out about it, the Poles tried to cross the line to the new tsar and come to Moscow. A small їhnіy zagіn went to the Ipatiїvsky monastery to kill Mikhail, but the villager Ivan Susanin lost his way along the road, having waited to show the way, curling yoga into a dense forest.

11 worm 1613 p. Mikhailo Fedorovich was crowned king in Moscow in the Dormition Cathedral of the Kremlin. The urochist was three days. Having given the tsar, for the names of the low fellows, a textbook record that the goiter does not rule without the Zemsky Sobor that Boyar Duma (similar to Vasily Shuisky). For other tributes, without giving such a record to Mikhailo, he began to rule autocratically, without destroying the everyday customs.

Spopchatka in the name of Mikhail was ruled by the mothers of the king and the boyars of Saltikov. In 1619, the father of the tsar became the de facto ruler of the country, who turned from the Polish full and was elected patriarch, Metropolitan Filaret. From 1619 to 1633 he officially bore the title of "great sovereign". At the end of the year, after Michael was appointed tsar, the head of the head of the army ended the war with the Commonwealth and Sweden. In 1617, Stolbovsky Peace was signed in Sweden, as it took the fortress of Korela and saved the Finnish inlet. In 1618, a truce was laid in Deulinsk for Poland: Russia gave in to Smolensk, Chernigiv and other low places. The Nogai Horde was the protégé of ordering Russia, and wanting Michael’s order to push the army to Bakhchisarai, expensive gifts continued.

Russia, like the 1610s, was in political isolation. In order to get out of it, an unsuccessful attempt was made to make the young king turn on the Danish princess, then on the Swedish one. Having taken off in both vipadkah vіdmov, mothers with boyars made friends with Mikhail with Mary Dolgorukova (? -1625), but the hats appeared childless. Another coat 1625, with Yevdokієyu Strєshnєva (1608–1645), brought 7 daughters to Mikhail (Irina, Pelageya, Hann, Marfa, Sofia, Tetyana, Yevdokіya) and 2 blues, the elder Oleksiy Mikhailovich (1629-1676, king 1645-1676) and the youngest, who died in the childhood of Vasil.

The most important leaders of the modern policy of Ukraine Russia in 1620–1630s struggled to restore the Western Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian lands from the single Russian state. The first test of victory over the beginning of the war for Smolensk (1632–1634), which began after the death of the Polish king Sigizmund at the call of the claims of the son of Vladislav to the Russian throne, ended in vain. After her, following the order of Mikhail in Russia, the life of the Great Border, the fort of Bilgorod and Simbirsk border broke out. In the 1620s-1640s, diplomatic lines were established with Holland, Austria, Denmark, Turkey, and Persia.

Mikhailo vvіv in 1637 the term uppіymannya villagers-vtіkaіv up to 9 years, in 1641 he added more to the river, and in 1641 the other rulers allowed shukati up to 15 years. This is evidence of the growth of violent tendencies in legislation about the land of that villagers. In yogo government, there were a lot of formations of regular military units (1630s), “regiments of a new way”, the ordinary warehouse of which was laid down by “willing free people” and helpless children of boyars, officers were foreign military fakhivts. As a reminder of Tsar Michael, the cavalry dragoon regiments guarding the cordons appeared.

Moscow for Mikhail Fedorovich was reaffirmed due to recent interventions. At the Kremlin in 1624 appeared Philaretivska dvinitsia (major B. Ogurtsov), over the Frolivskaya (Spaska) vezha was sporudzheno kam'yany and installations of the year with battles (major H. Goloviev). Z 1633 p. at the Svіbloviy vezhі of the Kremlin, cars were installed for supplying water from the Moscow River (it was called Vodovzvodnaya). In 1635–1937, the Teremny Palace was built in the main chambers, all the Kremlin cathedrals were painted anew, including the Assumption Church, the Church of the Deposition of the Robe. Moscow received a patronage of oxamite and damask law - Oksamitovy dvir, the center of textile manufacturing became Kadashevskaya Sloboda with the Sovereign Khamovny yard on the left birch of the Moscow River, behind the Novodevichy Monastery. The people's transmission preserved the memory of Mikhail as a great lover of flowers: during the new year, garden trojans were brought to Russia first.

At Zaryaddi, who beat the court of the Romanov boyars, Mikhailo punished the Znamensky monastery to fall asleep. Until this hour, the wines were already strongly “sumuav with their legs” (I couldn’t walk, I was taken to the vіzka). In the presence of the "rich seat" the tsar's body weakened, the attendants reckoned in a new "melancholy, or I'm twisting."

Lev Pushkarov, Natalia Pushkarova

The end of the 16th and the beginning of the 17th century became in Russian history a period of socio-political, economic and dynastic crisis, which took away the name of the Time of Troubles. The cob of the Time of Troubles was overwhelmed by the catastrophic famine of 1601-1603. Rizke downgrading of the camps of all faiths of the population led to mass confusion under the death of Tsar Boris Godunov and the transfer to the throne of the "legitimate" sovereign, and to bring on the appearance of a dynastic crisis of impostors of False Dmitry I and False Dmitry II before the appearance of a dynastic crisis.

"Seven Boyars" - an order that settled in Moscow after the fall in the fall in 1610 of Tsar Vasil Shuisky, having made an agreement about the enthronement of the Polish prince Vladislav on the Russian throne, and at the spring of 1610 let the Polish military into the capital.

