CAP / CIPA Is an international certification of accountants for specialists from Russia and the CIS who wish to master IFRS, learn how to maintain management accounting in accordance with international standards, and effectively optimize corporate taxes.

The CAP / CIPA program is intended for:

• finance executives;
• accounting specialists;
• auditors;
• economists;
• financiers.

The certification procedure is divided into two levels: CAP (Certified Accounting Practitioner) and CIPA (Certified International Professional Accountant - qualification of an international professional accountant).

The training takes place in two stages. After the first level, the CAP title is awarded, after passing the second level, the specialist receives the CIPA title.

CAP (Certified Accounting Practitioner) - qualification of an accountant practitioner.

The CAP course consists of 4 disciplines:

1. Course "CAP: Financial Accounting - 1"
2. Course "CAP: Management Accounting - 1"
3. The course "CAP: Taxes"
4. Course "CAP: Law"

The term of study for each discipline is 90 calendar days. Within this period, the student is given the freedom to choose the time and pace of training in accordance with the course program and training regime. Each discipline, in turn, consists of modules.

The training module includes:

• multimedia video clip or webinar (on-line seminar);
• electronic textbook;
• electronic synopsis;
• tasks with solutions;
• knowledge test, which is checked automatically;
• mock exam.

The CAP certification exam is conducted by an independent examination network of certified international professional accountants CIPA-EN (Certified International Professional Accountant Examination Network). ATS exams are taken three times a year - in March, July and November. The deadline for a candidate to pass all exams for one of the qualification levels is 5 years. If the candidate does not meet this deadline, he must re-pass all the exams required for this level of qualification, from the date of which passed 5 years or more.

Qualification requirements for applicants for obtaining a CAP certificate:

• professional work experience of at least one year (entry in the work book, certified by the employer);
• the necessary experience in working with computer programs;
• membership in a professional organization - the Eurasian Council of Certified Accountants and Auditors (ECCAA) (at the time of receiving the certificate).

CIPA (Certified International Professional Accountant) - qualification of an international professional accountant.

The CIPA course consists of 4 disciplines and 1 credit:

1. Course "CIPA: Audit"
2. Course "CIPA: Financial Accounting - 2"
3. Course "CIPA: Financial Management"
4. Course "CIPA: Management Accounting - 2"
5. Credit: management information systems

The term of study for each discipline is 100 calendar days. Within this period, the student is given the freedom to choose the time and pace of training in accordance with the course program and training regime. Each discipline consists of modules, similar to the CAP program.

START TRAINING FOR FREE on the first module of any discipline CAP / CIPA and you can take the test on the materials of the module right now.

The CIPA certification exam is taken twice a year - in July and November. The deadline for a candidate to pass all exams for one of the qualification levels is 5 years. If the candidate does not meet this deadline, he must re-pass all the exams required for this level of qualification, from the date of which passed 5 years or more. The issuance of certificates is carried out three times a year: until April 15, until August 15, until December 15. To successfully pass the exam, you must score at least 75 points out of 100.

Qualification requirements for applicants for obtaining a CIPA certificate:

1. One of:

• professional work experience of at least three years (entry in the work book, certified by the employer);
• higher specialized education;

2013 CAP / CIPA Exam Schedule

Have a problem opening a .CAP file? We collect information about file formats and can explain what CAP files are. Additionally, we recommend the programs that are most suitable for opening or converting such files.

What is the .CAP file format for?

Short for "capture", the file extension .cap primarily represents the Wireshark Packet Capture File ( .cap). Wireshark is an open source packet analyzer with extensive network traffic capturing and filtering functionality for Unix-like operating systems and Microsoft Windows.

File .cap contains a low-level dump of the contents of packets captured by Wireshark from the active network interface and saved for further study in the native Wireshark format. These files can be opened in Wireshark and exported to a variety of other network traffic capture formats.

Besides Wireshark, the extension .cap is widely used by several other network analyzers (eg Microsoft Network Monitor, tcpdump, Network Associates Sniffer, and others) to denote packet capture files, each of which uses its own format. Wireshark provides full support for most other capture formats.

Expansion .cap also refers to the new proprietary BIOS image format (CAP) developed by ASUSTeK for a number of its motherboards with Intel chipsets, such as the P9X79 PRO. File .cap is a BIOS ROM "firmware" image that describes the "capabilities" of this motherboard in accordance with the Unified Extensible Firmware Standard (UEFI BIOS).