In 1611, the fate of Russia began to grow in patriotic moods. The militia, formed against the Poles, never managed to drive foreigners out of Moscow. A new impostor False Dmitry III appeared in Pskov. In the autumn of 1611, following the initiative of Kuzma Minin in Nizhny Novgorod, the formation of another militia began with Prince Dmitry Pozharsky. On the last sickle of 1612, fate came to Moscow and in the autumn it sounded її. The construction of the zemstvo militia initiated the preparations for the election of the Zemsky Sobor.

On the cob of 1613, the choice of "all the earth" began to reach Moscow. That was true, the first impeccably all-estate Zemsky Sobor with the participation of the townspeople and the recruitment of the rural representatives. The number of "radian people" who were selected in Moscow exceeded 800 individuals, which represented no less than 58 localities.

The Zemsky Sobor rospochav his work 16 Sichnya (6 Sichnya for the old style) 1613 year. Representatives of "all the earth" annulled the decision of the previous council about the appointment of Prince Vladislav to the Russian throne and praised: "Do not ask foreign princes and Tatar princes to the Russian throne."

The conciliar meetings were held at the setting of the scorched super-nation of various political groups, as if they took shape in the support of the fates of the Troubles and jumped out of their camp to protect their contender for the royal throne. The participants in the cathedral hung over ten contenders for the throne. Some of the candidates named Fedir Mstislavsky, Ivan Vorotinsky, Fedir Sheremetev, Dmitro Trubetskoy, Dmitro Mamstrukovich and Ivan Borisovich Cherkaska, Ivan Golitsyn, Ivan Mykytovich and Mikhailo Fedorovich Romanov, Petro Pronsky and Dmitro Pozharsky.

The data of the "Report on the patrimony and motherhood of 1613", in a fixed land grant, extended after the tsar's deception, allow the installation of the largest active members of the "Romanivsky" group. The candidacy of Mikhail Fedorovich in 1613 was not supported by the clan of the Romanov boyars, but by the circle, which spontaneously formed in the course of the work of the Zemsky Sobor, folds from other rows of osіb smashed earlier boyar groups.

The Cossacks played a decisive role, at the low thought of historians, in the case of Mikhail Romanov's enthronement to the kingdom; The middle of the servants of the people of the Kozakiv Viniki Ruh, the center of the Yako became the Moscow Ovetsya-Sergіva Monastir, and Yogo Dyalnim Nathnnik-Kelar Tsyogo Monastier Avraamii Palitsin, Osof the fiber of hearts, il Moskvichiv. At the celebrations for the fate of the cellar Avraamіy, it was voted tsar of the 16th century Mikhail Fedorovich, the son of Metropolitan Filaret of Rostov, who was captured by the Poles.

The main argument of Mikhail Romanov’s followers went to the point that the shards resembled the gentry’s royal root, not by people, but by God. Not disputed with Rurik, but closeness and disputed with the dynasty of Ivan IV gave a declaration about the occupancy of the throne.

A lot of boyars joined the Romaniv party, and the Orthodox clergy, the Consecration Cathedral, also supported it.

1613 February 17th (Furious 7th according to the old style) 1613, but the official announcement was made until February 3rd (Furious 21st according to the old style), so that in an hour it became clear how to accept the people of the new king.

At the place of the province of the country, letters were issued to inform about the king's betrayal and the swearing of the oath to the loyalty of the new dynasty.

March 23 (13, for other dzherelami 14 for the old style) 1613 rock after the Cathedral arrived to Kostroma. In the Ipatiev monastery, de Mikhaylo bov iz matir'yu, youma was told about the rise to the throne.

Vyborny people fled to Moscow near Sich 1613 p. From Moscow they asked for a place to send for the royal choice of people "the best, smartest and most reasonable." Places, among others, were guilty of thinking not only about the king’s deception, but also about those, how to “be” the power and how to lead the right to the deception, and about the task of giving the choice of “agreement”, so that instructions, such as you are guilty, will be keruvatisya. For more complete visibility, that rose to the cathedral of 1613. follow the search until the analysis of the warehouse, which may be less than the appointments for signatures on the electoral letter of Mikhail Fedorovich, written in 1613. There were a total of 277 signatures on it, but the participants in the cathedral, obviously, there were more, shards of all the cathedral people signed the cathedral charter. To serve as proof of this, for example, the following: for Nizhny Novgorod, 4 individuals were signed on the charter (Archpriest Sava, 1 townsman, 2 archers), and it is reliable that there were 19 osibs of Nizhny Novgorod’s selections (3 priests, 13 townships, deacon and 2 archers).

Yakby skin place was satisfied with ten people of the chosen ones, as the number of books indicated to them. Dm. Mich. Pozharsky, then up to 500 people were selected from Moscow, the representatives of 50 cities (pivnichnyh, skhidnyh and pivdennyh) took their part at the cathedral; and together with the people of Moscow, that clergy, the number of participants in the cathedral, used to swear up to 700 osib. The cathedral is truly rich in people. Choosing wine often in the Assumption Cathedral, it is possible, to the very fact that from other Moscow days, one could not accommodate it. Now there is food, as a class of services were presented at the cathedral and the cathedral behind its own warehouse. Out of 277 signed signatures, 57 belong to the clergy (partially "chosen" from the city), 136 - to the most important serving ranks (boyars - 17), 84 - to the chosen ones. It has already been said above that it is far from possible to believe in digital danim. Behind them, there were few provincial voters at the cathedral, but in fact, the number of voters, without a trace, became more, and, although it is not possible to determine exactly how many, nor how many hard and how many serving people, it is possible to say you who served there was a lot, it seems, more of the lower townsmen, and of the townsmen, even a great vіdsotok, which rarely happened at the cathedrals. And, moreover, follow the fate of the "faithful" people (12 signatures). These were, in a first way, the villagers not of the Volodarsk, but of the black sovereign lands, representatives of the free-living village communities, and in another way, other people from the pivdennyh povitiv. In this rank, representation at the cathedral of 1613 p. Bulo off-key. We don’t know anything exact about those that happened at this cathedral, we don’t know anything exact, for that in the acts and literary practices of that hour there were no more retellings, tensions and legends, so that the historian is known here as if it were the middle awkward ulamks in the old days , restore the image of a wine no strength. The official documents say nothing about the overrun of the meeting. Saved, schopravda, choosing a letter, but there’s little you can do to help us, the shards are far from being written independently and before that, don’t avenge the information about the very head of the battle. As far as unofficial documents are concerned, the stench is either legends, or miserable, dark and rhetorical justifications, for which nothing can be taken away from the song.

However, we try not to see the picture of the meeting - it’s impossible, but the wild head of the debate, the wild sequence of the choice of thought, as it came to the specialness of Mikhail Fedorovich. The selection meetings of the cathedral were celebrated at the Sich. In the first month before us, the first hour is the document for the cathedral - the charter itself, given by the book. Trubetskoy to the Vagu region. Tsya region, the whole power for space and wealth, in the XVI and XVII centuries, sounded like a Volodinnya people, close to the king; for Fyodor Ivanovich Godunov had won, for you. IV. Shuisky - Dmitri Shuisky now passed to the noble Trubetskoy, who, according to his boyar rank, occupied one of the first positions in Moscow. Then we began to sing hymns about the deception, and the first praise of the cathedral was not to choose the king from foreigners. Such a decision did not, obviously, not at once, that meeting of the cathedral was far from being peaceful. The chronicler about it seems that "for rich days, pick people up, just say that they can’t and marvelously mumble somo and ovamo," another chronicler also testifies that "there was a lot of praise for all people, more skin for their thought of action." The king of foreigners is wealthy and able to do so. Not long before the cathedral, Pozharsky prayed to the Swedes about the deception of Pilip, the son of Charles IX; so itself pochav vіn right about obrannya son of the German Emperor Rudolf. Ale tse buv was only a diplomatic maneuver, used by him with the method of gaining the neutrality of some and the alliance of others. Prote thought about a foreign tsar bula in Moscow, and bula itself among the boyars: such a tsar was wanted by the "bosses", even the Pskov chronicler. "The people of the ratni did not want you to buti," - add the wines. Ale, the nobles of the boyars, having sprung up to rule better for the foreigner, lower for the Russian tsar from the boyars’ middle, strayed with the opposite to you and the strongest nobles of the people, turn the king of his own. That one realized: why would people sympathize with a foreigner, if you so often had to bachiti, with what violence did she rob in Russia of the appearance of foreign power? At the thought of the people, the foreigners were in trouble, as they were ruining the Moscow state.

Having received one important food, they began to name candidates from the Moscow canopies. "They spoke at the cathedrals about princes, how to serve in the Moscow state, and about great families, to whom God will give them ... be a sovereign." But then came the headache. "Bagato picking up poses" could not sing at anyone: some slandered one, others - another, and all spoke in a different way, trying to put pressure on their own duma. "I have passed such a few days," according to the description of the chronicler.

Kozhen is a participant in the cathedral, having jumped on that boyar rіd, to whom he himself sympathized more, for his moral ills, for his high camp, for simply cherishing special benefits. That rich boyars themselves were able to sit on the throne of Moscow. The І axis has come to the viborcha feverishness with usima її attributes - agitation and bribes. The writer of the chronicler shows that the choice did not work without chivalry. "Well, rich in the sight of nobles, bazhayuchi the king of booty, pіdkupahusya rich and giving and obіtsyayuchi rich gifts." Who acted as candidates, who were admitted to the tsars, there are no direct statements on the ground; order and among the candidates named V.I. Shuisky, Vorotinsky, Trubetskoy. F.I. Sheremetev klopotavsya for his life M. F. Romanov. The co-workers, mischievous from Pozharsky, called yogo in the fact that they were wines, bazhayuchi to reign, pouring 20 yew. rubles for purchases. There is nothing to say that something similar about 20,000 is simply similar to the fact that the sovereign's treasury could not have such a bag, not seeming about a private person.

Super girls about those whom you turn, went not only to Moscow alone: ​​saved, little emove, retelling, that F.I. Sheremetev was at the listing with Filaret (Fedor) Mikitich Romanov and V.V. Sheremetev, writing to Golitsin about the benefits for the boyars, turn Mikhail Fedorovich at the advancing vyslovlyuvannyah: "Vibero Mikhail Romanov, young wine and will be taught." The whole listing was found by Undolsky in one of the Moscow monasteries, but he didn’t waste it before the other and was known - it’s unbelievable, especially unbelievable in її іsnuvannya. And a retelling, also of little authenticity, and about the listing of Sheremetev with the black Martha (Xenia Ivanivna Romanova), in the rest of the day she declared about her careless bachiti son on the throne. It was true that they sacked the Romanovs from Sheremetyev, then in such a time Sheremetyev knew about the place of his correspondent's transfer, and wine, as you might think, he did not know. Nareshti, February 7, 1613 praised the decision to convert Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. Behind one legend (at Zabelin), the first at the cathedral, speaking about Mikhail Fedorovich, was a nobleman from Galich, who brought a letter to the cathedral about Mikhail's rights to the throne. Those same zrobiv yakis Don otaman. Dali, Palitsin, in his "Skazanny" in a humble tone, declares that people of rich places came before the new and asked to convey to the tsar's synclite "their idea about Romanov's deception"; and for the representation of which holy father, nibi "synclet" formed Michael. In all of these legends and stories, especially rice cicadas, that the initiative at the right of Mikhail's right should lie not with the greater, but with the other people. Cossacks, it seems, also stood for Mikhail.