Before using files .cap to update the BIOS "firmware", the BIOS structure must itself be updated to CAP format using the BIOS Converter utility provided by ASUS for several motherboards. For a successful conversion, the BIOS Converter file must also be renamed in a special way. Moving to the CAP BIOS format allows for maximum compatibility with Microsoft operating systems such as Windows 8.

In addition, the extension .cap is a designation for the Closed Caption File ( .cap). Commonly used in broadcast and video broadcasting, Closed Captions (CC) are a standardized (CEA-608) method of subtitling that can be turned on at will. File .cap is a binary file in one of the formats (Cheetah, NCI, or Captionmaker). Similar files .cap are created using several editor programs or by converting from other formats. They are used to fill closed captioning tracks when creating or editing video materials.

Updated: 08/28/2019

How to open a CAP file?

There can be multiple causes why you have problems with opening CAP files on given system. Importantly, all common problems associated with files with the CAP extension, users can decide for themselves. The process is fast and does not require the involvement of an IT specialist. The list below will guide you through the process of resolving your problem.

Step 1. Download and Install Netscout Sniffer

The most common reason for such problems is the lack of appropriate applications that support the CAP files installed on the system. This one is lightweight. Select Netscout Sniffer or one of the recommended programs (for example, Wireshark, BoneLight, PacketView Pro) and download it from the appropriate source and install on your system. At the top of the page is a list of all programs, grouped by supported operating systems. The safest way to download Netscout Sniffer installed is by going to the developer's site () and downloading the software using the links provided.

Step 2. Check the version of Netscout Sniffer and update if necessary

If you already have Netscout sniffer on your systems and CAP files still do not open properly, check if you have the latest software. Sometimes software developers introduce new formats to replace those already supported with new versions of their applications. This may be one of the reasons why CAP files are not compatible with Netscout Sniffer. All file formats that were handled just fine by previous versions of this program should also be opened with Netscout Sniffer.

Step 3. Assign Netscout Sniffer for CAP files

After installing Netscout Sniffer (the most recent version), make sure it is set as the default application for opening CAP files. The process for linking file formats to a default application may differ in detail from platform to platform, but the basic procedure is very similar.

Windows

• Right clicking on the CAP will open a menu from which you must select an option To open with
• Please select Choose another app → More apps
• To end the process, select Find another app on this ... and using explorer select the Netscout Sniffer folder. Confirm, Always use this app to open CAP files and clicking OK.

The procedure for changing the default program in Mac OS

• By clicking right mouse button on the selected CAP file open the file menu and choose Information
• Go to section To open with ... If it's closed, click the heading to access the available options.
• Select Netscout Sniffer and click Change for everyone ...
• If you followed the previous steps, a message should appear: The change will be applied to all files with CAP extension.... Then click the Forward button to complete the process.

Step 4. Check the CAP for errors

If you followed the instructions from the previous steps and the issue is still not resolved, you should check the CAP file in question. The lack of access to the file can be associated with various problems.

1. Check the CAP file for viruses or malware

Should it happed that the CAP is infected with a virus, this may be that cause that prevents you from accessing it. Scan the CAP file as well as your computer for malware or viruses. If the CAP file is indeed infected follow the instructions below.

2. Make sure the CAP file is complete and free of errors

If the CAP file was sent to you by someone else, ask this person to resend the file to you. The file may have been mistakenly copied, and the data has lost its integrity, which prevents access to the file. This can happen if the download process file with CAP extension was interrupted and the file data is corrupted. Download the file again from the same source.

3. Check if the currently logged in user has administrator rights.

There is a possibility that this file may only be accessible by users with sufficient system privileges. Switch to an account that has required privileges and try opening the Packet Capture Format file again.

4. Make sure your device meets the requirements to be able to open Netscout Sniffer

Operating systems may have enough free resources to run an application that supports CAP files. Close all running programs and try opening the CAP file.

5. Check if you have the latest operating system and driver updates

The latest software and driver software can help you fix problems with packet Capture Format files and keep your device and operating system safe. Outdated drivers or software may have caused the inability to use a peripheral device needed to handle CAP files.

The most common reason for problems with opening the CAP file is simply the lack of appropriate applications installed on your computer. In this case, it is enough to find, download and install an application serving files in the CAP format - such programs are available below.