On the 7th day, the remaining choice was made until the 21st, and the people were sent to the place, here, the participants in the cathedral, to find out from the places about the thought of the people about the right. The first place was awarded for Mikhail. At that time, A. Palitsyn needs to be told about A. Palitsyn, who has appeared before the new "guest of Smirniy" from Kaluga to inform him that the tse pіvnіchnі mіsta bazhayut Mihail herself. Again, against Michael, you can think of the naskilki, only the voices at the pivnochi were voiced, and the masses of the people were for him. Won bula for a new one in 1610, if Hermogenes, for the deception of Vladislav, and the people hang themselves for Mikhail. To that the thought is possible, that the cathedral of ghosts until Mikhail Fedorovich was covered with the vice of the people's masi. In Kostomarov's ("Troubled Hours"), the thought is to blink, but even weakly and unimaginably. Lower mi matimemo privіd zupinitysya.

If Mstislavsky and other boyars, as well as selected people who were late, and messengers from the regions went to Moscow, then on the 21st fierce meeting in the Assumption Cathedral took place. Here Michael's choice was sung in unison, after which there were prayers for the king's health and an oath to Yomu. Telling about the king's betrayal, even before the death of Mikhail, they swore allegiance to Yom and signed the textbook records. Behind the wild manifestations, God himself had formed the sovereign, and the whole land of Russia was radiant and triumphant. On the right, now only Mihayla was left behind for the sake of the year, taking off the chimal work. Moscow did not know how to know, de vin: the embassy until the new day of the 2nd of March was sent to "Yaroslavl abo de vin, sovereign, will be." And Mikhailo Fedorovich, following the Moscow oblogi, having gone to his Kostroma patrimony, Domnino, de little did not know the attack of the Polish zgra, in the form of vryatovaniya bouv, for orders, by the villager Ivan Susanin. That Susanin was right, having proved that Michael's royal charter, that Susanin is given various benefits. However, a long-term controversy was conducted between historians, citing special features: for example, Kostomarov, having deciphered the legend about Susanin, called everything to the point that Susanin’s specialness is a myth, creations of folk yav. With such a declaration of guilt, in the 1960s, they destroyed the tsiliy rokh on the defense of a single individual: the statues of Solovyov, Domninsky, Pogodin appeared against Kostomarov. In 1882 p. Samaryanov's report "In memory of Ivan Susanin" was noted. The author, adding a map of the world, reportly acquaints us with the way, like Susanin and Poles. For this reason, we know that Susanin was trusted by the Romanovs, and in the beginning the book presents rich material about Susanin. From Domnina Mikhailo Fedorovich, having moved to Kostroma, to the Ipatiev monastery, he lived in the XIV century with Murza Chet, the ancestor of Godunov. This monastery, supported by the contributions of Boris and for False Dmitry, was presented to the rest of the Romanovs, as if allowed, for everything they had transferred to Boris.

The embassy, ​​formed by Theodorita, Archbishop of Ryazan and Murom, Abraham Palitsin, Sheremetev and others, arrived on the evening of 13 Birch to Kostroma. Martha appointed the youma to come the next day. Axis 14 The embassy, ​​which is accompanied by a hell of a journey, with a majestic crowd of people, violated Michael's request for the kingdom. Dzherel for acquainting with the activities of the embassy and the first report to Moscow. From them, we know that like Mikhailo, so the nun's mothers immediately unequivocally pointed out the proposition of the epilogues. The rest said that the people of Moscow were "supported", that such a great power and not a child could rule without force, and so on. the stinks have implanted all their krasnomovstvo, threatening to bring heavenly punishment; nareshti zusilla were crowned with success - Mikhailo gave his life, and mother blessed yogo. We know about everything, the Crimean embassy reports to Moscow, thanks to Mikhail’s letter of choice, like that, through її small independence, as we have already said more, it cannot be of special value: it is stored behind the bright letter of letter of Boris Godunov; Thus, the scene of the crying of the people in the Ipatiev Monastery was written off from a similar scene, which was seen in the Novodevichy Monastery, described in the Borisov Letter (taking the name of Pushkin for his "Boris Godunov").

Just like a year, Mikhail Fedorovich was taken away, after they began to hurry up to Moscow; destroying the king, but it was more expensive, it was more expensive, the shards of the roaring road could not serve as a safe path. Significance of the new dynasty. Such is the true side of the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. Ale є i vnutrіshnіy zmіst podіyakh tsgo important istorіcheskogo moment, vіd vіd us walking retelling і vіdnovluvaniy і detailed vyvchennyami epoch.

Let's marvel at the qiu, so be moving, the intimate side of the Moscow vіdnosiny, which was brought to the establishment of a new mіtsnoї dynasties. Ninі vvazhatimutsya tsіlkom z'yasovanim, kerіvniki zemstvo militia 1611-1612. they set their leaders not only to "go to the cleansing" of Moscow from the Poles, but to the evil Cossacks, yak, they rushed to the hands of the central set up in the suburban "camps", and at the same time with them and the order of power. How not weak was the real government, it stood across the road, whether it was another way to create a center of people's day; won't vilify with their authority "all the earth" Cossacks of atrocities that tormented the zemstvo, won't threaten, nareshti, an unsafe social upheaval and settle on the edge of the "evil" order, virnish, disorder. For Prince Pozharsky, they set up a war with the Cossacks against us: the Cossacks themselves fought against the Nizhny Novgorod people. The international war of the Russian people went without crossing from the side of the Poles and Lithuania Mayzhe the whole 1612 r_k. Spopchatka Pozharsky drove the Cossacks from the Pomor'ya and the Volga region and brought them to Moscow. There, near Moscow, the stench was not only not shkidlivy, but also incited for the purposes of the Pozharsky team, which paralyzed the Polish garrison of the capital. Giving both his enemies to fight for himself in mutual struggle, Pozharsky did not hurry from Yaroslavl to Moscow. The Yaroslavl government thought to bring the sovereign to Yaroslavl and chose in the city council of the whole earth not only for the time management of the state, but also for the sovereign "robbing". However, the proximity to Moscow of an additional Polish-Lithuanian pen forced Pozharsky to step up to Moscow, - and there, after defeating this corral, the remaining act of the international struggle of the Zemstvo and Cossacks was played out. The proximity of the zemstvo militia to Moscow caused less than half of the Cossacks to join the foreign masses and at once from Zarutsky, the otaman and the "boyar" drink for a day. The other half, more than half of the Cossacks, feeling weak for the zemstvos, for a long time did not dare either to fight with them or to reproach them. Consumed by the month of turmoil and colivan, the front-father of the cossacks, the Tushino boyar, Prince. D. T. Trubetskoy immediately entered into favor with Pozharsky and Mininim and put his "punishment" with the zemstvos into one "order". Yak the eldest for his rank and rank, Trubetskoy sowed at the first order of the order;

but in fact, the other side lay more important, and the Cossacks, in fact, capitulated to the zemstvo militias, having entered the service of the zemstvo authorities. It was clear, the chain of order was suddenly becoming mіtsnim, and the chronicler repeatedly bared the Cossack swavilla, brought the army to death "to the point of bloodshed", the proté on the right became be with the foundations of the zemstvo order and in the first place in power. The Cossacks fell apart and raged at their tract over the zemstvo.

Such a defeat of the Cossacks was an even more important sign in the internal history of the Moscow society, no less important, less "cleansing" of Moscow. Just as the shadow of Vlad Vladislav in Russia fell with the full Polish garrison, then with the astonishment of the Cossacks the possibility of distant self-proclaimed adventures arose. Having bazhav sobі tsar "vіd іnovіrnih" moscow nobility once again left the political arena, smash with storms of unimaginable pores. At once, a group of Cossack freemen played behind him with її Tushino bats, who foresaw impostors. The "stay" of Moscow people stood up to the right, as they came from Kuzma Minin and the Pozharsky mіskі peasants and ordinary service people. They had a sing-song thought: “You don’t want to plunder other people’s lands in the Moscow state, and you don’t want Marinka with blue”, but you want to plunder someone from your “great canopies”. So by itself the head of the mind of the tsar's deception came forward; it blew out of the real situation with a whimper, like a legacy of the effective mutual mutual support of forces.

Formed in the militia 1611 - 1612 R.R. Uryadova vlada was created by the Zusillis of the middle versts of the Moscow population and was the bula їhnoy vіrnoy vіraznitsa. Vaughn slandered the state, cleared the capital, wrecked the Cossack camps, and reproached her own large organized Cossack masses. He was left to decorate his triumph and to turn the tsar's guards back to the right order. Tizhniv for three days after the capture of Moscow, tobto. In the middle and not the fall of the leaves of 1612, the Timchas's order already sends to the places of the request to send to Moscow the selections and with them about the sovereignty of the obrannya "I'm glad and agree on the mіtsnoї". Tsim khіba scho vіdkrivavsya vyborchiy period, the completion of the fierce insults of Tsar Michael. Bits about the possible candidates for the throne of Mali are roaring negligently. Although we don’t know much about such rumors, we can – from what we know – keep a few guards over the mutual groups of communities, as if they founded them.