Search system

Enter file extension

Help

prompt

It should be noted that some encoded data from files that our computer does not read can sometimes be viewed in Notepad. This way we read chunks of text or numbers - It's worth checking if this method also works for CAP files.

What if an app from the list has already been installed?

Often, an installed application should automatically link to a CAP file. If this did not happen, the CAP file can be successfully linked with the newly installed application manually. It is enough to right-click on the CAP file, and then select the "Select default program" option among the available ones. Then you must select the "View" option and find your favorite application. The introduced changes must be approved with the "OK" option.

Programs that open the CAP file

Windows

Mac OS

Linux

Why can't i open the CAP file?

Problems with the CAP files can also have a different background. Sometimes even installing a CAP file serving software on your computer will not solve the problem. The reason for the inability to open, as well as work with the CAP file can also be:

Inconsistent CAP File Links in Registry Entries
- corruption of the CAP file that we open
- CAP file infection (viruses)
- too little computer resource
- outdated drivers
- elimination of the CAP extension from the Windows registry
- incomplete installation of the program serving the CAP extension

The elimination of these issues should lead to free opening and working with CAP files. If the computer still has problems with the files, you need to use the help of an expert who will establish the exact cause.

My computer is not showing file extensions, what should I do?

In the standard Windows installations, a computer user does not see the CAP file extension. This can be successfully changed in the settings. It is enough to enter the "Control Panel" and select "Appearance and Personalization". Then you need to enter "Folder Options", and open "View". In the "View" tab there is an option "Hide extensions of known file types" - you must select this option and confirm the operation by pressing the "OK" button. At this point, all file extensions, including CAP, should appear sorted by file name.

One network capture file (pcap format) can contain more than one handshake. This can happen, for example, when Airodump-ng is running for a long time, as a result of which it can intercept several handshakes from one or different access points. Handshakes from files captured in "noisy" conditions require additional checking and cleaning.

Several handshakes in one file can be obtained artificially by simply merging them into one file. For example, the Besside-ng program (automatically captures handshakes from all access daughters within reach, for this it conducts a deauthentication attack) creates a single .cap file for all captured handshake packets.

Those. this is not uncommon, and to launch an attack on networks whose handshakes are in the same file, it may be necessary to extract each handshake.

How to split handshakes across different files

It's important to understand the difference between a file that just merges a few handshakes, and a capture file in a noisy environment. An example of parsing a file of the first type (using aircrack-ng):

Aircrack-ng FILE_NAME.cap

An example of a file of the second type:

It can be seen that there is a lot of garbage in the second file, and there are only two hacking handshakes in the entire file. Among the garbage, there are many individual EAPOL frames (parts of the handshake) that are not suitable for brute-force password guessing.

You can use Wireshark to view the contents of the file. After opening the file, install the filter:

Splitting handshake files manually with Wireshark

If you are working with the file from the merged handshakes, then there should be no particular problems with it. Open the file in Wireshark:

Filter can be used

Wlan.fc.type_subtype \u003d\u003d 0x08 || wlan.fc.type_subtype \u003d\u003d 0x05 || eapol

But it may not be necessary, since already there are only the necessary packages.

To filter packets for a specific access point, specify it BSSIDwith the following filter:

Wlan.addr \u003d\u003d BSSID

For example:

Wlan.addr \u003d\u003d 28: 28: 5D: 6C: 16: 24

Or like this:

(wlan.fc.type_subtype \u003d\u003d 0x08 || wlan.fc.type_subtype \u003d\u003d 0x05 || eapol) && wlan.addr \u003d\u003d 28: 28: 5D: 6C: 16:24

Now using CTRL + m select the packages you need:

And on the menu Fileselect Export Specified Packets:

Enter a filename and check the radio button Marked packets only:

Checking our file:

Everything is fine. You can do another check with coWPAtty by running a command like:

Cowpatty -r FILE -s NETWORK_NAME -c

For example, in my case:

Cowpatty -r ZyXEL_59.pcap -s ZyXEL_59 -c

Phrase " Collected all necessary data to mount crack against WPA2 / PSK passphrase"Means that all the necessary data has been collected to crack the password.