Not long ago it became known (at the sight of A. Girshberg) one important note about those who were scurrying about in Moscow, for example, leaf fall in 1612. In the next day, the Polish king sent his avant-garde to Moscow itself, and in the avant-garde there were also Russian "after" from Sigismund and Vladislav to the people of Moscow, themselves: Prince Danilo Mezetsky and Ivan Gramotin. Voni mali "talk to Moscow, sob they accepted the prince to the kingdom." However, all the sendings to Moscow did not lead to good, and Moscow started with the Polish avant-garde "zazyattya and bey". At the battlefield, the Poles took Ivan Filosofov, the son of the Smolensk boyar, who was near Moscow, and took him to his dopit. Those who showed them the Philosophers, were long familiar with the Moscow literary record. Yogo was fed: "why do you want to take the king's son to the kingdom? And Moscow is not crowded and store in it?" Behind the words of the chronicler, Filosofov "God give a word to speak," he said to the Poles: "Moscow is crowded and bread, and everyone is obedient to those who die for the Orthodox faith, and do not mother the king's son for the kingdom." Three words of the Philosopher, I think the clerk, the king of vivi vysnovok, that in Moscow there are a lot of forces and one-stay, and that's why the Moscow state. Not long ago, the instructed document visvitlyuє іnshim light Filosofov's wedding. In A. Hirshberg's view of materials from the history of Moscow-Polish wines, we read the right call to the king and prince prince D. Mezetsky and IV. Gramotina about supplementing Philosopher. Voni, among others, write: "And in rozpituvanni, gentlemen, we and the colonel of the son of the boyars (Ivan Filosofiv himself) said that in Moscow they served the boyars, like you, the great rulers, they served, and from the best people the bazhanna є, so you ask for the reign of you, the great ruler of the prince Vladislav Zhigimontovich, but you don’t dare to talk about them, being afraid of the Cossacks, but it seems that you will turn foreigners to the power, and the Cossacks, gentlemen, seem to choose someone from the Russian boyars, but reconcile Filaret’s son and Thieves skogo And in the past, the Cossacks were boyars and noble strong, they want to shy away, and the nobles and children of the boyars rose on their shirts, but in Moscow the nobles and children of the boyars were deprived of the whole thousand of two, that cossacks pivp'yati thousand cho lovik (tobto. - 4500), those strіltsіv z thousand people, those peasants are black. And de boyars, lords, and prince Fyodor Ivanovich Mstislavsky and comrades, they sat in Moscow, they didn’t let them into the Duma, but they wrote about them at the city to all sorts of people: let them in Prince Dmitro Trubetskoy and Prince Dmitro Pozharsky, and Kuzemka Minin. And whoever goes ahead in the state, they have not yet been praised in the world. "It is obvious that, in order to speak about the Philosopher's wedding, the Polish king took off his visnovka, like a Moscow chronicler. There is a great garrison in Moscow, the king does not doubt isya: sim with half a thousand warriors, black, black, attached to those hours for the defense of the walls, they became a significant force. and calling to turn back.

This is the situation, in which we see Philosophov's wedding. Offensive sides gave you great significance. Moscow knew yoga over business, and, as it seems, in epic editorial; Sigizmund's entrance, which was like a reminder of Philosopher's promos, gave them a halo of patriotic feat, and the promos were edited by the chronicler in opposition to his feat, which is noble and beautiful. The king, however, recognized Philosopher's wedding at the business transfer of such a sensible deal, like a buv dyak IV. Gramotin. Squeezed and visually christened by the title of the book. Mezetsky and Gramotin the camp of Moscow, and in the interests of scientific truth, we can boldly bow to this star.

It becomes clear that in a month after the cleansing of Moscow, the head forces of the Zemstvo militia were demobilized. Following the splendid Moscow order, from the end of the campaign, the corrals were taken away and allowed to turn around at their own door "at the booths". The capture of Moscow was just as clear as the beginning of the campaign. It was important to increase the number of troops at the roses of Moscow; it is even more important to serve the people there themselves. There was no need to keep the capital of the great masses of the Polish military - noble cinema and Danish people. Having left the necessary garrison in Moscow, the reshta was respected for the opportunity to let them go home. Why is the chronicler, if we talk about the end of leaf fall: "People from Moscow all rose up." At the warehouse of the garrison, I’m still aware of the order, there were Moscow nobles, deyakі groups of provincial, “mіsk”, nobles (Ivan Filosofiv himself, for example, not a Muscovite, but a “Smolyanin”, that is from the Smolensk noblemen), gave the archers (number some changed into turmoil) and, Nareshti, Cossacks, Philosophers accurately indicate the number of nobles in 2000, the number of archers in 1000, and the number of Cossacks in 4500 people. It was such a camp, as if it could hardly be worthy of the Moscow government. With the disbandment of the militia squads of servicemen and hard-working people, the Cossacks took away the numerical advantage from Moscow. They could not be dismissed anywhere for their homelessness and they could not be sent to serve in a place for their negligence. Starting from the voraku of 30 chervnya 1611, the zemstvo authorities, as if they were only taking over the Cossacks, jumped to bring the Cossacks out of the city and pick them up at their own hands with the method at a glance, and Pozharsky in his hour, in the first half 1612 r. Imu Cossacks near Yaroslavl and then we will take them out of Moscow. That is why in Moscow there were so many Cossacks. As far as we can think of digital tributes for that hour, we can say that the number of Cossacks "pivp'yati thousand" assigned by the Philosophers is even greater, but the whole number is imovirno. Three deyaky mirkuvan bring to think that in 1612 p. under Moscow from the book. Trubetskoy and Zarutsky had about 5,000 Cossacks; їх Zarutsky having taken close to 2000, others fell for Pozharsky's zemstvo militia. We do not know for sure how many Cossacks came to Moscow from Pozharsky from Yaroslavl; but we know that three hours after that hour, about which there is now a language, and in birch and square 1613 p. the whole preparation of the Cossacks is not finished yet in Moscow. In this rank, it is necessary to verify the figures of the Philosopher and recognize, for example, 1612r. The Cossack warriors in Moscow were larger in number, lower than twice, overturned the nobles, and in the second time outweighed the nobles and the archers, at once they were narrow. Qiu masu needed to be provided with fodder and trim the conquered in order. Obviously, the Muscovite ruler did not reach him, and, having been overcome by the zemstvos, the Cossacks again raised their heads, trying to knock down the right camp near the capital. Such a mood of the Cossacks and marked the Philosophers with the words: "In the end, the Cossacks are boyar and noble strong, to shy away what they want."

From one side, the Cossacks stubbornly and shamelessly sighed "feeding" and any payment, and from the other side - the stench "reconciled" their candidates to the kingdom. The chronicler speaks briefly about food and pay, but strongly: he says that the Cossacks after the capture of the Kremlin "more often ask for pay without fines", stench "the whole treasury of Moscow was taken, and the ice from them was the troch of the sovereign's treasury";

through the treasure house the stench once came to the Kremlin and wanted to "beat" the chiefs (that is, Pozharsky and Trubetskoy), but the nobles did not allow "ice without blood to pass" to them and between them. Behind the words of Filosofov, the Moscow government "I know who the treasury is, and they all give it as a Cossack at the pay; and what (during the delivery of Moscow) they took in Moscow from the Polish and Russian people, and then the Cossacks were all angry." Nareshti, Archbishop Arseniy of Elasson, philosophicly spoke about the details of the royal treasury after the Moscow cleansing and about the distribution of money to "warriors and Cossacks", after which "all the people are calm." Obviously, the nutritional security of the Cossacks became equally important for the Moscow order and constantly threatening the authorities with violence from their side. Assuring their numerical superiority in Moscow, the Cossacks went on to "pay" and "feed": the stench, obviously, turned to the thought of political superiority, which they had spent after the success of Pozharsky. After the Moscow cleansing at the time of Timchas, the Cossack chief, the boyar Prince Trubetskoy, stepped forward, the Cossacks became the main force of the Moscow garrison: the idea is obvious that the Cossacks can and can lie and feed about those who will be given the Moscow throne. Standing on this thought, the Cossacks far behind "reconciled" to the throne the greatest of the day, on this thought, especially. Such were the sons of the king of Tushino and the Kaluz Tsar "Zlodiya", the king of Zarutsky, and the son of the king of Tushino patriarch Filaret Romanov. The Moscow authorities had to endure all the Cossack windings until the hour, so that it was possible to bring the Cossacks to the absolute humility, either by force, having taken the new zemstvo militia to Moscow, or by the authority of the earth, having created the Zemsky Cathedral. Hurrying up from the shouts of the cathedral, the order, zvichayno, realized that the mobilization of the zemstvo militias after a well-completed campaign for Moscow would be super important. Other contributions to the Cossacks at the order of orders It was necessary to endure the one who, in the Cossacks, bacheled the right support against the greed of the royal courts. Philosophers did not say without reason that "the boyars and the best people" from Moscow had their own bajanna to ask Vladislav, "being afraid of the Cossacks." Against the Poles and their Moscow friends, the Cossacks could give a lot of help, and Sigismund turned back to Moscow for example 1612 p. schvidshe for everything itself through the "drink thousands" of Cossacks and their anti-Polish mood. Rakhunki with agents and hoarders of Sigismund da Todі in Moscow have not yet been completed, and the appointment to Tsar Vladislav Zhigimontovich has not yet been liquidated. Philosophers recalled that in Moscow they were arrested "for the guards of Russian people, as if they were sitting in the entourage: Ivan Bezobrazov, Ivan Chicherin, Fedir Andronov, Stepan Solovetsky, Bazhen Zamochnikov; and Fyodor de and Bazhen were rolled on torturs at the treasury". Zgidno z tsim i archbishop Arseniy Єlassonsky, after the cleansing of Moscow "the enemies of the state and the friends of the great king, F. Andronov and IV. punishment of them (tobto the friends of the king) and the tortoises three of them died: the great dyak of the tsar was judged Timofy Savinov, Stepan Solovetsky and Bazhen Zamochnikov, given by the great king to bring the treasury to the tsar's treasury.For the sound of the tієї epoch, "thin people, merchant peasants, young boyars' detlakhs", they served the king, trimals for bailiffs and rolled to death, and the great boyars, the wines the same service to the king, only "they didn’t let them into the thought" and, most of all, trimals under house arrest, while the zemstvo is glad at the places not to swear food: "let them think, why not?" in the words of Filosofov, sent to the city about those who can let the boyars of Prince Mstislavsky "with comrades" into the Duma. ista " and the sovereign's guards thrashed them. All cі come in against the Moscow nobility and the Moscow administration, as if they served the king, Timchasov's Moscow order of Prince. D. T. Trubetskoy, Prince. D. M. Pozharsky and "Kuzemka" Minin could have been taken as the head rank of cossacks, but in the boyars and the best "people" the trend of Bik Vladislav is still alive.