It takes some effort to isolate the handshake from a grip performed in noisy conditions. Let's start with filtering (replace 84: C9: B2: 52: F6: 37 with BSSIDnetwork you are interested in):

(wlan.fc.type_subtype \u003d\u003d 0x08 || wlan.fc.type_subtype \u003d\u003d 0x05 || eapol) && wlan.addr \u003d\u003d 84: C9: B2: 52: F6: 37

Handshake is suitable for password cracking if:

• necessarily includes the second element (M2), as well as the third (M3) (ensures that a network connection has been made) or instead of the third element contains the first element (M1) (the handshake is suitable for cracking the password, but there is no guarantee that it was done connection and that the correct password was entered at all). It is better if you manage to capture all four elements;
• the elements of the handshake must be in the correct order;
• there should not be too long a time interval between them (measured in milliseconds and microseconds).

See the following example.

The first set of EAPOL frames (highlighted in black) - the rule has not been observed that in addition to the second there must be a third or first message.

The second set (red) is only one message.

Third set (yellow) - there is no third or first message.

The fourth set (orange) - there is no second message.

Fifth set (green) - suitable since there is a second and first message. The time between messages seems to be acceptable.

Select and save the desired frames (I also selected the Beacon frame):

Our file is being checked:

Highlighting handshake with tshark

tshark is Wireshark, but no GUI. This program can also be used to split a large capture file into separate handshakes. To do this, the command is run as follows:

Tshark -r SOURCE_FILE.cap -R "(wlan.fc.type_subtype \u003d\u003d 0x08 || wlan.fc.type_subtype \u003d\u003d 0x05 || eapol) && wlan.addr \u003d\u003d BSSID" -2 -w RESULTS_FILE.cap -Fap

You need to insert your values \u200b\u200bin it for:

• SOURCE_FILE.cap - file with several handshakes
• BSSID- MAC address of the access point of interest
• TOTAL_FILE.cap - the file where the selected handshake will be saved

An example of a real command:

Tshark -r wpa.cap -R "(wlan.fc.type_subtype \u003d\u003d 0x08 || wlan.fc.type_subtype \u003d\u003d 0x05 || eapol) && wlan.addr \u003d\u003d 84: C9: B2: 0B: 79: 94" -2 -w $ ESSID.cap -F pcap -w wifi55.cap

Unsupported file format (not a pcap or IVs file) error solution. Read 0 packets. No networks found, exiting.

Some users have when using tsharkand then subsequently opening the resulting file in aircrack-ng an error occurs:

Aircrack-ng MiAl.cap Opening MiAl.cap Unsupported file format (not a pcap or IVs file). Read 0 packets. No networks found, exiting. Quitting aircrack-ng ...

To avoid this error, when saving by the tshark program, you need to specify the option -F pcapwhich specifies the correct file format.

Script for separating handshakes

To automate splitting a single file into handshakes, I wrote a script. Remember that if you split the file obtained with Besside-ng or artificially when merging handshakes, the script will work without problems.

If you split a capture file into separate handshakes taken in noisy conditions (for example, during long work Airodump-ng), then the script will work like this:

• if no working handshake is found for any access point, then all data for it will be discarded (no output file will be created)
• if at least one working handshake is found for the access point, then all EAPOL frames will be saved to one file.

Those. you will need to open the output files yourself and check if there is any extra data in them.

Although aircrack-ng seems to find the right handshake correctly, but with cap2hccapx (from the hashcat-utils set, used to convert to the Hashcat hash format), problems have been noticed if unnecessary EAPOL frames have not been cleared from unusable handshakes.

And copy there:

Expand

To run, specify the. (P) cap file from which you want to extract the handshake.

An example of how the program works:

If at least one working handshake is found, then a folder of the form 2018-04-13-155818 is created in the current directory, in which handshakes for all access points are saved as separate files.

Information about the name of the file with the saved frames is displayed, as well as information about the saved frames themselves.

When you don't need to split the file into separate handshakes

You do not need to pre-split the file into separate handshakes if you are going to use aircrack-ng. To select a target, you can use the options:

E : target selection: network id -b : target selection: MAC access point

Program cap2hccapxwill write all the hashes (for hacking in Hashcat) into one .hccapx file.

It starts like this:

Cap2hccapx.bin SOURCE_FILE.cap HASH.hccapx

For example:

Cap2hccapx.bin wpa.cap all.hccapx

To write a hash for only one AP, specify it ESSID:

Cap2hccapx.bin SOURCE_FILE.cap HASH.hccapx ESSID

Cap2hccapx.bin wpa.cap Zyxel-49.hccapx Zyxel-49