Such a setting for Moscow's political life, for example, 1612 p. From here they looked at these wise wisnovoks, that the victory, gained by the zemstvo militias over the king and the Cossacks, led to a far-off zmіtsnennya. The enemies were overcome, but they were not destroyed. The stench tried, as they could, to turn their spent camp, and as the name of Vladislav was silently moving in Moscow, then the names of "Filaret's syna that of Vorovsky Kaluzsky" loudly lulled. The zemstvo is a little more turbulent - at the Zemsky Sobor, they lay down, so that no foreigners, no impostors, about yak, like bachimo, still dared to overcome the elements, did not pass to the throne. The success of the zemstvo pragnia could be especially affected by the situation that the Zemsky Sobor needed to work near the capital, occupied by the local Cossack garrison. The greatness of the Cossack masses in the city is more important, it could repair the singing vice and at representative gatherings, straightening it out like that for the bek of the Cossacks. As far as we can judge, it was similar to what happened at the selected cathedral of 1613. Foreigners, after the enthronement of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, took away such hostility that the Cossacks were on the right. In official, then later, official, conversations between Lithuanian-Polish diplomats and Moscow in the first month, after the choice of Mikhail, the Russian people had a chance to hear "unsuitable promotions": Lev Sapega rudely hawked Filaret himself in the presence of Moscow thanks to Zhelyabuzky, that "they planted sina yogo on sina yogo alone Cossacks Donets"; Oleksandr Gonsevskiy told Prince Vorotinsky that Mikhail "was chosen by the Cossacks alone". From their side, the Swedes sang the thought that at the time of the tsar's swindle in Moscow there were "Cossacks in Moscow's strongest stovpas." Tsі vrazhennya storіnіh osіb zustrichayut deake pіdtverzhennya і in Moscow's historical places. It dawned on me that there were not many such confirmations in the official Moscow texts: the stench showed on the right that God himself gave Tsar Mikhail and chose him with all the earth. And all the Russian literary opinions of the 17th century took over the ideal idea. The tsar's deception, which subdued the turmoil and calmed the country, was given to the special blessings of the Lord, and to attribute to the Cossacks the deception of the one whom God himself had voiced, was in the eyes of the zemstvo people obscene stupid. But still, in the Muscovite court, the memory of those who took part in the happy liberation of the legitimate sovereign took a part and showed an initiative to inculcate schili to any lawless Cossacks was lost. Avraamіy Palіtsin rozpovidaє, that before the new on the monastery podvіr'ya near Moscow at the hour of the Zemsky Cathedral came together from the nobles and the Cossacks with a thought about Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov and asked him to bring his thought to the cathedral. Vidanius I. Є. Zabєlinim pіznіy i zagal unreliable rozpovid about tsar's obrannya 1613 p. to take revenge on one's own cikava for details about those that Mikhail's rights to defraud by explaining to the cathedral, among others, "the glorious Don otaman." The number of riddles about the merits of the Cossacks at the right voice and the recognition of the candidacy of M.F. , otherwise, lower to foreigners.

By guiding the tensions of the dzherel, we can clearly show that the candidacy of M.F.

Climbing to Moscow for the first time in 1612 on the cob of 1613, the zemstvo choices were good for "the whole earth". In the era of confusion, the practice of elective representation allowed the electoral council to truly be not only Moscow, but the Moscow power in our sense term. Representatives of at least 50 places and povitiv appeared in Moscow;

buli representation and service and taxing class of the population;

boules and representatives of the Cossacks. At its mass, the cathedral appeared as an organ of the Moscow population, as if they took part in the cleansing of Moscow and the restoration of the zemstvo order; Vіn not a moment to serve neither Sigismund's followers, nor the Cossack politics. Ale vin momentarily and inevitably became the subject of infusions from the side of the quiet, who was also inspired by the king’s reign of the cossack regime. The first axis, looking at both those and others, the cathedral in front of any other decisions, stylized in the thoughts: rob, I don’t want Marinka out of the blue.” In this decision, there was a residual shock of quiet, who thought to fight the results of the Moscow cleansing and the triumph of the middle conservatively established faiths of the Moscow population. "served" to the king, behind Philosopher's Vistula, and they would like to "ask again for the power" of Vladislav. Zlodiysky Kaluzsky" son.

The victory over the boyars, as if they were defending Vladislav, was given to the cathedral, it’s easy, it’s easy: the whole party of the king in Moscow, like me, was defeated by the Timchas order after the capture of the capital, and the best known boyars, “like they sat in Moscow,” zmusheni buli vikhati from Moscow they didn’t come to the cathedral until the hour when the new tsar was already elected: they turned to Moscow only on 7 and 21 fierce. Even before the cathedral, Vladislav’s servants “didn’t dare to talk about them themselves, being afraid of the Cossacks,” then at the cathedral they needed to be even more careful, fearing not only the Cossacks, but the “strands of the earth,” but that prince did not favor the king with the Cossacks. Insha river bula of the zemshchina to heal the Cossacks: the stench was strong with their wealthy people and sang with their strength. Why did the zemshchina stand against Marinka and against її son, then it is more important to put themselves up to another candidate, hung by the Cossacks, - "to Filaret's son." Vіn buv not making friends with "Vorinka". There is no doubt that the Cossacks hung yogo behind the Tushino camps, to the fact that my father Filaret was tied to the Tushino camp. Ale im'ya of the Romanovs bulo pov'yazane and z іnhim near Moscow's spogadіv. The Romanovs were a popular boyar family, the popularity of which came from the first hours of the reign of Ivan the Terrible. Not long before the election of the cathedral in 1613, itself in 1610, independently of the Cossacks, M. F. Romanov was respected by Moscow as a possible candidate for the kingdom, one of the super-nicks of Vladislav. If the cathedral was filled with the worst candidates of foreigners and Marinkin's son, and "they spoke at the cathedrals about princes, how to serve in the Moscow state, but about great families, to whom God will give them to be a sovereign in the Moscow state," then naturally taking the mountain rіd, instructions by the thought of the Cossacks. The Cossacks and the zemstvo could have settled against the Romanovs - and they did: the candidate was easily accepted by the zemstvo when the Cossacks proclaimed. The candidacy of M. F. Romanov is small in that sense, which reconciled in the most delicate point the two forces did not fully reconcile the supremacy and gave them the opportunity for further solidarity work. The joy of both sides from the reach of the reach, imovirno, was wide and great, and Mikhailo was rightly rebuked by "one-thinking and unscrupulous joy" її future piddanih.